Tibet: Development for whom?

China Information

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 20-74

  Sautman, Barry ^a   Eng, Irene ^a  

^a HONG KONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84996159304     PISSN: 0920203X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0920203X0101500202     Document Type: Article

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141. Grey, “Modernise or Else!,”; TIN, Social Evils: Prostitution and Pornography in Lhasa (London: TIN Background Briefing Paper B31, 1998); “Dirty Dancing in Kathmandu,” SCMP, 9 July 2000, 1.
142. Wang Lixiong, “Xizang: ershiyi shiji Zhongguo de ruanlei” (Tibet: China's twentyfirst century soft spot), Zhanlüe yu guanli, No. 1 (1999): 21-33; Ma Rong, “Xizang diqu jiaoyu shiye de fazhan”; Huang Yasheng, “China's Cadre Transfer Policy toward Tibet in the 1990s,” Modern China 21, no. 2 (1995): 184-204; Sun Shangzhi, Xizang zizhiqu jingji dili (Economic geography of the Tibet Autonomous Region) (Beijing: Xinhua chubanshe, 1994), 36-37.
143. Ma Rong, Xizang de renkou yu shehui (Tibet's population and society) (Beijing: Tongxin chubanshe, 1996), 65; Xinhua, 28 January 1999, 23 August 1997; “Regional forum on family planning,” XZRB, 21 May 1999, 1, in FBIS-CHI-1999-0608.
144. Xinhua, 2 July 2001, 16 July 2001.
145. Zhonggong Xizang dangshi da shiji (Great events in the history of the Chinese Communist Party in Tibet) (Lhasa: Xizang renmin chubanshe, 1995), 212; Wang Lixiong, “Xizang,” 32.
146. Interviews with Tibetan cadres, 2001.
147. “Tibet leader Legqog on assistance from Chinese regions,” Ta kung pao, 10 August 2001, in BBC/SWB, 13 August 2001.
148. Washington Post, 16 July 1999, 1.
149. Shakya, Dragon in the Land of Snows, 343-47.
150. European Union, “Pan-Am County Integrated Rural Development Project in Tibet,” Official Journal of the European Communities: Information & Notices 38, no. 81 (1995): 50 ff.
151. XZTJNJ 1999, 38-39; Zhongguo minzu renkou ziliao (1990 nian renkou pucha shuju) (China's minority population data (1990 population census tabulation)) (Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe, 1994), 241-242; Catriona Bass, Education in Tibet, 265; Graham Clarke, “The Movement of Population to the West of China: Tibet and Qinghai,” in Migration: The Asian Experience, ed. Judith Brown and Rosemary Foot (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994), 221-57; Kunchok Tsundue, “Revisiting the Roots,” Tibetan Bulletin 3, no. 1 (1999): 25-26.
152. Wang Lixiong, “Xizang,” 28.
153. Bass, Education in Tibet, 164, 187.
154. Xizang zizhiqu 1990 nian renkou tongcha ziliao (Tabulation of the 1990 population census of the Tibet Autonomous Region), Vol. 1 (Lhasa: Xizang renmin chubanshe, 1992), 388-89.
155. Ma Rong, Xizang de renkou yu shehui, 102.
156. Xizang Zangzu renkou (Tibet's ethnic Tibetan population; hereafter AZZZR-K) (Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe, 1997), 81.
157. Michael Hechter, “Group Formation and the Cultural Division of Labor,” American Journal of Sociology 84, no. 2 (1978): 293-318; Ugen Gombo, “Why China Should Adopt a Truly Tibet-Friendly Tibet Policy,” Tibetan Review 34, no. 7 (1999): 15-22.
158. Wang Lixiong, “Xizang,” 28.
159. Clarke, “The Movement of Population,” 221-57.
160. XZZZRK 1997, 57; Zhongguo guoqing congshu, Lasa quan (China's condition collection, Lhasa volume; hereafter ZGGQCS) (Beijing: Zhongguo da bai ke quan shu chubanshe, 1995), 67; XZTJNJ 1996, 43.
161. Xinhua, 13 October 2000, 30 March 2001, 14 May 2001.
162. Dalai Lama, “The Importance of Indian Initiative on Tibet,” Tibetan Bulletin (July- August 1993).
163. Lipton, 1977, 277; TPBS, 10 May 1992, in BBC/SWB, 6 June 1992; Clarke, “The Movement of Population”, 221-57; Melvyn Goldstein et al., The Struggle for Modern Tibet: The Autobiography of Tashi Tsering (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1997), 94.
164. Iredale et al., Contemporary Minority Migration, 162.
165. Ma Rong, “Economic Patterns,” 180.
166. Yang Xiushi, “Household Registration, Economic Reform and Migration,” International Migration Review 27, no. 4 (1994): 796-818; Wang Shuxin et al., “Xizang Lhasa shi liudong renkou he shehui jingji fazhan (Lhasa City, Tibet's floating population and socio-economic development),” Renkou yu jingji, no. 6 (1998): 3-9.
167. Wang Shuxin, “Xizang Lhasa shi liudong renkou,” 6.
168. Hessler, “Tibet through Chinese Eyes”; Henry Chu, “Migrants Diluting Tibet Cities,” Los Angeles Times, 3 August 1999, A1.
169. Iredale et al., Contemporary Minority Migration, 157-58.
170. Yang, “Urban-Biased Policies,” 306-10.
171. “Beijing Is Backed by Administration on Unrest in Tibet,” New York Times (hereafter NYT), 7 October 1987, A1.
172. “Warning over Tibet's Removal of Checkpoints,” SCMP, 6 January 1993, 10.
173. Xinhua, 8 March 1999a; Ma Rong, “Residential Patterns and Their Impact on Han- Tibetan Relations in Lhasa City, the Tibet Autonomous Region,” in Urban Anthropology in China, ed. Gregory Guldin and Aidan Southall (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1993), 268-77; ZGGQCS 1995, 39.
174. Wang Lixiong, “Xizang,” 28; Washington Post, 16 July 1999; XZTJNJ2000, 34.
175. Xinhua, 24 February 2001
176. TIN, “Tibet Policies Designed to Attract Chinese Traders,” World Tibet Network (WTN), 9 July 1994; “Warning over Tibet's Removal of Checkpoints,” SCMP, 6 January 1993, 10; “China May Expel Lhasa Pilgrims to Prevent Riots,” Daily Telegraph, 22 March 1989, 13.
177. TSG 1995, 95, 106; Harold Saunders et al., Tibet: Issues for Americans (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1992), 9-11.
178. International Campaign for Tibet (ICT), Tibet “Transformed” (Washington: ICT, 1994),8.
179. Grey, “Modernise or Else!,” 11.
180. Ma Rong and Pan Naigu, “The Tibetan Population and Their Geographic Distribution in China,” in Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the t 6hSeminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Vol. 1, ed. Per Kaverne (Oslo: Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture, 1994), 507-16.
181. John Cooley, Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism (London: Pluto Press 2000), 235.
182. DIIR, “Statement of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, 7 August 2001,” WTN, 8 August 2001.
183. Liu Hongji and Cering Yangzom, Urban Residents in Tibet: Report on the Survey of Lhugu Residents in Lhasa (Beijing: China Intercontinental Press, 1998).
184. Xinhua, 27 April 2000; Xizang Zizhiqu renkou chouyang diaocha bangongshi (Tibet Autonomous Region Population Sampling Investigation Office), 1995 nian quan guo 1% renkou chouyang diaocha ziliao (1995 All-China 1% population sampling investigation data) (Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe, 1995), 649; Yu and Guo, Zhongguo Zangqu xiandaihua, 206.
185. “Tibetan Women Exploring New Role,” China Daily, 17 June 1999, 3; Ma Rong, “Residential Patterns”, 268-77; Iredale et al., Contemporary Minority Migration, 160-61.
186. “Dalai Lama Warns of ‘Cultural Genocide’ in Tibet,” Associated Press, 26 September 2000.
187. Iredale et al., Contemporary Minority Migration, 157.
188. Interviews with Tibetan cadres, 2001.
189. Xinhua, 11 August 1997, 10 September 1997, 8 March 1999; “Private Sector Grows Fast in Tibet,” RMRB, 7 April 2001, WTN, 7 April 2001.
190. Ma Rong, “Residential Patterns,” 273.
191. ICT, Tibet “Transformed, “ 28; “Most Lhasa Shops Owned by Chinese,” Tibetan Review 38, no. 3 (1993): 4-5; DIIR, Tibet: Proving Truth from Facts (Dharamsala: DIIR, 1994); Grey, “Modernise or Else!,” 11.
192. Xinhua, 22 March 1997, 12 August 1994.
193. Wu Hao, “Community of Economic Interests: A New Panorama of Nationality Relations in Tibet,” Liaowang, No. 38, 24, in FBIS-CHI-95-210, 31 October 1995.
194. Iredale et al., Contemporary Minority Migration, 160.
195. Cf. Ma Rong, “Han and Tibetan Residential Patterns in Lhasa,” China Quarterly, no. 128 (1991): 814-35; Ma Rong, “Residential Patterns.”
196. Qin Yan, Zhongguo zhongchan jieji: molai shehui jiegou de zhuliu (China's middle class: the mainstream of the future social structure) (Beijing: Zhongguo jihua chubanshe, 1999); Xinhua, 30 June 1998.
197. SFRC, Hearing on “Recent Developments in Tibet.”
198. Victoria Conner and Robert Barnett, Leaders in Tibet: A Directory (London: TIN, 1997), 40.
199. ZGGQCS 1995, 410.
200. “New Leaders in Tibet Taking over Government Positions,” Tibet Television (hereafter TTV), 19 May 1998, in BBC/SWB, 25 May 1998.
201. Interviews with Tibetan cadres, 2001.
202. “Strict Implementation,” XZRB,13 December 1996, 1, in BBC/SWB, 30 December 1996.
203. “On Acting Fully and over the Long Term in the Spirit of the Third Central Forum on Tibet Work,” XZRB, 29 July 1998. 1-2, in BBC/SWB, 26 October 1998.
204. Tsering Shakya, “Historical Introduction,” in Leaders in Tibet, 1-16; interviews with Tibetan cadres, 2001.
205. XZTJNJ 1989,170; ZGRKTJNJ 1993, 352; Xinhua, 28 June 1999.
206. Xinhua, 28 June 1999, 29 June 2000, 4 July 2001; Attane and Courbage, “Transitional Stages and Identity Boundaries,” 257-80; ZGTJNJ 1998, 171.
207. Yu and Guo, Zhongguo Zangqu xiandaihua, 47.
208. Conner and Barnett, Leaders in Tibet, 44-45; Xinhua, 30 August 1999; interviews with Tibetan cadres, 2001.
209. “Data on Number of Minority Cadres in Tibet,” TTV, 15 July 1990, in BBC/SWB, 20 July 1990.
210. “Reform Brings Opportunities,” China Daily, 17 June 1999, 1; Xinhua, 29 January 1999, 25 August 1999; “It'll Be Rosier Tomorrow: Story of Lhasa Mayor Lobsang Gyaincain,” China's Tibet, No. 8 (1999): 31-33; “Pasang: From Serf to State Master,” Women of China, No. 4 (2000): 14-15.
211. “Figures Hide Scale of Poverty in Tibet,” SCMP, 16 August 2001, 8.
212. Xinhua, 11 March 2000; “Beijing Still Vague on How to Open the West,” SCMP, 10 May 2000, 14.
213. Xinhua, 17 April 2000; James Seymour, “Inflating Prisoner Statistics Counter- Productive,” SCMP, 30 March 1998, 18; Clarke, “The Movement of Population,” 221.
214. “China Says 115 Political Prisoners in Tibet,” Associated Press, 22 May 2001.
215. James Seymour and Richard Anderson, New Ghosts, Old Ghosts: Prisons and Labor Reform Camps in China (Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), 168.
216. Human Rights Watch, Punishment and Prejudice: Racial Disparities in the War on Drugs, http://www.hrw.org/campaigns/drugs/war/incarcerations/htm (2000); “Justice Is Not Color Blind, Studies Find,” Los Angeles Times, 22 May 2000, B1; “Racial Disparities Seen as Pervasive in Juvenile Justice,” NYT, 6 April 2000, A1; “Number Held in Prison Rises to a Record,” NYT, 26 March 2001, A16. 2 25 “Payback Time,” SCMP, 3 July 2001, 4; “Aborigines See Jail as Badge of Honor,” SCMP, 23 July 2001, 9.
217. Xinhua, 24 February 1998.
218. “Judiciary Officials Inspect Tibet's Legal Administration,” TTV, 9 September 2000; “Tibet Party Leaders on ‘Two Supremes’ Work Rports at NPC,” XZRB, 14 March 2001, in BBC/SWB, 19 March 2001.
219. “Study Links Racism, Wage Gap,” Toronto Star, 4 May 2001.
220. Douglas Anderton, The Population of the United States. 3d ed. (New York: Free Press, 1997), 383, 602.
221. “Judging Judges,” Financial Times, 5 January 2000, 20.
222. Xinhua, 28 July 1985, 18 January 2000; interviews with Tibetan cadres, 2001.
223. Christian Science Monitor, 24 September 1999; Xinhua, 4 September 1999; “Human Competition Edging out Those Lovable Icons of Wildlife,” NYT, 6 April 2001, A6.
224. TIN, Social Evils: Prostitution and Pornography in Lhasa (London: TIN Background Briefing Paper B31, 1998); “Carnal Pleasures on the Road to Nirvana,” Independent, 4 August 1998, 11.
225. “Old Tibet Falls to Chinese Wreckers,” Independent, 17 April 1994, 17; “Buddha vs. Beijing,” NYT, 11 November 1998, A1.
226. “Migrants Diluting Tibet Cities,” Los Angeles Times, 3 August 1999, A1.
227. Interviews with Tibetan cadres, 2001.
228. ICT, Jampa: The Story of Racism in Tibet (Washington: ICT, 2001), 90-91.
229. “If Justice Is Not Done to Us, This Northern Frontier Will Go,” The Statesman (India), 25 September 2001.
230. Xinhua, 10 November 1993, 11 August 1997.
231. Xinhua, 5 March 1999.
232. Xinhua, 7 June 1988, 28 January 1997; Grey, “Modernise or Else!,” 12; Erickson, Tibet, 210.
233. Erickson, Tibet, 212; Grey, “Modernise or Else!,” 16; TIN, Cutting off the Serpent's Head: Tightening Control in Tibet, 1994-1995 (London: TIN 1996); interviews with Tibetan cadres, 2001.
234. Quoted in Vincanne Adams, “Karaoke as Modem Lhasa, Tibet: Western Encounters with Cultural Politics,” Cultural Anthropology 11, no. 4 (1996): 510-46.
235. Xinhua, 8 June 1993.
236. Mary Cingcade, “Tourism and the Many Tibets: The Manufacture of Tibetan ‘Tradition’,” China Information 13, no. 1 (1998), 1-22; Julie Jie Wen and Clement A. Tisdell, Tourism and China's Development: Policies, Regional Economic Growth and Ecotourism (Singapore: World Scientific Press, 2001), 137; “High Stakes,” Far Eastern Economic Review, 22 June 1995, 76-78; Xinhua, 11 June 1999, 20 January 2000, 25 April 2000, 31 July 2001; “Tibetan Tourism Faces Uphill Battle against Red Tape,” SCMP 19 July 1999, 8; “Tourism to Grow into Number One Industry in Tibet,” RMRB, 23 March 2041; WTN, 24 March 2001.
237. Xinhua, 12 April 1996, 2 March 1999.
238. Cingcade, “Tourism and the Many Tibets”, 15-18; Eric Laws, “Issues in Developing a Tourism Industry in Tibet,” in Tourism and Minorities’ Heritage: Impacts and Prospects, ed. Peter Bums (London: University of North London Press, 1995), 58-69; Paul Christiaan Klieger, “Accomplishing Tibetan Identity: The Constitution of a National Consciousness,” Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Hawaii, 1989, 284; Adams, “Karaoke as modem Lhasa”; Iredale, et al., Contemporary Minority Migration, 160.
239. “Tibet Reports Rising GDP,” AsianInfo Daily China News, 25 November 1999.
240. Adams, “Karaoke as modern Lhasa”, 529.
241. “Working for Tibet from Within,” Wall Street Journal, 4 September 1997, 7.
242. “Tibet's Dependence Persists,” SCMP, 11 September 1997, 6; “Tibetans Turn to Net in Search of Profit,” SCMP, 5 July 1999, 8; Adams, “Karaoke as Modern Lhasa,” 525.
243. Xinhua, 30 May 1996, 15 January 1997, 6 May 1998, 16 June 1998, 13 July 1998, 19 December 1998.
244. Xinhua, 14 July 1994, 14 April 1998, 20 April 1998, 12 October 1998.
245. “Beijing Looses a Reckless Bull,” Washinton Post, 22 August 1999, H1.
246. Iredale et al., Contemporary Minority Migration, 163.
247. Interviews with Tibetan cadres, 2001.
248. Melvyn Goldstein, “The Revival of Monastic Life in Drepung Monastery,” in Buddhism in Contemporary Tibet: Religious Revival and Cultural Indentity, ed. Melvyn Goldstein and Matthew Kapstein (Berkeley: University of California, 1998), 15-52; Geoffrey Samuel, Civilized Shamans (Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1993), 578-82 Van Spengen, Tibetan Border Worlds, 78.
249. Xinhua, 8 August 1997.
250. ZGRKTJNJ 1996, 88.
251. Xinhua, 19 December 1992.
252. “More Good than Bad in Country of 300,000 Monks,” Straits Times, 5 March 1995, 4.
253. “Vietnam-Religion: New Converts Turn to ‘Opiate of the Masses’,” Inter Press Service, 24 July 1997; “A Laid-Back Sleepy Shangri-la,” Independent, 9 June 1996, 54.
254. Steven Katz, “Mass Death under Communist Rule and the Limits of ‘Otherness’,” in Demonizing the Other: Antisemitism, Racism and Xenophobia, ed., Robert Wistrich (Amsterdam: Harwood, 1999), 267-91.
255. Bhutan: A Country Study, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/bttoc.html, 1997.
256. “Hundreds of Monks to March on Capital,” SCMP, 27 May 2000, 15.
257. “Mongolia Saddled with Unholy War,” Scotland on Sunday, 5 December 1999, 21.
258. “How the Mitres Have Fallen,” Irish Times, 28 November 1994, 8; “Bishop Says Fewer than 60 Priests Linked to Abuse,” Irish Times, 12 October 1995, 9.
259. “Warsaw Journal,” NYT, 15 January 1991, A4.
260. “Last Rites Loom for Dwindling Priesthood,” SCMP, 17 July 2001, 12.
261. Eric Kolodner, “The Future of the Right to Self-Determination,” Connecticut Journal of International Law 10 (1994): 153-70.
262. C. K.Yang, Religion in Chinese Society (Prospect Hills, III.: Waveland Press, 1961), 183-87.
263. Schwartz, “Renewal and Resistance,” 232.
264. “Bountiful Beijing Tugs Tibetan Leash,” SCMP, 17 August 2001, 7.
265. Xinhua, 13 May 1993.
266. Xinhua, 31 May 1994, 7 August 1994, 27 September 1994.
267. Goldstein, “The Revival of Monastic Life,” 35-38.
268. Amalendu Misra, “Tibet: In Search of a Resolution,” Central Asian Survey 19, no. 1 (2000): 79-93.
269. Ronald Schwartz, Circle of Protest: Political Ritual in the Tibetan Uprising (New York: Columbia University, 1994).
270. Asahi Shimbun, 21 August 1996, 6.
271. “Clearly Understand the True Nature of the Dalai Clique, Oppose Splittism and Safeguard Stability,” XZRB, 10 March 1995, 1, in BBC/SWB, 28 March 1995; “Actively Guide Religion to Accommodate Itself to Socialist Society,” XZRB, 4 November 1996, 4, in BBC/SWB, 16 November 1996; “Let the Banner of Patriotism Flutter High in the Sky,” XZRB, 28 November 1997, 4, in BBC/SWB, 29 December 1997, “Legqog Notes Shortcomings in Party Discipline,” XZRB, 12 February 1999, in BBC/SWB, 23 March 1999; Xinhua, 19 October 2000.
272. CSHRS 1999.
273. Goldstein, “The Revival of Monastic Life,” 273.
274. H. L. Seneviratne, “Buddhist Monks and Ethnic Politics,” Anthopology Today 17, no. 2 (2001): 15-22.
275. Erickson, Tibet, 226-27.
276. Johnson, Reducing the Urban-Rural Income Disparity, 18.
277. Gabriel Lafitte, “China's New Mass Western Development Campaign,” Tibetan Review 35, no. 6 (2000): 20-34.
278. Interviews with Tibetan cadres, 2001.
279. Richard Turtis, “Trade, Debt, and the Cuban Economy,” World Development 15, no. 1(1987): 163-80. 2 89 Forrest Colburn, “Exceptions to Urban Bias in Latin America: Cuba and Costa Rica,” Journal of Development Studies 29, no. 4 (1993): 60-78.
280. “Railway across the Roof of the World,” Daily Telegraph, 1 February 2001, 1.
281. “Speech by Raidi at Fourth Plenary Session,” XZRB, 25 June 1996, 1; BBC/SWB, 5 August 1996.
282. Cf “The Skies and Land of Tibet Belong to the Communist Party,” XZRB, 17 December 1997, 1, in BBC/SWB, 20 January 1998.
283. Demetrios Papademtriou, “International Migration: Dangerous Myths,” Current, no. 402 (1 May 1998), 28-37; Don DeVoretz, “Immigration to Canada: Some Economic Impacts,” in International Migration and Structural Change in the APEC Member Economies (Chiba: Institute of Developing Economies, JETRO, 2001), 287-305.
284. Jin Dai, “Tibet Impression,” Chinese Community Forum, no. 2001-30, 1 August 2001, www.China-Net.org.
285. Wang Lixiong, Tian zang: Xizang de mingyun (Sky burial: the fate of Tibet) (Brampton: Mirror Books, 1998).
286. Susumu Yabuki and Stephen Harner, China's New Political Economy (Boulder: Westview, 1999), 98; “Clearly Understand the Region's Basic Situation”, XZRB, 4 December 1997, 1, in BBC/SWB, 20 January 1998.
287. Xinhua, 1 April 1999.
288. Ismail Amat, “Multinationality State and Patriotism,” Guangming ribao, 2 February 1995, 1, in FBIS-CHI-95-045, 35-37.
289. Stevan Harrell, “Civilizing Projects and the Reaction to Them,” in Cultural Encounters on China's Ethnic Frontiers, ed. Stevan Harrell (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1994), 3-36.
290. “Speech by Chen Kuiyuan,” XZRB, 12 November 1996, 1, in BBC/SWB, 27 November 1996; “Speech by Raidi at Fourth Plenary Session,” XZRB, 25 June 1996, 1, in BBC/SWB, 5 August 1996.
291. “Unify Thinking and Understanding,” XZRB, 10 December 1997, 1, in BBC/SWB, 20 January 1998.
292. “In China, Protests by Farmers Provoke a Violent Response,” International Herald Tribune, 2 February 1999, 1.
293. Interviews with Tibetan cadres, 2001.
294. Xinhua, 3 October 1999
295. “Narrowing Wealth Gap to Stave off Separatism in China,” Straits Times, 19 June 2000,47.
296. Xinhua, 19 July 2001.
297. “Tibetans Turn to Net in Search of Profit,” SCMP, 5 July 1999, 8.
298. Peter Shirlow, “The Economics of the Peace Process” in Peace of War? Understanding the Peace Process in Northern Ireland, ed. Chris Gilligan and Jonathan Tonge (London: Avebury, Aldershot, 1997), 97-127.
299. John Lloyd, “Breeding for Victory in Ulster?” New Statesman, 29 May 1998, 8-9.
300. Cf. Grey, “Modernise or Else!”
301. Juan Diez Medrano, “The Effects of Ethnic Segregation and Ethnic Competition on Political Mobilization in the Basque Country, 1988,” American Sociological Review 59, no. 6 (1994): 873-89.
302. Susan Olzak, The Dynamics of Ethnic Competition and Conflict (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992); Dudley Poston and Michael Micklin, “Spatial Segregation and Social Differentiation of the Minority Nationalities from the Han majority in the PRC,” Sociological Inquiry 62, no. 2 (1993): 158-65.
303. Sarah Berlanger and Maurice Pinard, “Ethnic Movements and the Competition Model: Some Missing Links,” American Sociological Review 56, no. 4 (1991): 446-57; James McPherson, Is Blood Thicker than Water? Crises of Nationalism in the Modern World (New York: Vintage Books, 1999); Li Wen Lang, “Ethnic Competition and Mobilization in Taiwan's Politics,” Journal of Northeast Asian Studies 12, no. 1 (1993): 59-71.
304. Rita Jalali and Seymour Lipset, “Racial and Ethnic Conflicts: A Global Perspective,” Political Science Quarterly 107, no. 4 (1992): 585-606.
305. Wang Lixiong, “Dalai Lama shi Xizang wenti de yaoshi” (The Dalai Lama is the key to the Tibet Question), Unpublished ms., 2001.
306. Douglas Dion, “Competition and Ethnic Conflict: Artifactual?” Journal of Conflict Resolution 41, no. 5 (1997): 638-48.
307. Elliot Sperling, “Exile and Dissent: The Historical and Cultural Context,” in Tibet since 1950: Silence, Prison or Exile, ed. Melissa Harris and Sydney Jones (New York: Aperture, 2000), 31-36.
308. Ed Douglas, “The Rape of Tibet,” Guardian, 29 September 1997, T2; Georg Blume, “Antje Vollmer's Secret Diplomacy between Peking and the Dalai Lama,” Die Zeit, 20 August 1998; WTN, 4 September 1998.
309. “Tibetans Celebrate New Year in Xiahe,” Agence France Presse, 9 February 2001.
310. Hessler, “Tibet through Chinese Eyes.” 3 21 “Exile No Refuge for Tibetan Culture,” Agence France Presse, 26 July 2001.
311. Cf Xinhua, 11 November 2000.
312. Charlene Makley, “The Power of the Drunk: Humor and Resistance in China's Tibet,” in Linguistic Form and Social Action, ed. Jennifer Dickinson et al. (Ann Arbor: Michigan Discussions in Anthropology, Vol. 13, 1998), 39-79.