Selective representation of gender, ethnicity, and nationality in american television coverage of the 2000 summer olympics

International Review for the Sociology of Sport

Volumn 37, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 351-370

  Billings, Andrew C ^a   Eastman, Susan Tyler ^b  

^a CLEMSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

ethnicity; gender; nationality; Olympics; race

Indexed keywords

EID: 84997880708     PISSN: 10126902     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1012690202037004023     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Billings, A.C. (in press) ‘Dueling Genders: Announcer Bias in the 1999 U.S. Open Tennis Tournament’, in R.S. Brown and D. O'Roarke (eds) Topics in Sports Communication. Westport, CT: Praeger.
2. Birrell, S. (1989) ‘Racial Relations Theories and Sport: Suggestions for a More Critical Analysis’, Sociology of Sport Journal 6(3): 212–227.
3. Brummett, B. and Duncan, M.C. (1990) ‘Theorizing without Totalizing: Specularity and Televised Sports’, Quarterly Journal of Speech 76: 227–246.
4. Carter, B. (1996) ‘Ratings Exceed NBC's Promises for the Games’, New York Times(29 July): D1-D1.
5. Daddario, G. (1994) ‘Chilly Scenes of the 1992 Winter Games: The Mass Media and the Marginalization of Female Athletes’, Sociology of Sport Journal 11: 275–288.
6. Davis, L.R. and Harris, O. (1998) ‘Race and Ethnicity in US Sports Media’, in L.A. Wenner (ed.) MediaSport,pp. 154–169. New York: Routledge.
7. Dewar, A. (1993) ‘Sexual Oppression in Sport: Past, Present and Future Alternatives’, in A.G. Ingram and J.W. Loy (eds) Sport in Social Development,pp. 147–165. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Books.
8. Duncan, M.C. and Brummett, B. (1987) ‘The Mediation of Spectator Sport’, Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 58: 168–177.
9. Eastman, S.T. and Billings, A.C. (1999) ‘Gender Parity in the Olympics: Hyping Women Athletes, Favoring Men Athletes’, Journal of Sports and Social Issues 23(2): 140–170.
10. Eastman, S.T. and Billings, A.C. (2001) ‘Biased Voices of Sports: Racial and Gender Stereotyping in College Basketball Announcing’, Howard Journal of Communication 12(4): 183–204.
11. Eastman, S.T., Brown, R.S. and Kovatch, K.J. (1996) ‘The Olympics that Got Real? Television's Story of Sarajevo’, Journal of Sport and Social Issues 24: 366–391.
12. Entine, J. (2000) Taboo: Why Black Athletes Dominate Sports and Why We're Afraid to Talk About It. New York: Public Affairs.
13. Gardner, C.F. (1996) ‘Olympic Success Becoming Springboard for Women's Sports’, Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel(4 Aug.): 1-1.
14. Gerbner, G. and Gross, L. (1976) ‘Living with Television: The Violence Profile’, Journal of Communication 26(2): 173–199.
15. Halbert, C. and Latimer, M. (1994) ‘Battling Gendered Language: An Analysis of the Language Used by Sports Commentators in a Televised Coed Tennis Competition’, Sociology of Sport Journal 11: 298–308.
16. Higgs, D.T. and Weiller, K.H. (1994) ‘Gender Bias and the 1992 Summer Olympic Games: An Analysis of Television Coverage’, Journal of Sport and Social Issues 18: 234–246.
17. Holsti, O.R. (1969) Content Analysis for the Social Sciences and Humanities. Reading, MA: Addition Wesley.
18. Izod, J. (1996) ‘Television Sport and the Sacrificial Hero’, Journal of Sport and Social Issues 22: 173–193.
19. Jackson, D.Z. (1989) ‘Calling the Plays in Black and White’, Boston Globe(22 Jan.): A30-A30, 33-33.
20. Larson, J.F. and Riverburgh, N.K. (1991) ‘A Comparative Analysis of Australian, U.S., and British Telecasts of the Seoul Olympic Ceremony’, Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 35: 75–94.
21. McAllister, M.P. (1997) ‘Sponsorship, Globalization, and the Summer Olympics’, in K.T. Frith (ed.) Undressing the Ad: Reading Culture in Advertising,pp. 35–63. New York: Peter Lang.
22. McCarthy, D. and Jones, R.L. (1997) ‘Speed, Aggression, Strength, and Tactical Naivete’, Journal of Sport and Social Issues 21(4): 348–362.
23. MacNeill, M. (1996) ‘Networks: Producing Olympic Ice Hockey for a National Television Audience’, Sociology of Sport Journal 13: 103–124.
24. Martzke, R. (2000) ‘Ebersol: NBC Erred, But Not in Tape Delay’, USA Today(25 Sept.): 3C-3C.
25. Mayo, M. (1996) ‘100 Years of Gold and Glory: Let the Celebration Begin’, Fort Lauderdale Sun Sentinel(19 July): 1G-1G.
26. Messner, M.A., Duncan, M.C. and Jensen, K. (1993) ‘Separating the Men from the Girls: The Gendered Language of Televised Sports’, in D.S. Eitzen (ed.) Sport in Contemporary Society,pp. 219–233. New York: St Martin's Press.
27. Real, M.R. and Mechikoff, R.A. (1992) ‘Deep Fan: Mythic Identification, Technology, and Advertising in Spectator Sports’, Sociology of Sport Journal 9: 323–339.
28. Rhoden, W.C. (2000) ‘The Face of Australia is Free to be Herself’, New York Times(20 Sept.): S2-S2.
29. Sabo, D., Jansen, S.C., Tate, D., Duncan, M.C. and Leggett, S. (1996) ‘Televising International Sport: Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalistic Bias’, Journal of Sport and Social Issues 20: 7–21.
30. Sandomir, R. (2000) ‘Krayzelburg Powers to Second Gold Medal’, New York Times(22 Sept.): S2-S2.
31. Staples, R. and Jones, T. (1985) ‘Culture, Ideology and Black Television Images’, Black Scholar 16(3): 10–20.
32. Suk, S. (1998) ‘Nagano Olympics Full of Winter Games Firsts’, Japan Economic Newswire(22 Feb.): 1-1.
33. Toohey, K. (1997) ‘Australian Television, Gender and the Olympic Games’, International Review for the Sociology of Sport 32(1): 19–29.
34. Tuggle, C.A. (1997) ‘Differences in Television Sports Reporting of Men's and Women's Athletics: ESPN SportsCenter and CNN Sports Tonight’, Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 41: 14–24.
35. Tuggle, C.A. and Owen, A. (1999) ‘A Descriptive Analysis of NBC's Coverage of the Centennial Olympics’, Journal of Sports and Social Issues 23(2): 171–183.
36. Whannel, G. (1992) Fields in Vision: Television Sport and Cultural Transformation. London: Routledge.
37. Wolfley, B. (2000) ‘NBC Gets Gold-Medal Ratings’, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel(4 Oct.): 2C-2C.
38. Wonsek, P.L. (1992) ‘College Basketball on Television: A Study of Racism in the Media’, Media, Culture and Society 14: 449–461.