‘Racist’ graffiti: Text, context and social comment

Visual Communication

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 39-63

  Lynn, Nick ^a   Lea, Susan J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PLYMOUTH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

asylum seekers; graffiti; heteroglossia; racism; utterance; visual discourse

Indexed keywords

EID: 84998014181     PISSN: 14703572     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1470357205048935     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Abel, E. and Buckley, B. (1977) The Handwriting on the Wall: Toward a Sociology and Psychology of Graffiti. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
2. Austin, J. (1962) How to Do Things with Words. London: Oxford University Press.
3. Bakhtin, M.M. (1981) The Dialogic Imagination. Austin: University of Texas Press.
4. Bakhtin, M.M., (1986) Speech Genres and Other Late Essays. Austin: University of Texas Press.
5. Banks, M. (2001) Visual Methods in Social Research. London:Sage.
6. Banksy (2004) [http://www.banksy.co.uk], consulted March.
7. Barker, M. (1981) The New Racism. London: Junction Books.
8. BBC online (2004) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/1477114.stm], consulted March.
9. Billig, M. (1991) Ideology and Opinions. London:Sage.
10. Billig, M. (1996) Arguing and Thinking: A Rhetorical Approach to Social Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
11. Billig, M. Condor, S. Edwards, D. Gane, M. Middleton, D. and Radley, A.R. (1988) Ideological Dilemmas: A Social Psychology of Everyday Thinking. London:Sage.
12. British Sociological Association, (2003) ‘Anti-Racist Language’ [http://www.britsoc.co.uk/index], consulted August.
13. Burr, V. (1995) An Introduction to Social Constructionism. London:Routledge.
14. Chad, (1997) ‘The Words: A Graffiti Glossary’ [http://www/graffiti/org/faq/graffiti.glossary.html], consulted August 2003.
15. Clifford, J. and Marcus, G. (1986) Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography. Berkeley: University of California Press.
16. Coffield, F. (1991) Vandalism & Graffiti: The State of the Art. London: Calouste Gulbenkian
17. Cohen, S. (1972) Folk Devils and Moral Panics. London: MacGibbon & Kee.
18. Concise Oxford English Dictionary (2002), ed. J. Pearsall, p. 615. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
19. Dundes, A. (1966) ‘Here I Sit - A Study of American Latrinalia’, Papers of the Kroeber Anthropological Society. 34: 91-105.
20. Edwards, D. and Potter, J. (1992) Discursive Psychology. London:Sage.
21. Emmison, M. and Smith, P. (2000) Researching the Visual: Images, Objects, Contexts and Interactions in Social and Cultural Inquiry. London:Sage.
22. Fairclough, N. and Wodak, R. (1997) ‘Critical Discourse Analysis’, In T. van Dijk, (ed.) Discourse as Social Interaction, pp. 258-284. London: Sage.
23. Farrell, and Art Crimes, (1994) ‘Frequently Asked Questions’ [http://www.graffiti.org/faq/graffiti_questions.html], consulted August 2003.
24. Feaster, D. (1998) ‘Hate Crimes: The American Tragedy’ [http://www.elca.org/dcm/youth/resource/helpsheets/hatecrimes.html], consulted August 2003.
25. Gadsby, (1995) ‘Taxonomy of Analytical Approaches to Graffiti’ [http://www.graffiti.org/faq/appendix.html], consulted August 2003.
26. Glasgow City Council (2000) [http://www.glasgow.gov.uk], consulted August 2003.
27. Halsey, M. and Young, A. (2002) ‘The Meanings of Graffiti and Municipal Administration’, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology. 35(2): 165-186.
28. Halliday, M. (1982) ‘The De-Automatization of the Grammar from Priestley's “An Inspector Calls”’, In J. Anderson, (ed.) Language Form and Linguistic Variation: Papers Dedicated to Angus McIntosh, pp. 129-159. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
29. Holquist, M. (1981) ‘Glossary’, In M.M. Bakhtin, (ed.) The Dialogic Imagination, p. 423. Austin: University of Texas Press.
30. Iedema, R. (2003) ‘Multimodality, Resemiotization: Extending the Analysis of Discourse as Multi-semiotic Practice’, Visual Communication. 2(1): 29-57.
31. Kelling, G. and Coles, C. (1996) Fixing Broken Windows. New York: Martin Kessler Books.
32. Kress, G. and Van Leeuwen, T. (eds) (2001) Multimodality. London:Sage.
33. Lynn, N. and Lea, S.J. (2003) ‘A Phantom Menace and the New Apartheid: The Social Construction of Asylum-Seekers in the United Kingdom’, Discourse & Society. 14(4): 425-452.
34. The Media Foundation (2003) [http://adbusters.org/information/foundation], consulted August.
35. The Monitoring Group (2003) [http:www/monitoring-group.co.uk/News_and_Reports.htm], consulted August.
36. Myerson, G. (1994) Rhetoric, Reason and Society: Rationality as Dialogue. London: Sage.
37. Parker, I. (1992) Discourse Dynamics: Critical Analysis for Social and Individual Psychology. London:Routledge.
38. Perelman, C. and Olbrechts-Tyteca, L. (1971) The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
39. Pink, S. (2001) Doing Visual Ethnography. London:Sage.
40. Potter, J. and Wetherell, M. (1987) Discourse and Social Psychology: Beyond Attitudes and Behaviour. London:Sage.
41. Sheridan, T. (2001) ‘Media Whip Up Glasgow Racism’ [http://www.searchlightmagainze.com/stories/MediaWhipupGlasgowRac.htm], consulted August 2003.
42. ‘Sighthill’, (2003) Class War 82 [http://www.tao.ca/%7Elemming/classwar/82/21.htm], consulted August.
43. Simon, P. (1965) The Sound of Silence [http://www.lyricsdir.com/s/simonand-garfunkel/the-sound-of-silence.php], consulted October 2003.
44. Student Project (2003) [http://hampden.arch.strathen.ac.uk/sighthill/ml_as_seeker2.htm], consulted August.
45. Van Dijk, T. (1997) ‘Political Discourse and Racism: Describing Others in Western Parliaments’, In S. Riggins, (ed.) The Language and Politics of Exclusion: Others in Discourse, pp. 31-65. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
46. Wallace, J. and Whitehead, C. (1991) ‘Graffiti - Urban Scourge or Folk Art?’, In F. Coffield, (ed.) Vandalism & Graffiti: The State of the Art. London: Calouste Gulbenkian.
47. Wieder, D. (1974) Language and Social Reality: The Case of Telling the Convict Code. The Hague: Mouton.
48. Wilson, J. and Kelling, G. (1982) ‘Broken Windows’, Atlantic Monthly. 249(3): 29-38.
49. Wright, T. (1999) The Photography Handbook. London:Routledge.