메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 42, Issue 3, 2017, Pages 354-366

Heat and smoke pre-treatment of seeds to improve restoration of an endangered Mediterranean climate vegetation type

Author keywords

active restoration; Cape Flats Sand Fynbos; dry after ripening; germination facilitation; heat pulse; seed dormancy

Indexed keywords

ENDANGERED SPECIES; FYNBOS; GERMINATION; HEATING; INVASIVE SPECIES; NATIVE SPECIES; REINTRODUCTION; RESTORATION ECOLOGY; RIPENING; SEED DORMANCY; SEED TREATMENT; SMOKE; VEGETATION TYPE;

EID: 84998678068     PISSN: 14429985     EISSN: 14429993     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/aec.12449     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (17)

References (55)
  • 1
    • 0028975206 scopus 로고
    • Relationships between seed reserves, seedling growth and mycorrhizal responses in 14 related shrubs (Rosidae) from a low-nutrient environment
    • Allsopp N. & Stock W. D. (1995) Relationships between seed reserves, seedling growth and mycorrhizal responses in 14 related shrubs (Rosidae) from a low-nutrient environment. Br. Ecol. Soc. 9, 248–54.
    • (1995) Br. Ecol. Soc. , vol.9 , pp. 248-254
    • Allsopp, N.1    Stock, W.D.2
  • 2
    • 0022834512 scopus 로고
    • Population dynamics of the shrub Acacia suaveolens (Sm.) Willd.: fire and the transition to seedlings
    • Auld T. D. (1986) Population dynamics of the shrub Acacia suaveolens (Sm.) Willd.: fire and the transition to seedlings. Austral Ecol. 11, 373–85.
    • (1986) Austral Ecol. , vol.11 , pp. 373-385
    • Auld, T.D.1
  • 3
    • 17244381160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil temperatures after the passage of a fire: do they influence the germination of buried seeds?
    • Auld T. D. & Bradstock R. A. (1996) Soil temperatures after the passage of a fire: do they influence the germination of buried seeds? Aust. J. Ecol. 21, 106–9.
    • (1996) Aust. J. Ecol. , vol.21 , pp. 106-109
    • Auld, T.D.1    Bradstock, R.A.2
  • 4
    • 0026062863 scopus 로고
    • Predicting patterns of post-fire germination in 35 eastern Australian Fabaceae
    • Auld T. D. & O'Connell M. A. (1991) Predicting patterns of post-fire germination in 35 eastern Australian Fabaceae. Austral Ecol. 16, 53–70.
    • (1991) Austral Ecol. , vol.16 , pp. 53-70
    • Auld, T.D.1    O'Connell, M.A.2
  • 5
    • 27944450292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seed dormancy and germination responses of nine Australian fire ephemerals
    • Baker K. S., Steadman K. J., Plummer J. A. & Dixon K. W. (2005) Seed dormancy and germination responses of nine Australian fire ephemerals. Plant Soil 277, 345–58.
    • (2005) Plant Soil , vol.277 , pp. 345-358
    • Baker, K.S.1    Steadman, K.J.2    Plummer, J.A.3    Dixon, K.W.4
  • 6
    • 12144262142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When breaking seed dormancy is a problem
    • Baskin C. C. & Baskin J. M. (2003) When breaking seed dormancy is a problem. Native Plants. 4, 17–21.
    • (2003) Native Plants , vol.4 , pp. 17-21
    • Baskin, C.C.1    Baskin, J.M.2
  • 8
    • 45549104986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Riparian vegetation recovery after invasive alien tree clearance in the Fynbos Biome
    • Blanchard R. & Holmes P. M. (2008) Riparian vegetation recovery after invasive alien tree clearance in the Fynbos Biome. S. Afr. J. Bot. 74, 421–31.
    • (2008) S. Afr. J. Bot. , vol.74 , pp. 421-431
    • Blanchard, R.1    Holmes, P.M.2
  • 9
    • 0032821076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seed size and seedling emergence: an allometric relationship and some ecological implications
    • Bond W. J., Honig M. & Maze K. E. (1999) Seed size and seedling emergence: an allometric relationship and some ecological implications. Oecologia 120, 132–6.
    • (1999) Oecologia , vol.120 , pp. 132-136
    • Bond, W.J.1    Honig, M.2    Maze, K.E.3
  • 10
    • 0027136983 scopus 로고
    • Desiccation as the active principle in heat-stimulated seed germination of Leucospermum R. Br. (Proteaceae) in fynbos
    • Brits G. J., Calitz F. J., Brown N. A. C. & Manning J. C. (1993) Desiccation as the active principle in heat-stimulated seed germination of Leucospermum R. Br. (Proteaceae) in fynbos. New Phytol. 125, 397–403.
    • (1993) New Phytol. , vol.125 , pp. 397-403
    • Brits, G.J.1    Calitz, F.J.2    Brown, N.A.C.3    Manning, J.C.4
  • 11
    • 0027524367 scopus 로고
    • Promotion of germination of fynbos seeds by plant-derived smoke
    • Brown N. A. C. (1993) Promotion of germination of fynbos seeds by plant-derived smoke. New Phytol. 123, 575–83.
    • (1993) New Phytol. , vol.123 , pp. 575-583
    • Brown, N.A.C.1
  • 12
    • 0028112476 scopus 로고
    • Stimulation of seed germination in South African species of Restionaceae by plant-derived smoke
    • Brown N. A. C., Jamieson H. & Botha P. A. (1994) Stimulation of seed germination in South African species of Restionaceae by plant-derived smoke. Plant Growth Regul. 15, 93–100.
    • (1994) Plant Growth Regul. , vol.15 , pp. 93-100
    • Brown, N.A.C.1    Jamieson, H.2    Botha, P.A.3
  • 13
    • 1842765382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns in the seed germination response to smoke in plants from the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa
    • Brown N. A. C., Van Staden J., Daws M. I. & Johnson T. (2003) Patterns in the seed germination response to smoke in plants from the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Bot. 69, 514–25.
    • (2003) S. Afr. J. Bot. , vol.69 , pp. 514-525
    • Brown, N.A.C.1    Van Staden, J.2    Daws, M.I.3    Johnson, T.4
  • 14
    • 0030797165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heat stimulated germination in relation to seed characteristics in fynbos legumes of the Western Cape Province, South Africa
    • Cocks M. P. & Stock W. D. (1997) Heat stimulated germination in relation to seed characteristics in fynbos legumes of the Western Cape Province, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Bot. 63, 129–32.
    • (1997) S. Afr. J. Bot. , vol.63 , pp. 129-132
    • Cocks, M.P.1    Stock, W.D.2
  • 15
    • 44649201109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occurrence of physical dormancy in seeds of Australian Sapindaceae: a survey of 14 species in nine genera
    • Cook A., Turner S. R., Baskin J. M., Baskin C. C., Steadman K. J. & Dixon K. W. (2008) Occurrence of physical dormancy in seeds of Australian Sapindaceae: a survey of 14 species in nine genera. Ann. Bot. 101, 1349–62.
    • (2008) Ann. Bot. , vol.101 , pp. 1349-1362
    • Cook, A.1    Turner, S.R.2    Baskin, J.M.3    Baskin, C.C.4    Steadman, K.J.5    Dixon, K.W.6
  • 16
    • 0038742390 scopus 로고
    • Why are there so many myrmecochorous species in the Cape fynbos?
    • In, (eds., M. Arianoutsou, &, R. H. Groves, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands
    • Cowling R. M., Pierce S. M., Stock W. D. & Cocks M. (1994) Why are there so many myrmecochorous species in the Cape fynbos? In: Plant-Animal Interactions in Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems (eds. M. Arianoutsou & R. H. Groves) pp. 159–68. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands.
    • (1994) Plant-Animal Interactions in Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems , pp. 159-168
    • Cowling, R.M.1    Pierce, S.M.2    Stock, W.D.3    Cocks, M.4
  • 17
    • 0001580002 scopus 로고
    • Autecological studies on Audouinia capitata (Bruniaceae). I. Plant-derived smoke as a seed germination cue
    • De Lange J. H. & Boucher C. (1990) Autecological studies on Audouinia capitata (Bruniaceae). I. Plant-derived smoke as a seed germination cue. S. Afr. J. Bot. 56, 700–3.
    • (1990) S. Afr. J. Bot. , vol.56 , pp. 700-703
    • De Lange, J.H.1    Boucher, C.2
  • 18
    • 0024885490 scopus 로고
    • Effects of different clearing treatments on the seed-bank dynamics of an invasive Australian shrub, Acacia cyclops, in the Southwestern Cape, South Africa
    • Holmes P. M. (1989) Effects of different clearing treatments on the seed-bank dynamics of an invasive Australian shrub, Acacia cyclops, in the Southwestern Cape, South Africa. For. Ecol. Manage. 28, 33–46.
    • (1989) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.28 , pp. 33-46
    • Holmes, P.M.1
  • 19
    • 3542994339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Depth distribution and composition of seed-banks in alien-invaded and uninvaded fynbos vegetation
    • Holmes P. M. (2002) Depth distribution and composition of seed-banks in alien-invaded and uninvaded fynbos vegetation. Austral Ecol. 27, 110–20.
    • (2002) Austral Ecol. , vol.27 , pp. 110-120
    • Holmes, P.M.1
  • 20
    • 0001691198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recovery of South African fynbos vegetation following alien woody plant clearing and fire: implications for restoration
    • Holmes P. M., Richardson D. M., Van Wilgen B. W. & Gelderblom C. (2000) Recovery of South African fynbos vegetation following alien woody plant clearing and fire: implications for restoration. Austral Ecol. 25, 631–9.
    • (2000) Austral Ecol. , vol.25 , pp. 631-639
    • Holmes, P.M.1    Richardson, D.M.2    Van Wilgen, B.W.3    Gelderblom, C.4
  • 21
    • 0002823590 scopus 로고
    • Effects of dry heat on seed germination in selected indigenous and alien legume species in South Africa
    • Jeffery D. J., Holmes P. M. & Rebelo A. G. (1988) Effects of dry heat on seed germination in selected indigenous and alien legume species in South Africa. S. Afr. J. Bot. 54, 28–34.
    • (1988) S. Afr. J. Bot. , vol.54 , pp. 28-34
    • Jeffery, D.J.1    Holmes, P.M.2    Rebelo, A.G.3
  • 22
    • 84880884715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid and a homogenizer, and temperature at germination and storage on seed germination in eight pelargonium species
    • Kakihara F. & Hondo K. (2013) Effect of treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid and a homogenizer, and temperature at germination and storage on seed germination in eight pelargonium species. Environ. Control. Biol. 51, 71–7.
    • (2013) Environ. Control. Biol. , vol.51 , pp. 71-77
    • Kakihara, F.1    Hondo, K.2
  • 23
    • 0026299620 scopus 로고
    • Seed germination and life history syndromes in the California chaparral
    • Keeley J. E. (1991) Seed germination and life history syndromes in the California chaparral. Bot. Rev. 57, 81–116.
    • (1991) Bot. Rev. , vol.57 , pp. 81-116
    • Keeley, J.E.1
  • 24
    • 0031426634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Convergent seed germination in South African fynbos and Californian chaparral
    • Keeley J. E. & Bond W. J. (1997) Convergent seed germination in South African fynbos and Californian chaparral. Plant Ecol. 133, 153–67.
    • (1997) Plant Ecol. , vol.133 , pp. 153-167
    • Keeley, J.E.1    Bond, W.J.2
  • 26
    • 0022251204 scopus 로고
    • Role of allelopathy, heat and charred wood in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents
    • Keeley J. E., Morton B. A., Pedrosa A. & Trotter P. (1985) Role of allelopathy, heat and charred wood in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents. J. Ecol. 73, 445–58.
    • (1985) J. Ecol. , vol.73 , pp. 445-458
    • Keeley, J.E.1    Morton, B.A.2    Pedrosa, A.3    Trotter, P.4
  • 28
    • 83055180699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire-stimulated flowering among resprouters and geophytes in Australia and South Africa
    • Lamont B. B. & Downes K. S. (2011) Fire-stimulated flowering among resprouters and geophytes in Australia and South Africa. Plant Ecol. 212, 2111–25.
    • (2011) Plant Ecol. , vol.212 , pp. 2111-2125
    • Lamont, B.B.1    Downes, K.S.2
  • 29
    • 0003007914 scopus 로고
    • Life cycles and fire-stimulated flowering in geophytes
    • In, (eds, B. W. van Wilgen, D. M. Richardson, F. J. Kruger, &, H. J. van Hensbergen, Springer-Verlag, Berlin
    • Le Maitre D. C. & Brown P. J. (1992) Life cycles and fire-stimulated flowering in geophytes. In: Fire in South African Mountain Fynbos (eds B. W. van Wilgen, D. M. Richardson, F. J. Kruger & H. J. van Hensbergen) pp. 145–60. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
    • (1992) Fire in South African Mountain Fynbos , pp. 145-160
    • Le Maitre, D.C.1    Brown, P.J.2
  • 30
    • 79961144752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impacts of invasive Australian acacias: implications for management and restoration
    • Le Maitre D. C., Gaertner M., Marchante E. et al. (2011) Impacts of invasive Australian acacias: implications for management and restoration. Divers. Distrib. 17, 1015–29.
    • (2011) Divers. Distrib. , vol.17 , pp. 1015-1029
    • Le Maitre, D.C.1    Gaertner, M.2    Marchante, E.3
  • 31
    • 0009752502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bet-hedging and germination in the Australian arid zone shrub Acacia ligulata
    • Letnic M., Dickman C. R. & McNaught G. (2000) Bet-hedging and germination in the Australian arid zone shrub Acacia ligulata. Austral Ecol. 25, 368–74.
    • (2000) Austral Ecol. , vol.25 , pp. 368-374
    • Letnic, M.1    Dickman, C.R.2    McNaught, G.3
  • 33
    • 79957878763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved flowering of a South African Watsonia with smoke treatments
    • Light M. E., Kulkarni M. G., Ascough G. D. & Van Staden J. (2007) Improved flowering of a South African Watsonia with smoke treatments. S. Afr. J. Bot. 73, 298.
    • (2007) S. Afr. J. Bot. , vol.73 , pp. 298
    • Light, M.E.1    Kulkarni, M.G.2    Ascough, G.D.3    Van Staden, J.4
  • 35
    • 0000783077 scopus 로고
    • Germination response of legume seeds subjected to moist and dry heat
    • Martin R. E., Miller R. L. & Cushwa C. T. (1975) Germination response of legume seeds subjected to moist and dry heat. Ecology 56, 1441–5.
    • (1975) Ecology , vol.56 , pp. 1441-1445
    • Martin, R.E.1    Miller, R.L.2    Cushwa, C.T.3
  • 36
    • 0034121974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pseudoreplication in experimental designs for the manipulation of seed germination treatments
    • Morrison D. A. & Morris E. C. (2000) Pseudoreplication in experimental designs for the manipulation of seed germination treatments. Austral Ecol. 25, 292–6.
    • (2000) Austral Ecol. , vol.25 , pp. 292-296
    • Morrison, D.A.1    Morris, E.C.2
  • 37
    • 84859652613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wide variation in post-emergence desiccation tolerance of seedlings of fynbos proteoid shrubs
    • Mustart P. J., Rebelo A. G., Juritz J. & Cowling R. M. (2012) Wide variation in post-emergence desiccation tolerance of seedlings of fynbos proteoid shrubs. S. Afr. J. Bot. 80, 110–7.
    • (2012) S. Afr. J. Bot. , vol.80 , pp. 110-117
    • Mustart, P.J.1    Rebelo, A.G.2    Juritz, J.3    Cowling, R.M.4
  • 38
    • 33745543080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of seed storage and fire on germination in the nut-fruited Restionaceae species, Cannomois virgata
    • Newton R. J., Bond W. J. & Farrant J. M. (2006) Effects of seed storage and fire on germination in the nut-fruited Restionaceae species, Cannomois virgata. S. Afr. J. Bot. 72, 177–80.
    • (2006) S. Afr. J. Bot. , vol.72 , pp. 177-180
    • Newton, R.J.1    Bond, W.J.2    Farrant, J.M.3
  • 39
    • 84897606376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temperature thresholds of physically dormant seeds and plant functional response to fire: variation among species and relative impact of climate change
    • Ooi M. K. J., Denham A. J., Santana V. M. & Auld T. D. (2014) Temperature thresholds of physically dormant seeds and plant functional response to fire: variation among species and relative impact of climate change. Ecol. Evol. 4, 656–71.
    • (2014) Ecol. Evol. , vol.4 , pp. 656-671
    • Ooi, M.K.J.1    Denham, A.J.2    Santana, V.M.3    Auld, T.D.4
  • 40
    • 0026313767 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of soil-stored seed banks of six shrubs in fire-prone Dune Fynbos
    • Pierce S. M. & Cowling R. M. (1991) Dynamics of soil-stored seed banks of six shrubs in fire-prone Dune Fynbos. J. Ecol. 79, 731–47.
    • (1991) J. Ecol. , vol.79 , pp. 731-747
    • Pierce, S.M.1    Cowling, R.M.2
  • 41
    • 0028179758 scopus 로고
    • Germination ecology of six shrubs in fire-prone Cape fynbos
    • Pierce S. M. & Moll E. J. (1994) Germination ecology of six shrubs in fire-prone Cape fynbos. Vegetatio 110, 25–41.
    • (1994) Vegetatio , vol.110 , pp. 25-41
    • Pierce, S.M.1    Moll, E.J.2
  • 42
    • 45549093773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effectiveness of active restoration following alien clearance in fynbos riparian zones and resilience of treatments to fire
    • Pretorius M. R., Esler K. J., Holmes P. M. & Prins N. (2008) The effectiveness of active restoration following alien clearance in fynbos riparian zones and resilience of treatments to fire. S. Afr. J. Bot. 74, 517–25.
    • (2008) S. Afr. J. Bot. , vol.74 , pp. 517-525
    • Pretorius, M.R.1    Esler, K.J.2    Holmes, P.M.3    Prins, N.4
  • 43
    • 78651482518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impacts of urbanization in a biodiversity hotspot: conservation challenges in Metropolitan Cape Town
    • Rebelo A. G., Holmes P. M., Dorse C. & Wood J. (2011) Impacts of urbanization in a biodiversity hotspot: conservation challenges in Metropolitan Cape Town. S. Afr. J. Bot. 77, 20–35.
    • (2011) S. Afr. J. Bot. , vol.77 , pp. 20-35
    • Rebelo, A.G.1    Holmes, P.M.2    Dorse, C.3    Wood, J.4
  • 44
    • 68549086910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does invasive plant management aid the restoration of natural ecosystems?
    • Reid A. M., Morin L., Downey P. O., French K. & Virtue J. G. (2009) Does invasive plant management aid the restoration of natural ecosystems? Biol. Conserv. 142, 2342–9.
    • (2009) Biol. Conserv. , vol.142 , pp. 2342-2349
    • Reid, A.M.1    Morin, L.2    Downey, P.O.3    French, K.4    Virtue, J.G.5
  • 45
    • 63949083481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Germination behaviour of 14 Mediterranean species in relation to fire factors: smoke and heat
    • Reyes O. & Trabaud L. (2009) Germination behaviour of 14 Mediterranean species in relation to fire factors: smoke and heat. Plant Ecol. 202, 113–21.
    • (2009) Plant Ecol. , vol.202 , pp. 113-121
    • Reyes, O.1    Trabaud, L.2
  • 46
    • 44949092405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seed banks of invasive Australian Acacia species in South Africa: role in invasiveness and options for management
    • Richardson D. M. & Kluge R. L. (2008) Seed banks of invasive Australian Acacia species in South Africa: role in invasiveness and options for management. Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. 10, 161–77.
    • (2008) Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. , vol.10 , pp. 161-177
    • Richardson, D.M.1    Kluge, R.L.2
  • 48
    • 0021061367 scopus 로고
    • Seed dispersal by ants in shrublands of the Cape Province and its evolutionary implications
    • Slingsby P. & Bond W. J. (1983) Seed dispersal by ants in shrublands of the Cape Province and its evolutionary implications. S. Afr. J. Sci. 79, 231–3.
    • (1983) S. Afr. J. Sci. , vol.79 , pp. 231-233
    • Slingsby, P.1    Bond, W.J.2
  • 49
    • 0000731321 scopus 로고
    • The effect of fire on the germination of the seed of Rhus ovata Wats
    • Stone E. C. & Juhren G. (1951) The effect of fire on the germination of the seed of Rhus ovata Wats. Am. J. Bot. 38, 368–72.
    • (1951) Am. J. Bot. , vol.38 , pp. 368-372
    • Stone, E.C.1    Juhren, G.2
  • 50
    • 0034864964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The interaction of heat and smoke in the release of seed dormancy in seven species from southwestern Western Australia
    • Tieu A., Dixon K. W., Meney K. A. & Sivasithamparam K. (2001) The interaction of heat and smoke in the release of seed dormancy in seven species from southwestern Western Australia. Ann. Bot. 88, 259–65.
    • (2001) Ann. Bot. , vol.88 , pp. 259-265
    • Tieu, A.1    Dixon, K.W.2    Meney, K.A.3    Sivasithamparam, K.4
  • 51
    • 0001536276 scopus 로고
    • The effect of factors associated with fire on seed germination of Erica sessiliflora and E. hebecalyx (Ericaceae)
    • Van de Venter H. A. & Esterhuizen A. D. (1988) The effect of factors associated with fire on seed germination of Erica sessiliflora and E. hebecalyx (Ericaceae). S. Afr. J. Bot. 54, 301–4.
    • (1988) S. Afr. J. Bot. , vol.54 , pp. 301-304
    • Van de Venter, H.A.1    Esterhuizen, A.D.2
  • 52
    • 0002968882 scopus 로고
    • Regeneration strategies in fynbos plants and their influence on the stability of community boundaries after fire
    • In, (eds, B. W. Van Wilgen, D. M. Richardson, F. J. Kruger, &, J. J. Van Hensbergen, Springer-Verlag, Berlin
    • Van Wilgen B. W. & Forsyth G. G. (1992) Regeneration strategies in fynbos plants and their influence on the stability of community boundaries after fire. In: Fire in South African Mountain Fynbos (eds B. W. Van Wilgen, D. M. Richardson, F. J. Kruger & J. J. Van Hensbergen) pp. 54–80. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
    • (1992) Fire in South African Mountain Fynbos , pp. 54-80
    • Van Wilgen, B.W.1    Forsyth, G.G.2
  • 53
    • 79961155558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk assessment, eradication, and biological control: global efforts to limit Australian acacia invasions
    • Wilson J. R. U., Gairifo C., Gibson M. R. et al. (2011) Risk assessment, eradication, and biological control: global efforts to limit Australian acacia invasions. Divers. Distrib. 17, 1030–46.
    • (2011) Divers. Distrib. , vol.17 , pp. 1030-1046
    • Wilson, J.R.U.1    Gairifo, C.2    Gibson, M.R.3
  • 54
    • 9244246321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of an invasive ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr), on the dispersal of Phylica pubescens Aiton seeds in South Africa
    • Witt A. B. R. & Giliomee J. H. (2004) The impact of an invasive ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr), on the dispersal of Phylica pubescens Aiton seeds in South Africa. Afr. Entomol. 12, 179–85.
    • (2004) Afr. Entomol. , vol.12 , pp. 179-185
    • Witt, A.B.R.1    Giliomee, J.H.2
  • 55
    • 0343057588 scopus 로고
    • The effect of high temperature on seed germination
    • Wright E. (1931) The effect of high temperature on seed germination. J. For. 29, 679–87.
    • (1931) J. For. , vol.29 , pp. 679-687
    • Wright, E.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.