The school desegregation crisis of Cleveland, Ohio, 1963-1964: The Catalyst for Black Political Power in a Northern City

Journal of Urban History

Volumn 28, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 135-157

  Moore, Leonard Nathaniel ^a  

^a LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84997908213     PISSN: 00961442     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0096144202028002001     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Bayard Rustin spoke of the need for this same shift in tactics during the civil rights movement in his influential article “From Protest to Politics,” Commentary 39 (February 1965): 25-31.
2. Call and Post, March 17, 1951.
3. Alonzo Gaskell Grace, “The Effect of Negro Migration on the Cleveland Public School System” (Ph.D. dissertation, Case Western Reserve University, 1932).
4. Carolyn Jefferson, “An Historical Analysis of the Relationship between the Great Migration and the Administrative Policies and Practices of Racial Isolation in the Cleveland Public Schools, 1920-1940” (Ph.D. dissertation, Cleveland State University, 1991).
5. Ernest C. Cooper, The Negro in Cleveland: An Analysis of the Social and Economic Characteristics of the Negro Population, 1950-1963 (Cleveland: Urban League, 1964).
6. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Hearing Held in Cleveland, Ohio, April 1-7, 1966 (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1966), 274.
7. Call and Post, February 12, 1949.
8. Raymond Jirran, “Cleveland and the Negro Following World War II” (Ph.D. dissertation, Kent State University, 1973), 275.
9. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Hearing Held in Cleveland, 274.
10. Clarence Taylor, Knocking at Our Own Door: Milton A. Galamison and the Struggle to Integrate New York City Schools (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997).
11. “Available Classroom Space in Elementary School Buildings,” October 1962, Container 28, Folder 2, NAACP Papers.
12. Cleveland Press, August 21, 1963.
13. Kenneth Rose, “The Politics of Social Reform in Cleveland: Civil Rights, Welfare Rights, and the Response of Civic Leaders” (Ph.D. dissertation, Case Western Reserve University, 1987), 84-5.
14. Lewis Robinson, The Making of a Man: An Autobiography (Cleveland: Green and Sons, 1970), especially chapters 5 and 6.
15. Lawrence Brisker, “Black Power and Black Leaders: A Study of Black Leadership in Cleveland, Ohio” (Ph.D. dissertation, Case Western Reserve University, 1977).
16. Russell H. Davis, “An Account of the Cleveland Branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People,” Russell H. Davis Papers, Container 9, Folder 140, Western Reserve Historical Society.
17. William E. Nelson and Phillip Meranto, Electing Black Mayors: Political Action in the Black Community (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1977), 86.
18. Rose, “Social Reform,” 45-50.
19. August Meier and Elliott Rudwick, CORE: A Study in the Civil Rights Movement, 1942-1968 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973).
20. Robert Penn Warren, Who Speaks for the Negro? (New York: Random House, 1965), 380-90.
21. Cleveland Press, April 18, 1963.
22. Cleveland Press, August 21, 1963.
23. Thomas F. Campbell, “Cleveland: The Struggle for Stability,” in Richard Bernard, ed., Snow Belt Cities: Metropolitan Politics in the Northeast and Midwest since World War II (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990), 109-36.
24. Brisker, “Black Power and Black Leaders,” 160.
25. Plain Dealer, September 25, 1963.
26. Plain Dealer, September 27, 1963.
27. Call and Post, January 25, 1964, February 1, 1964, February 8, 1964.
28. Kenneth Rose, “The Politics of Social Reform in Cleveland” (Ph.D. dissertation, Case Western Reserve University, 1987), 89.
29. Call and Post, February 1, 1964.
30. Call and Post, February 8, 1964.
31. Cleveland Press, January 31, 1964.
32. Call and Post, February 15, 1964.
33. Cleveland Plain Dealer, February 28, 1964.
34. Call and Post, March 7, 1964.
35. “School Housing in Cleveland,” March 5, 1964, Container 36, Folder 5, NAACP Papers.
36. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Hearing Held in Cleveland, 274-6.
37. Cleveland Press, March 3, 1964.
38. Call and Post, March 7, 1964.
39. Plain Dealer, February 29, 1964.
40. Cleveland Press, March 18, 1964.
41. Call and Post, March 28, 1964.
42. The Informer, April 13, 1964, Container 1, Folder 2, Bruce Klunder Papers, Western Reserve Historical Society.
43. Cleveland Plain Dealer, March 18, 1964.
44. Cleveland Press, February 28, 1964.
45. Call and Post, April 11, 1964.
46. Cleveland Press, March 3, 1964.
47. “Cleveland Civil Rights Report,” June 30, 1964, Container 39, Folder 4, Urban League Papers.
48. Call and Post, April 18, 1964.
49. Cleveland Plain Dealer, April 12, 1964.
50. The Informer, April 25, 1964, Container 1, Folder 2, Klunder Papers.
51. Robinson, The Making of a Man, 106-7.
52. Brisker, “Black Power and Black Leaders,” 170.
53. Call and Post, April 25, 1964.
54. UFM Education Commission, “Working Paper #1,” Container 45, Folder 5, Urban League Papers.
55. Rose, “The Politics of Social Reform in Cleveland,” 95-6.
56. Brisker, “Black Power and Black Leaders,” 171-4.
57. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Hearing Held in Cleveland, 372-8.
58. Call and Post, April 25, 1965.
59. Nelson and Meranto, Electing Black Mayors.
60. Leonard N. Moore, “The Limits of Black Power: Carl B. Stokes and Cleveland's African-American Community, 1945-1971” (Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University, 1998).