Britain’s long war: British strategy in the Northern Ireland conflict, 1969-98

Britain's Long War: British Strategy in the Northern Ireland Conflict, 1969-98

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 1-231

  Neumann, Peter R ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 84995959482     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1057/9781403938732     Document Type: Book

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184. Callaghan, A House, p.54.
185. Benn, Office Without Power, p.198.
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207. R. Fanning, ‘Britain’s greatest initiative’, The Spectator, 1 April 1972.
208. ‘The responsibility comes home’, The Times, 25 March 1972.
209. Lord Howell, interview with author, 6 March 2001.
210. Northern Ireland Office, The Future of Northern Ireland. A Paper for Discussion (London 1972), p. 33.
211. Lord Howell, interview with author, 6 March 2001.
212. M. Holland, ‘Second Thoughts on Sunningdale’, New Statesman, 14 December 1973.
213. Faulkner, pp. 229, 237.
214. W. Whitelaw, The Whitelaw Memoirs (London 1987), p. 122.
215. Heath, quoted in ‘Ulster: No integration’, The Spectator, 29 September 1973.
216. ‘The Future of Northern Ireland - A Survey of Public Opinion’, The Listener, 9 May 1974, pp. 590-4.
217. Hume, quoted in ‘Political integration with UK possible "only if all else fails" ', The Times, 19 September 1973.
218. ‘So who does rule?', The Economist, 1 June 1974.
219. Benn, Against, pp. 137-8.
220. Rees, pp. 99-100, 206, 210.
221. J. Langdon, ‘Labour "thought of Ulster pull-out" ', The Guardian, 19 July 1983
222. P. Webster, ‘Disclosure by Rees angers Dublin’, The Times, 20 July 1983.
223. C. Walker, ‘UDI talk disloyal’, The Times, 3 June 1975.
224. Lord Merlyn-Rees, interview with author, 6 March 2001.
225. Rees, p.93.
226. HC, Vol. 882, c.1956, 5 December 1974.
227. HC, Vol. 888, c.786, 15 March 1975.
228. P. Devlin, Straight Left. An Autobiography (Belfast 1993), pp. 256-7.
229. FitzGerald, p.244.
230. Arlow, quoted in C. Walker, ‘Storm over forecast of Ulster withdrawal’, The Times, 26 May 1975.
231. Orme; HC, Vol. 896, cc.2483-4, 1 August 1975.
232. Rees, pp. 210.
233. Lord Windlesham, ‘Ulster beyond the breaking point’, The Guardian, 5 December 1972.
234. M. Dewar, The British Army in Northern Ireland (London 1996), p. 64.
235. Whitelaw, p.92.
236. R. Deutsch, V. Magowan, Northern Ireland 1972-73. A Chronology of Events. Vol. 2, 1972-73 (Belfast 1974), p. 263.
237. V. Hanna, ‘Internment: What are the facts?', The Listener, 19 December 1974.
238. Whitelaw, quoted in Faulkner, pp. 212, 223.
239. HC, Vol. 838, c.1077, 12 June 1972.
240. V. Hanna, ‘Internment: What are the facts?', The Listener, 19 December 1974, pp. 790-1.
241. Lord Howell, interview with author, 6 April 2001.
242. Whitelaw, quoted in J. Chartres, ‘Whitelaw sees "modest success" in peace moves’, The Times, 13 May 1972.
243. Simon Winchester, '4,000 More Troops Move in for Ulster Offensive’, The Guardian, 28 July 1972.
244. C. De Baróid, Ballymurphy and the Irish War, 2nd edition(London 2000), p. 137.
245. Smith, Fighting for Ireland?, p.110.
246. R. Fanning, ‘After the military’, The Spectator, 5 August 1972.
247. Anderson, 14 May Days, p.43.
248. Wilson, Final Term, p.78.
249. Lord Merlyn-Rees, interview with author, 6 March 2001.
250. Lord Orme (Stanley Orme), interview with author, 6 March 2001.
251. R. Fisk, The Point of No Return (London 1975), p. 154.
252. Sir Edward Heath, letter to author, 22 February 2001.
253. Rees, quoted in P. Taylor, Provos. The IRA and Sinn Fein (London1997), p. 165.
254. ‘Report of a Committee to consider, in the context of civil liberties and human rights, measures to deal with terrorism in Northern Ireland’ (Gardiner Report), Cmd. 5847 (London 1975).
255. Rees, quoted in ‘How all can help - Rees’, Belfast Telegraph, 4 September 1974.
256. McGarry, Explaining, p.86.
257. P.R. Neumann, ‘The Myth of Ulsterisation in British Security Policy in Northern Ireland’, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 26: 5 (2003), pp. 365-74.
258. Rees, p.180.
259. C. Walker, ‘Mr Rees accused of misleading Commons over IRA leader’, The Times, 30 August 1975.
260. D. Howell, ‘The policies which prepared the ground for trust in Ulster’, The Times, 10 February 1975.
261. Lord Windlesham, ‘Ulster beyond the breaking point’, The Guardian, 5 December 1972.
262. M. McGuire, To Take Arms. A Year in the Provisional IRA (London 1973).
263. M. Holland, ‘Miss McGuire and Mr Whitelaw’, New Statesman, 8 September 1972, p. 307.
264. Whitelaw, p.101.
265. Heath, quoted in ‘Heath supports Sinn Fein talks’, The Guardian, 19 July 1993.
266. Smith, Fighting for Ireland?, p.106.
267. P. Bew, H. Patterson, The British State and the Ulster Crisis (London 1986), p. 51.
268. ‘Worried about Willie’, The Economist, 15 July 1972.
269. Whitelaw, quoted in R. Fanning, ‘After the military’, The Spectator, 5 August 1972.
270. ‘Northern Ireland Constitutional Proposals’ (White Paper), Cmd. 5259 (London 1973), pp. 15-16.
271. H. Patterson, ‘Trimble disarmed’, The Guardian, 27 October 2001.
272. ‘Mr Heath warns Ulster leaders’, The Times, 30 August 1973.
273. ‘Ulster: the troops go in, and Jack lends a helping hand’, The Economist, 5 August 1972.
274. ‘The Facts: A Reasonable Deal For Ulster’, NIO leaflet, March 1973.
275. H. Patterson, ‘British Governments and the "Protestant Backlash", 1969-74', in Y. Alexander, A. O’Day (eds), Ireland’s Terrorist Dilemma (Dordrecht 1986), pp. 243-5.
276. P. Dixon, Northern Ireland. The Politics of War and Peace (Houndsmills 2001), pp. 154-6
277. B. O’Duffy, ‘The Price of Containment: Deaths and Debate on Northern Ireland in the House of Commons 1968-94’ in Catterall, The Northern, pp. 109-10.
278. Lord Merlyn-Rees, interview with author, 6 March 2001.
279. Rees, p.110.
280. ‘The Northern Ireland Constitution’, Cmd. 5675 (London 1974), p. 19.
281. FitzGerald, p.247.
282. Taylor, p.187.
283. Brendan O’Brien, The Long War: the IRA and Sinn Fein (Dublin: O’Brien Press, 1993), p. 112.
284. Rees, quoted in FitzGerald, p. 278.
285. Lord Howell, interview with author, 6 March 2001.
286. B. Rowthorn, N. Wayne, The Political Economy of Northern Ireland (Cambridge 1988), pp. 85-7.
287. HC, Vol. 874, c.1047, 4 June 1974.
288. Heath, quoted in R. Fisk, ‘Threat to stop £200 m aid if UK tie is cut’, The Times, 17 November 1972.
289. Northern Ireland Office, Northern Ireland. Finance and the economy (London 1974).
290. Lord Merlyn-Rees, interview with author, 6 March 2001.
291. Wilson, Final Term, p.77.
292. Rowthorn, p.84.
293. Faulkner, pp. 206, 214.
294. FitzGerald, p.201.
295. Lord Howell, interview with author, 6 March 2001.
296. FitzGerald, p.203.
297. Whitelaw, quoted in Faulkner, p. 212.
298. ‘Report and Recommendations of the Working Party on Discrimination in the Private Sector of Employment’ (Van Straubenzee Report), (Belfast 1973).
299. Orme, quoted in Rees, p. 288.
300. F. Emery, ‘Taking a new turn in the Irish maze’, The Times, 13 December 1980.
301. Boyce, The Irish Question, p.123.
302. R. Mason, Paying the Price (London 1999), p. 218.
303. Mason, quoted in ‘Mr Mason cites benefits of direct rule in province’, The Times, 14 September 1977.
304. FitzGerald, p.247.
305. Irish Prime Minister Charles Haughey, quoted in M. Holland, ‘A man who will not be patronised’, New Statesman, 14 December 1979.
306. ‘Lynch lunges out’, The Economist, 14 January 1978.
307. F. Emery, ‘Taking a new turn in the Irish maze’, The Times, 13 December 1980.
308. J. Callaghan, Time and Chance (London 1987), p. 499.
309. Thatcher, p.385.
310. C. Walker, ‘Dublin contempt for British allegations’, The Times, 10 March 1978.
311. Raymond Carter, interview with author, 30 July 2001.
312. Thatcher, p.385.
313. Haughey, quoted in M. Mansergh, ‘The background to the Irish peace process’ in Cox, A Farewell, p. 15.
314. ‘Candid friends’, The Economist, 24 March 1979.
315. ‘A leaking kettle may not boil’, The Economist, 27 August 1977.
316. A. Guelke, Northern Ireland: the International Perspective (Dublin 1988), p. 137.
317. ‘US "is neutral on Ulster"', Daily Telegraph, 6 September 1979.
318. FitzGerald, p.372.
319. J. Dumbrell, ' "Hope and history": the US and peace in Northern Ireland’ in Cox, A Farewell, p. 215.
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456. King; HC, Vol. 93, c.156, 4 March 1986.
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490. Major, p.447.
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525. Mowlam, pp. 90-7.
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533. Mowlam, pp. 227-8.
534. Sir Quentin Thomas, interview with author, 20 February 2002.
535. Michael Mates, interview with author, 21 March 2002.
536. Mowlam, pp. 220-1, 227.
537. Sir Quentin Thomas, interview with author, 20 February 2001.
538. Major, pp. 441-2.
539. Sir Quentin Thomas, interview with author, 20 February 2002.
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543. Brooke, quoted in Hennessy, p. 69.
544. R. MacGinty, J. Darby, Guns and Government: the Management of the Northern Ireland Peace Process (Houndmills 2001), pp. 26-7.
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546. Lord Brooke, interview with author, 14 March 2002.
547. Brooke, quoted in Mallie, The Fight, p.244.
548. J. Langdon, Mo Mowlam (London 2000), p. 273.
549. Sinn Fein, Setting the Record Straight (Dublin 1994).
550. E. Delaney, An Accidental Diplomat: My Years in the Irish Foreign Service, 1987-1995 (Dublin 2001), pp. 320-2.
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553. Reynolds, quoted in S. Duignan, One Spin on the Merry-Go-Round (Dublin 1995), p. 119.
554. Dixon, Northern Ireland, pp. 218-19.
555. Lord Mayhew, interview with author, 7 March 2002.
556. Lord Butler (Sir Robin Butler), interview with author, 6 March 2002.
557. Delaney, p.344.
558. G. McMichael, An Ulster Voice. In Search of Common Ground in Northern Ireland (Boulder 1999), p. 49.
559. Mallie, The Fight, pp. 185-220, 258-72.
560. ‘Downing Street Declaration - a dead duck’, Ulster Unionist Information Institute, March 1994, pp. 4-5.
561. Adams, quoted in Hennessy, p. 84.
562. Major, pp. 462-3.
563. Reynolds, quoted in Duignan, p. 144.
564. Mallie, The Fight, p.228.
565. M. White, ‘London shifts ground on terms of Anglo-Irish deal’, The Guardian, 17 May 1994.
566. Mowlam, p.32.
567. D. Sharrock, ‘PM "broke word on Ulster talks" ', The Guardian, 21 June 1995.
568. P. Bew, G. Gillepsie, The Northern Ireland Peace Process, 1993-1996: A Chronology (London 1996), p. 35.
569. O. Boycott, ‘Sinn Fein told no further playing for time’, The Guardian, 20 May 1994.
570. Adams, quoted in Bew, The Northern Ireland, p.41.
571. K.E. Schulze, M.L.R. Smith, Dilemmas of Decommissioning (London 1999), pp. 17-35.
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573. HC, Vol. 287, cc.22-6, 9 December 1996.
574. Major, p.445.
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577. HC, Vol. 267, c.1201, 29 November 1995.
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580. D. Sharrock, P. Wintour, ‘Arms climbdown clears way for Sinn Fein talks’, The Guardian, 25 April 1995.
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583. Mitchell, Making Peace, p.34.
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585. R. Seitz, Over Here (London 1998), pp. 288-92.
586. S. Bates, ‘Clinton boosts Major’s standing’, The Guardian, 5 April 1995.
587. Lord Mayhew, interview with author, 7 March 2002.
588. Dumbrell, ‘Hope and history’, p. 218.
589. Marjorie Mowlam, letter to author, 6 March 2002.
590. ‘Speech by the Prime Minister at the Royal Ulster Agricultural Show Belfast’, speech by Prime Minister Tony Blair, 16 May 1997; http://www2.nio.gov. uk/speeches.htm
591. Hennessy, p. 110.
592. Mowlam, p.164.
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594. Bew, Northern Ireland: A Chronology, p.243.
595. Sir Richard Needham, interview with author, 14 November 2001.
596. Ingram, quoted in G. Gudgin, ‘A tougher life ahead for the economy’, Parliamentary Brief, 5: 6 (1998), p. 44.
597. ‘Northern Ireland: Towards a Prosperous Future’, speech by Chancellor Gordon Brown, 12 May 1998; http://www2.nio. gov.uk/speeches.htm
598. Mowlam, p. 6.
599. Tony Worthington, interview with author, 19 March 2002.
600. ‘Liaison Sub-Committee on Confidence Building Measures: Economic and social development: further paper by the British government’, Multi-party talks, 13 January 1998.
601. O. Boycott, ‘Sectarian job gap closing in Ulster’, The Guardian, 26 June 1993.
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603. Sir Quentin Thomas, interview with author, 20 February 2002.
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605. Butler; HC, Vol. 1, c.335, 18 March 1981.
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607. Dixon, The Northern Ireland, pp. 218-19.
608. Paul Murphy, interview with author, 20 March 2002.
609. Cunningham, British Government Policy, 1969-2000, p.154.
610. Major, quoted in M. White, O. Boycott, ‘Major bars Unionist peace vote’, The Guardian, 16 November 1993.