The dilemma of islamic rights schemes

Journal of Law and Religion

Volumn 15, Issue , 2001, Pages 185-215

  Moosa, Ebrahim ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85000459528     PISSN: 07480814     EISSN: 21633088     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/1051518     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Stephen Kinzer, Turkish Terror Victim Espoused a Tolerant Islam, N.Y. Times Foreign Desk (Jan. 26, 2000).
2. Charles Hirschkind, Heresy or Hermeneutics: The Case of Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd, 12/7 The Am. J. Islamic Soc. Sci. 463 (Winter 1995)
3. in the special issue by Nancy Reynolds & Saba Mahmood, eds., on Contested Polities Religious Disciplines & Structures of Modernity, appearing in 5.1 Stanford Elec. Humanities Rev (Spring 1996). (http://www.stanford.edu/group/SHR/5–1/text/toc.htlml)
4. See Azizah al-Hibri, Islam, Law and Custom: Redefining Muslim Women's Rights, 12 Am. U. J. Intl. L. & Policy 1,4 (1997), in which she states
5. See also Muhammad Wādih Rashīd al-Nadawī, Mafāhim Muta'ārida li ‘l-Hurriyya, al-Rā’id 1 (7 Sha'bān 1620/Nov. 16, 1999).
6. Samuel P. Huntington, The West Unique, ‘Not Universal, 75
7. For. Affairs 28, 38 (Nov./Dec. 1996)
8. Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations, 72
9. For. Affairs 22, 36 (Summer 1993).
10. Human Rights and the Conflict of Cultures: Western and Islamic Perspectives on Religious Liberty 4 (David Little, John Kelsay & Abdulaziz A. Sachedina, eds., Columbia, S.C.: U.S.C. Press 1988).
11. Rāshid al-Ghannūshl, al-Hurriyāt at ‘Āmma fī ’l-Dawla al-Islāmiyya 320 (Beirut: M'arkaz Dirāsāt al-wahda al-'Arabiyya 1993) [hereafter Hurriyāt].
12. Boaventura de Sousa Santos, Toward a New Common Sense: Law, Science and the Politics in the Paradigmatic Transitions 344 (London: Routledge 7 Sha'bān 1620/Nov. 1995) says
13. Fazlur Rahman, Internal Religious Developments in the Present Century Islam, 2 J. World History 862, especially 872–875 (Nov. 1955).
14. Muhammad Iqbal, The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam vi (Shaikh Muhammad Ashraf 1960).
15. Id. at 5.
16. Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam, Futūi Misr wa' l-Maghrib 225–226 (‘Abd al-Mun'im Āmir ed., Cairo: ’Isā Babi al-Halabī 1961).
17. De Sousa Santos, Futūi Misr wa' l-Maghrib, at 337.
18. See Ann Elizabeth Mayer, Islamic Law and Human Rights: Conundrums and Equivocations, in Religion and Human Rights: Competing Claims? 190 (Carrie Gustafson & Peter Juviler eds., Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe 1999) for a discussion on how the Iranian constitution stipulates how human rights should be subordinated to Islamic criteria.
19. Jack Donnelly, The Concept of Human Rights 1 (London: Routledge 1985).
20. Encyclopaedia of Islam second edition cited in full as Encyclopedia of Islam 2 [hereinafter cited as EI 2] s.v. hakk (Leiden: Brill 1960).
21. 'Alī b. Muhammad b. 'Alī al-Jurjānī, Kitāb al-Ta'rifāt 120 (Ibrāhīm al-Ibyāri ed., Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-'Arabī 1405AH/1985AD).
22. See Muhammad Fathi 'Uthmān, Taqr $ Huq ūq al-Insān bayna al-shari'a al-Islāmiyya wa'l Fikr al-Qānūnīal-Gharb ī 555 (2d ed., Wazarat al-Ta'lim al-'Āli 1398/1978). 'Uthmān is of the opinion that Ibn Nujaym's notion of rights is very similar to that of the Belgian jurist, Jean Dabin (d. 1963).
23. See Jean Dabin, General Theory of Law, in The Legal Philosophies of Lask, Radbruch. and Dabin 232 (Kurt Wilk trans., Cambridge, Mass.: Harv. U. Press 1950).
24. Ibn Amīr al-Hāj, al-Taqrīr wa 'l-Tahbīr vol. 2, 104 (2d ed., Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya 1403/1983)
25. ‘Abd al-Razzāq al-Sanhuri, Masādir al-Haqq fi’ l-Fiqh al-Islāmī vol. 1, 14 (Cairo: Dar al-Ma'ārif 1967)
26. see also Baber Johansen, Secular and Religious Elements in Hanafite Law: Function and Limits of the Absolute Character of Government Authority, in Contingency in a Sacred Law: Legal and Ethical Norms in the Muslim Fiqh 210–216 (Leiden: E.J. Brill 1999).
27. Wahba al-Zuhayli, al-Fiqh al-Islāmi wa Adillatuhu 9 (2d ed., Damascus: Dār al-Fikr 1404/1985).
28. See Abdul Aziz Said, Human Rights in Islamic Perspective, in Human Rights: Cultural and Ideological Perspectives 92 (Adamantia Pollis & Peter Schwab eds., N.Y.: Praeger 1980).
29. See Ann Elizabeth Mayer, Islam and Human Rights Policy, in 9 Intl. Rev. Comp. Pub. Policy: Islam & Pub. Policy 123 (1997) for a more full review of Islam and human rights policy.
30. Muhammad Asad, This Law of Ours and Other Essays (Gibraltar: Dar al-Andalus 1987).
31. Malcolm Kerr, Islamic Reform: The Political and Legal Theories of Muhammad Abduh and Rashid Rida (Berkeley: U. of Cal. Press 1966) for a detailed discussion of the various interpretations of Islamic law among modern Muslim jurists.
32. Badria al-Awadhi, Address by the Dean of the Faculty of Law and Shari'a in the University of Kuwait, in Human Rights in Islam 28 (Geneva: Intl. Commn. of Jurists 1982).
33. Muhammad Zafrullah Khan, Islam and Human Rights 141–142 (4th ed., Tilford, Surrey: Islam Intl. Publications 1989).
34. Id. at 142.
35. Universal Islamic Declaration of Human Rights, in Islam and Black Muslim Roots in Azania 77–88 (Yusuf Nazeer ed., Johannesburg: Africa-Islam Research Found. 1982) [hereinafter UIDHR].
36. See also Mayer, Islam and Black Muslim Roots in Azania, at 123–148 for a more full review of Islam and human rights policy.
37. UIDHR, Islam and Black Muslim Roots in Azania, at 79.
38. A.K. Brohi, Islam and Human Rights, in The Challenge of Islam 179–181 (Altaf Gauhar ed., London: Islamic Council of Europe 1978).
39. Martin Prozesky, Is the Concept of Human Rights Logically Permissible in Theistic Religion?, 2 J. for the Study of Religion 17, 26 (1989).
40. Jack Donnelly, Human Rights and Human Dignity: An Analytic Critique of Non-Western Conception of Human Rights, 76 Am. Pol. Sci. Rev. 303 (1982).
41. Id. at 305–306.
42. S.H. Nasr, The Concept of Reality and Freedom in Islam and Islamic Civilization, in Islamic Life and Thought 18 (Albany, N.Y.: S.U.N.Y. 1981).
43. Michael J. Perry, The Idea of Human Rights 13 (N.Y.: Oxford U. Press 1998).
44. Hurriyāt, The Idea of Human Rights, at 320.
45. Abdulaziz A Sachedina, Islam and Religious Liberty: Freedom of Conscience and Religion in the Qur'an, in Human Rights and the Conflict of Cultures, The Idea of Human Rights, at 79.
46. See also Conference of Riyad, Paris, Vatican City, Geneva and Strasbourg on Moslem Doctrine and Human Rights in Islam between Saudi Canonists and Eminent European Jurists and Intellectuals 55 (Riyad: Ministry of Justice, n.d.).
47. Sachedina, Conference of Riyad, Paris, Vatican City, Geneva and Strasbourg on Moslem Doctrine and Human Rights in Islam between Saudi Canonists and Eminent European Jurists and Intellectuals, at 85.
48. Hurriyāt, Conference of Riyad, Paris, Vatican City, Geneva and Strasbourg on Moslem Doctrine and Human Rights in Islam between Saudi Canonists and Eminent European Jurists and Intellectuals, at 48–50. Al-Ghannūshi says that this was also the view al-Imam Muhammad ‘Abduh, al-Shaykh ’Abd al-Mut'āl al-Sa'd, ‘Abd al-Wahhāb al-Khallāf, Abū Zahra, al-Shaykh ’Abd al-'Aziz Shāwish, Fathi ‘Uthmān, ’Abd al-Hamīd Mutawalli, 'Abd al-Hakīm, Hasan al-Turābi, and Muhammad Sālim Ghazūr.
49. Taqi al-Din Ahmad ibn 'Abd al-Halīm Ibn Taymiyya, Majmū Fatāwā, vol. 37, 28, 413–416 (Mu'assasat al-Risāla (1618/1997).
50. See Daniel Brown, Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought (Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge U. Press 1966).
51. Hurriyāt, Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought, at 291.
52. Hurriyāt, Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought, at 292.
53. See Arcot Krishnaswami, Study of Discrimination in the Matter of Religious Rights and Practices, 11 N.Y.U. J. Intl. L. & Pol. 227 (Fall 1978).
54. For an interesting study of public reactions to extending citizenship rights to women in Kuwait, see Katherine Meyer, Helen Rizzo & Yousef Ali, Islam and the Extension of Citizenship Rights to Women in Kuwait, 37 J. for the Sci. Study of Religion 131 (1998). The authors' conclusions reflect the complexity in trying to pin down misogynistic trends within religious trends.
55. Id. at 142.
56. Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Ramlī, Nihāyat al-Muhtāj alā Sharh al-Minhāj, vol. 8, at 6:224 (Mustafā Bābi al-Halabi 1967–1969).
57. See Werner F. Menski, South Asian Muslim Law Today: An Overview, 9 Sharqiyyāt 16 (1997), an essay that covers a range of issues from constitutional issues to questions of divorce and polygamy.
58. See Feminism & Islam: Legal and Literary Perspectives (Mai Yamani ed., N.Y.: N.Y.U. Press 1996)
59. Amina Wadud, Women and the Qur'an: Rereading the Sacred Text from a Woman's Perspective (2d ed., N.Y.: Oxford U. Press 1999)
60. see also Ziba Mir-Hosseini, Islam and Gender: The Religious Debate in Contemporary Iran (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton U. Press 1999).
61. Alison Dundes Rentlen, The Concept of Human Rights, 83 Anthropos 343 (1988).
62. Robert W. Cox, A Perspective on Globalization, in Globalization: Critical Reflections 24 (James Mittelman ed., Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers 1996), states that “Globalism and globalization arose together as orientations for thought and action.”
63. See also Bassam Tibi, Islam and the Cultural Accomodation of Social Change (Clare Krojzl trans., Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press 1990).
64. Miriam Cooke & Bruce B. Lawrence, Muslim Women Between Human Rights and Islamic Norms, in Religious Diversity and Human Rights 313 (Irene Bloom, J. Paul Martin & Wayne L. Proudfoot eds., Columbia, S.C.: Colum. U. Press 1996).
65. Rentlen, Religious Diversity and Human Rights, at 345.
66. Richard Ashcraft, Religion and Lockean Natural Rights, in Religious Diversity and Human Rights, Religious Diversity and Human Rights, at 209.
67. Irene Bloom, Introduction, in Religious Diversity and Human Rights, Religious Diversity and Human Rights, at 10.
68. Raimundo Pannikar, Is the Notion of Human Rights a Western Concept?, 120 Diogenes 78 (Winter 1982).
69. Norbert Rouland, Legal Anthropology 124, 228 (Phillipe G. Planel trans., London: The Athlone Press 1994).
70. See Said Amir Arjomand, Religion and Constitutionalism in Western History and in Modern Iran and Pakistan, in Political Dimensions of Religion 69–99 (Said Amir Arjomand ed., Albany, N.Y.: S.U.N.Y. Press 1993).
71. For the status of individual liberty see Muhammad Yusuf Musa, The Liberty of the Individual in Contracts and Conditions according to Islamic Law (pts. 1 & 2), II Islamic Q. 79–95 (July 1955), II Islamic Q. 252–263 (Dec. 1955)
72. see also S.D. Goitein, Individualism and Conformity in Classical Islam, in Individualism and Conformity in Classical Islam 3–17 (Amin Banani & Speros Vryonis Jr. eds., Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz 1977) (presented at the Fifth Giorgio Levi Delia Vida Biennial Conference
73. Richard W. Bulliet, The Individual in Islamic Society, in Religious Diversity in Human Rights, Individualism and Conformity in Classical Islam, at 175.
74. Al-Fatāwa al-lslāmiyya, vol. 8, 3032 (Cairo: al-Majlis al-A'lā li' 1-Shu'ūn al-lslāmiyya 1403/1983–1984).
75. Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, I'lām al-Muwaqqi' $ ‘an Rabb al-’Ālam $ vol. 3, 3 (Tāhā ‘Abd al-Ra’ūf Sa'd ed., Beirut: Dār al-Jīl n.d.)
76. see also Subhi Mahmasāni, Falsafat al-Tashr ī fi'l-Islām 220 (5th ed., Beirut: Dār al-'Ilm 1980).
77. See also the same book translated by Farhat J. Ziadeh, Philosophy of Jurisprudence in Islam 106 (Leiden: E.J. Brill 1961).
78. Al-Jawziyya, I'lām al-Muwaqqi' $ ‘an Rabb al- ’Ālam $, Philosophy of Jurisprudence in Islam, at vol. 4, 373.
79. See Ebrahim Moosa, Islam in South Africa, in Living Faiths in South Africa 129 (John de Gruchy & Martin Prozesky eds., Cape Town: David Philip 1995).
80. See Abdulkader Tayob, Islamic Resurgence in South Africa: the Muslim Youth Movement (Cape Town: U. of Cape Town Press 1995).
81. See Asghar Ali Engineer, Islam and Liberation Theology: Essays on Liberative Elements in Islam (New Delhi: Sterling Publishers 1990)
82. Farid Esack, Qur'ān, Liberation & Pluralism: An Islamic Perspective of Interreligious Solidarity against Oppression (Oxford: One World 1997).
83. See Ebrahim Moosa, Muslim Conservatism in South Africa, 69 J. Theology for S. Africa 73 (Dec. 1989).
84. Hurriyāt, J. Theology for S. Africa, at 140.
85. Id. at 290
86. Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im, Islamic Law, International Relations, and Human Rights: Challenge and Response, 20 Cornell Intl. L. J. 317 (1987)
87. Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im, Religious Minorities under Islam Law and the Limits of Cultural Relativism, 9 Human Rights Q. 1(1987).