Selecting sanitation systems for sustainability in developing countries

Water Science and Technology

Volumn 60, Issue 11, 2009, Pages 2973-2982

  Flores, A ^a   Buckley, C ^a   Fenner, R ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Sanitation; Sustainable development; Urine diversion toilets; VIPs

Indexed keywords

BODY FLUIDS; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; SANITATION; STRATEGIC PLANNING; WASTEWATER;

APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES; DESIGN OPTION; OPERATIONAL SUSTAINABILITY; PARALLEL COMPARISONS; SANITATION SYSTEMS; SOUTH AFRICA; SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS; URBAN/RURAL AREAS;

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;

COMPARATIVE STUDY; DEVELOPING WORLD; SANITATION; SUSTAINABILITY; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; URINE; WASTEWATER;

CONFERENCE PAPER; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; ECONOMIC ASPECT; ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY; METHODOLOGY; SANITATION; SOUTH AFRICA; URINARY DIVERSION; WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT;

SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 85000259714     PISSN: 02731223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.2166/wst.2009.375     Document Type: Article

References (23)

1. Assefa, G., Bjorklund, A., Eriksson, O. & Frostell, B. 2005 ORWARE: an aid to environmental technology chain assessment. J. Clean. Prod. 13, 265-274.
2. Balkema, A. J., Preisig, H. A., Otterpohl, R. & Lambert, F. J. D. 2002 Indicators for the sustainability assessment of wastewater treatment systems. Urban Water 4, 153-161.
3. Bracken, P., Kvarnström, E., Ysunza, A., Kärrman, E., Finnson, A. & Saywell, D. 2005 Making sustainable choices - the development and use of sustainability oriented criteria in sanitary decision making. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Ecological Sanitation (EcoSan), Durban, SA, 23-27 May 2005-CSIR (Council for Scientific and Industrial Research). CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa.
4. DWAF (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry) 2001 White Paper on Basic Household Sanitation. DWAF, South Africa.
5. DWAF (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry) 2002 The Development of a Sanitation Policy and Practice in South Africa. DWAF, South Africa.
6. Esrey, S. A., Gough, J., Rapaport, D., Sawyer, R., Simpson-Hebert, M., Vargas, J. & Winblad, U. (eds) 1998 Ecological Sanitation. SIDA, Stockholm, 1998. 91 586 76 12 0.
7. Green, W. & Ho, G. 2005 Small scale sanitation technologies. Water Sci. Technol. 51(10), 29-38.
8. Harrison, J. (Sr. Engineer-Planning, eThekwini Water and Sanitation). Personal communication. March 10, 2008, Durban, South Africa.
9. Hellstrom, D. & Karrman, E. 1997 Exergy analysis and nutrient flows of various sewerage systems. Water Sci. Technol. 35(9), 135-144.
10. Hurley, L., Ashley, R. & Mounce, S. 2008 Addressing practical problems in sustainability assessment frameworks. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Engineering Sustainability. 161(1), 23-30.
11. International Standards Organization (ISO) 2006a ISO 14040: Environmental management-Life cycle assessment-Principles and framework.
12. International Standards Organization (ISO) 2006b ISO 14044: Environmental management-Life cycle assessment-Requirements and guidelines.
13. Jacks, G., Sefe, F., Carling, M., Hammar, M. & Letsamao, P. 1999 Tentative nitrogen budget for pit latrines in eastern Botswana. Environ. Geol. 38(3), 199-203.
14. Larsen, T. A. & Lienert, J. 2007 Novaquatis final report: NoMix - a new approach to urban water management. Eawag, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland.
15. Lundin, M. & Morrison, G. M. 2002 A life cycle assessment based procedure for development of environmental sustainability indicators for urban water systems. Urban Water 4, 145-152.
16. Prüss-Üstün, A., Kay, D., Fewtrell, L. & Bartram, J. 2004 Unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene. In: Majid, E., Lopez, A. D., Rodgers, A. & Murray, C. J. L. (eds) Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: Global and Regional Burden of Disease Attribution to Selected Major Risk Factors. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 1321-1352.
17. Redefining Progress 2005 Ecological Footprint of Nations - 2005 Update. Oakland, California, USA. http://www.ecologicalfoot print.org/. Accessed July 4, 2007.
18. Schmidt-Bleek, F. 1999 The Factor 10/MIPS-Concept: Bridging Ecological, Economic, and Social Dimensions with Sustainability Indicators. United Nations University, Zero Emissions Forum. ISSN 1609-493X (Online).
19. UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) 2003 Evaluation of Environmental Impacts in Life Cycle Assessment. Meeting report, Brussels, 29-30 November 1998, and Brighton, 25-26 May 2000. ISBN: 92-807-2144-5.
20. UNESCO-IHP (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization-International Hydrological Programme) and GTZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH) 2006 Capacity Building for Ecological Sanitation: Concepts for ecologically sustainable sanitation in formal and continuing education. UNESCO Working Series SC-2006/WS/5.
21. WHO (World Health Organization) and UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund) 2006 Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation Target: The Urban and Rural Challenge of the Decade. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, ISBN 92 4 156325 7.
22. WIN-SA (Water Information Network-South Africa) 2005 Lessons Series, Issue Two: eThekwini's Water and Sanitation Programme. www.win-sa.org.za
23. Wright, A. 1997 Toward a Strategic Sanitation Approach: Improving the Sustainability of Urban Sanitation in Developing Countries. UNDP-World Bank Water and Sanitation Program. www.wsp.org