Judicial Review in ec Law—Some Reflections on the Origins and the Actual Legal Situation

International and Comparative Law Quarterly

Volumn 51, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 17-33

  Schwarze, Jürgen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG   (Germany)

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EID: 84995810732     PISSN: 00205893     EISSN: 14716895     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/iclq/51.1.17     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. This is set out very clearly in H Woolf, J Jowell, and A Le Seuer, Principles of Judicial Review (London, 1999), 3.
2. See also De Smith and Woolf, Judicial Review of Administrative Action (London, 1995), 8–13.
3. For details about the ECJ's practice see J Schwarze, ‘Art 220 EGV’, n 3, in Schwarze (ed), EU-Kommentar (Baden-Baden, 2000).
4. Joined Cases 7/56 and 3/57 to 7/57, Algera v Common Assembly of the ECSC [1957] ECR 39.
5. See D O'Keeffe (ed), Judicial Review in European Law, Liber amicorum in Honour of Lord Slynn of Hadley, Volume I (The Hague/London/Boston: 2000)
6. M. Andenas (ed), Judicial Review in International Perspective, Liber amicorum in Honour of Lord Slynn of Hadley, Volume II (The Hague/London/Boston, 2000).
7. See further on the practical dimensions of the actual situation and the future perspectives for judicial review in the Annual Report of the Court of Justice of the European Communities for 2000, 29 Mar 2001 (Press Release No 12/2001).
8. W. Hallstein, Die Europäische Gemeinschaft, 5th edn (Düsseldorf/Vienna, 1979), 53.
9. For more detailed information see Schwarze, ‘Concept and Perspectives of European Community Law’, EPL 1999, 227, at 229.
10. See H von der Groeben, Aufbaujahre der Europäischen Gemeinschaft (Baden-Baden, 1982), 264.
11. Aufbaujahre der Europäischen Gemeinschaft, 265.
12. Lord Scarman, English Law—The New Dimension, The Hamlyn Lectures No 26 (London, 1974), 23.
13. For a more detailed account, see J Schwarze, ‘The Role of the European Court of Justice in Shaping Legal Standards for Administrative Action in the Member States: a Comparative Perspective’, in D O'Keeffe (ed), Liber Amicorum in Honour of Lord Slynn of Hadley, Vol. I, Judicial Review in European Union Law (The Hague/London/Boston, 2000), 447.
14. Case (8/55), Fédération charbonnière de Belgique v ECSC High Authority [1955–1956] ECR 245 at 277.
15. ECR.
16. Schwarze, European Administrative Law (London, 1992), 1173 et seq.
17. European Administrative Law. at 55. The reference to the idea of a denial of justice shows the clear influence of French legal thinking on the ruling. The famous wording of the principle of denial of justice in Article 4 of the French Civil Code reads: ‘Le juge qui refusera de juger, sous prétexte de silence, de l'obscurité ou de l'insuffisance de la loi, pourra être poursuivi comme coupable de déni de justice.’
18. For a more detailed account, see Schwarze, European Administrative Law (London, 1992), 4 et seq., with further references
19. also J Schwarze, ‘Art. 220 EGV’, note 3, in Schwarze (ed), EU-Kommentar (Baden-Baden, 2000).
20. A list of the most important principles of law can also be found in the rulings of the Bundesverfassungsgericht; see BVerfGE 73, 339 at 379 et seq.
21. Case 81/72, Commission v Council [1973] ECR 575, Conclusions by AG Warner at 587, see 592 et seq.
22. For further details and the effect on the case law of the ECJ see Schwarze, Die Befugnis zur Abstraktion im europäischen Gemeinschaftsrecht (Baden-Baden, 1976), at 66 et seq.
23. Case 17/74, Transocean Marine Paint Association v Commission, [1974] ECR 1063.
24. Case C-69/90, Nakajima All Precision Co Ltd [1991] ECR I-2069 at 2202.
25. Case 155/79, AM & S Europe v Commission [1982] ECR 1575, at 1611 et seq.
26. Case 64/82, Tradax Graanhandel v Commission [1984] ECR 1359, Conclusions by AG Slynn at 1381 et seq.
27. For a detailed analysis see JA Usher, ‘The “Good Administration” of European Community Law’, Current Legal Problems (1985), 269 et seq.
28. From the beginnings of the jurisprudence of the Court see, eg, Case 6/60, Humblet v Belgium [1960] ECR 559
29. Joined Cases 8/66 to 11/66, Aktiengesellschaft Cimenteries CBR Cementbedrijven N.V. et al v Commission (‘Noordwijks Cement Accord’) [1967] ECR 99.
30. For a more detailed account, see Schwarze, Die Befugnis zur Abstraktion im europäischen Gemeinschaftsrecht (Baden-Baden, 1976), 216 et seq.
31. On the importance of judicial protection in the recent jurisprudence of the Court, see id, ‘The Role of the European Court of Justice in Shaping Legal Standards for Administrative Action in the Member States: a Comparative Perspective’, in D O'Keeffe (eds), Liber Amicorum in honour of Lord Slynn of Hadley, Vol. 1, Judicial Review in European Union Law (The Hague/London/Boston, 2000), 447, at 460 et seq.
32. Case (8/55), Fédération charbonnière de Belgique v ECSC High Authority [1955–1956] ECR 245 at 277.
33. See GC Rodríguez Iglesias, ‘Zur “Verfassung” der Europäischen Gemeinschaft’
34. U. Everling, ‘Die Gerichtsbarkeit in der erweiterten Europäischen Union’, in Schwarze (ed), Verfassungsrecht und Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit im Zeichen Europas (Baden-Baden, 1998), 45 and 199 respectively
35. id (ed), Der Europäische Gerichtshof als Verfassungsgericht und Rechtsschutzinstanz (Baden-Baden, 1983)
36. id (ed), Fortentwicklung des Rechtsschutzes in der Europäischen Gemeinschaft (Baden-Baden, 1987).
37. Schwarze (ed), The Birth of a European Constitutional Order (Baden-Baden/London, 2001).
38. BVerfGE 89, 155, at 188.
39. BVerfGE 89, 155, at 175
40. BVerfGE 73, 339, at 387.
41. See U Everling, ‘Bundesverfassungsgericht und Gerichtshof der Europäischen Gemeinschaften nach dem Maastricht-Urteil’, in Randelzhofer, Scholz and Wilke (eds), Gedächtnisschrift für Eberhard Grabitz (München, 1995), 57
42. J.A. Frowein, ‘Das Maastricht-Urteil und die Grenzen der Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit’, ZaöRV, 54 (1994), 1
43. C. Tomuschat, ‘Die Europäische Union unter Aufsicht des Bundesverfassungsgerichtes’, EuGRZ (1993), 489.
44. G. Hirsch, ‘Gemeinschaftsgrundrechte: Rechtsprechung des EuGH, Verhältnis zum Grundgesetz, EU-Charta’, in Vertretung der Europäischen Kommission in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Hrsg.), Europäische Gespräche, Heft 2/1999, Eine europäische Charta der Grundrechte, Beitrag zur gemeinsamen Identität (Berlin, 1999), 43, at 48.
45. BVerfG, Decision of 17 Feb 2000, 2†BvR†1210/98, Alcan, EuZW 2000, 445.
46. BVerwGE 106, 328.
47. Case C-24/95, Land Rheinland-Pfalz/Alcan Deutschland [1997] ECR I-1591.
48. Schwarze, ‘German Report’, in id (ed), The Birth of a European Constitutional Order, above n 28 at 176.
49. BVerfG, decision of 7 June 2000
50. 1, EuZW 2000, 702 et seq.
51. Everling, Will Europe slip on Bananas? The Bananas Judgement of the Court of Justice and National Courts, 33 CML Rev (1996) 401.
52. BVerfGE 73, 339.
53. BVerfGE 37, 271.
54. BVerfG, decision of 7 June 2000
55. 64, EuZW 2000, 702 et seq.
56. BVerfG, decision of 9 Jan 2001
57. NJW 2001, 1267.
58. Case T-172/98 and T-175/98 to 177/98, Salamander et al v Parliament and Council [2000] ECR II-2490.
59. See Schwarze, ‘Rechtsschutz Privater gege$ber normativen Rechtsakten im Recht der EWG’, in I von Münch (ed), Staatsrecht, Völkerrrecht, Europarecht: Festschrift für Hans-Jürgen Schlochauer zum 75. Geburtstag am 28.3.1981 (Berlin, 1981), 927.
60. Schwarze, Synoptic evaluation of the national reports and comparative legal prospects, in id (ed), Administrative Law under European Influence (Baden-Baden/London, 1996), 808 et seq.
61. Case C-285/98, Tanja Kreil v Bundesrepublik Deutschland [2000] ECR I-0069.
62. In greater detail Schwarze, German report, in id (ed), The Birth of a European Constitutional Order, above n 28, 152 et seq.
63. Art 12 as 4 GG states that in a case of defence women can, under certain circumstances and by law or on the basis of a law, be drafted into service in the civil hospital sector. Art 12 a s 4, para 2 GG states that ‘under no circumstances’ can they do ‘armed service’. The question whether para 2 only applies to the scenario of conscription in a case of defence or whether it also deals with voluntary service is referred to in detail by Schwarze, German report, in id (ed), The Birth of a European Constitutional Order, above n 28, 153 with further references.
64. In Case C.-273/97, Maria Sirdar/The Army Board, Secretary of State for Defence, judgment of 26 Oct 1999 [1999] ECR I-7403 the ECJ ruled that the exclusion of women from serving in certain specialised combat units could be compatible with the directive on equal treatment (n 32 of the judgment).
65. Directive 76/207/EEC of 9 Feb 1976 on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions (OJ 1976, L 39, 40).
66. Case C-285/98, Tanja Kreil/Bundesrepublik Deutschland, judgment of 11 Jan 2000, n 12 [2000] ECR I-0069.
67. ECR n 13.
68. ECR, nn 16 et seq.
69. See Schwarze, ‘The Birth of a European Constitutional Order—Résumé, in id (ed), The Birth of a European Constitutional Order, above n 28, 549 et seq.
70. For a recent analysis, see eg HJ Rabe, ‘Die Europäisierung der Rechtsordnung’, NJW 1997, 2631
71. for the public domain, see Schwarze, ‘The Convergence of Administrative Laws of the Member States’ (1998) 4 EPL 191
72. id, ‘The Role of the European Court of Justice in Shaping Legal Standards for Administrative Action in the Member States: A Comparative Perspective’, above n 25, 447, at 452 et seq.
73. Schwarze (ed), The Birth of a European Constitutional Order, above n 28.
74. FAZ, 5 Apr 2001, 8.
75. See Schwarz, ‘Die europäische Dimension des Verfassungsrechts’, in id (ed), Verfassungsrecht und Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit im Zeichen Europas, above n 27, 139.
76. Jaques Delors, Speech to the European Parliament on 4 July 1988 (1988) Bulletin of the EC, No 7/8, 124.
77. Case C-143/99, Adria Pipelines v Finanzlandesdirektion für Kärnten, OJ 1999, C 188, 18.
78. Decision of the ECJ of 28 Mar 2000, Case C-158/97, Georg Badeck et al [2000] ECR I-1875.
79. See Schwarze, ‘The Birth of a European Constitutional Order—Résumé’, in id (ed), The Birth of a European Constitutional Order, above n 28, 538 et seq.
80. The influence of Community Law on the UK legal order becomes for instance very obvious in a passage in the grounds of judgment in the case Woolwich Building Society v Inland Revenue Commission (3 WLR 366—House of Lords).
81. In this case, which dealt with the possibility of reclamation of overpaid charges, Lord Goff in contrast to a traditional common law rule affirmed such a claim with the reason: ‘at a time when Community law was becoming more and more important it would be strange if the right of the citizen to recover overpaid charges were to be more restricted under domestic law than it was under European law’. See also Schwarze, ‘Die gerichtliche Kontrolle der Verwaltung in England’ DÖV (1996), 771 et seq. at 775.
82. W. van Gerven, ‘The invader invaded or the need to uncover general principles common to the laws of the Member States’, in GC Rodríguez Iglesias (ed), Mélanges en hommage à Fernand Schockweiler (Baden-Baden, 1999), 593, at 598.
83. A. Pizzigoni, Filippo Brunelleschi (Zurich and Munich, 1991), 46.