The Role of Acute Kidney Injury in Chronic Kidney Disease

Seminars in Nephrology

Volumn 36, Issue 4, 2016, Pages 283-292

  Hsu, Raymond K ^a   Hsu, Chi yuan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Acute kidney injury; acute renal failure; chronic kidney disease; epidemiology; outcomes

Indexed keywords

ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; ADVERSE OUTCOME; ASCERTAINMENT BIAS; CAUSALITY; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CLINICAL OUTCOME; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; END STAGE RENAL DISEASE; ESTIMATED GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; HEMODIALYSIS; HUMAN; INJURY SEVERITY; KIDNEY FUNCTION; NONHUMAN; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; PATIENT CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEINURIA; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; DISEASE EXACERBATION;

ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HUMANS; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84995377980     PISSN: 02709295     EISSN: 15584488     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2016.05.005     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. 1 National Kidney Foundation, K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation, Classification, and Stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 39:Suppl 1 (2002), S1–266.
2. 2 Sarnak, M.J., Levey, A.S., Schoolwerth, A.C., et al. Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: a statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation 108 (2003), 2154–2169.
3. 3 Go, A., Chertow, G., Fan, D., MuCulloch, C., Hsu, C., Chronic kidney disease and risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization. N Engl J Med 351 (2004), 1296–1305.
4. 4 Hemmelgarn, B.R., Manns, B.J., Lloyd, A., et al. Relation between kidney function, proteinuria, and adverse outcomes. JAMA 303 (2010), 423–429.
5. 5 Hsu, C.Y., Ordonez, J.D., Chertow, G.M., Fan, D., McCulloch, C.E., Go, A.S., The risk of acute renal failure in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 74 (2008), 101–107.
6. 6 Xue, J.L., Daniels, F., Star, R.A., et al. Incidence and mortality of acute renal failure in Medicare beneficiaries, 1992 to 2001. J Am Soc Nephrol 17 (2006), 1135–1142.
7. 7 Waikar, S.S., Curhan, G.C., Wald, R., McCarthy, E.P., Chertow, G.M., Declining mortality in patients with acute renal failure, 1988 to 2002. J Am Soc Nephrol 17 (2006), 1143–1150.
8. 8 Hsu, C.Y., McCulloch, C.E., Fan, D., Ordonez, J.D., Chertow, G.M., Go, A.S., Community-based incidence of acute renal failure. Kidney Int 72 (2007), 208–212.
9. 9 Hsu, R.K., McCulloch, C.E., Dudley, R.A., Lo, L.J., Hsu, C.Y., Temporal changes in incidence of dialysis-requiring AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol 24 (2013), 37–42.
10. 10 Wald, R., McArthur, E., Adhikari, N.K., et al. Changing incidence and outcomes following dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury among critically ill adults: a population-based cohort study. Am J Kidney Dis 65 (2015), 870–877.
11. 11 Siew, E.D., Davenport, A., The growth of acute kidney injury: a rising tide or just closer attention to detail?. Kidney Int 87 (2015), 46–61.
12. 12 Hsu, R.K., McCulloch, C.E., Heung, M., et al. Exploring potential reasons for the temporal trend in dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury in the United States. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 11 (2016), 14–20.
13. 13 Okusa, M.D., Chertow, G.M., Portilla, D., The nexus of acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, and World Kidney Day 2009. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4 (2009), 520–522.
14. 14 Hsu, C.Y., Where is the epidemic in kidney disease?. J Am Soc Nephrol 21 (2010), 1607–1611.
15. 15 Chawla, L.S., Kimmel, P.L., Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease: an integrated clinical syndrome. Kidney Int 82 (2012), 516–524.
16. 16 Chawla, L.S., Eggers, P.W., Star, R.A., Kimmel, P.L., Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease as interconnected syndromes. N Engl J Med 371 (2014), 58–66.
17. 17 Hsu, R.K., Hsu, C.Y., Proteinuria and reduced glomerular filtration rate as risk factors for acute kidney injury. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 20 (2011), 211–217.
18. 18 Huang, T.M., Wu, V.C., Young, G.H., et al. Preoperative proteinuria predicts adverse renal outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting. J Am Soc Nephrol 22 (2010), 156–163.
19. 19 Grams, M.E., Astor, B.C., Bash, L.D., Matsushita, K., Wang, Y., Coresh, J., Albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate independently associate with acute kidney injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 21 (2010), 1757–1764.
20. 20 James, M.T., Hemmelgarn, B.R., Wiebe, N., et al. Glomerular filtration rate, proteinuria, and the incidence and consequences of acute kidney injury: a cohort study. Lancet 376 (2010), 2096–2103.
21. 21 Gansevoort, R.T., Matsushita, K., van der Velde, M., et al. Lower estimated GFR and higher albuminuria are associated with adverse kidney outcomes. A collaborative meta-analysis of general and high-risk population cohorts. Kidney Int 80 (2011), 93–104.
22. 22 Grams, M.E., Sang, Y., Ballew, S.H., et al. A meta-analysis of the association of estimated GFR, albuminuria, age, race, and sex with acute kidney injury. Am J Kidney Dis 66 (2015), 591–601.
23. 23 James, M.T., Grams, M.E., Woodward, M., et al. A meta-analysis of the association of estimated GFR, albuminuria, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension with acute kidney injury. Am J Kidney Dis 66 (2015), 602–612.
24. 24 Singh, P., Rifkin, D.E., Blantz, R.C., Chronic kidney disease: an inherent risk factor for acute kidney injury?. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5 (2010), 1690–1695.
25. 25 Levin, A., Warnock, D.G., Mehta, R.L., et al. Improving outcomes from acute kidney injury: report of an initiative. Am J Kidney Dis 50 (2007), 1–4.
26. 26 Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Acute Kidney Injury Work Group, KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury. Kidney Int Suppl 2 (2012), 1–138.
27. 27 Pannu, N., Bidirectional relationships between acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 22 (2013), 351–356.
28. 28 Coca, S.G., Cho, K.C., Hsu, C.Y., Acute kidney injury in the elderly: predisposition to chronic kidney disease and vice versa. Nephron Clin Pract, 119(Suppl 1), 2011 c19-24.
29. 29 Venkatachalam, M.A., Weinberg, J.M., Kriz, W., Bidani, A.K., Failed tubule recovery, AKI-CKD transition, and kidney disease progression. J Am Soc Nephrol 26 (2015), 1765–1776.
30. 30 Ferenbach, D.A., Bonventre, J.V., Mechanisms of maladaptive repair after AKI leading to accelerated kidney ageing and CKD. Nat Rev Nephrol 11 (2015), 264–276.
31. 31 Basile, D.P., Donohoe, D., Roethe, K., Osborn, J.L., Renal ischemic injury results in permanent damage to peritubular capillaries and influences long-term function. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 281 (2001), F887–F899.
32. 32 Venkatachalam, M.A., Griffin, K.A., Lan, R., Geng, H., Saikumar, P., Bidani, A.K., Acute kidney injury: a springboard for progression in chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 298 (2010), F1078–F1094.
33. 33 Hou, S., Bushinsky, D., Wish, J., Cohen, J., Harrington, J., Hospital-acquired renal insufficiency: a prospective study. Am J Med 74 (1983), 243–248.
34. 34 Nash, K., Hafeez, A., Hou, S., Hospital-acquired renal insufficiency. Am J Kidney Dis 39 (2002), 930–936.
35. 35 Mangano, C.M., Diamondstone, L.S., Ramsay, J.G., Aggarwal, A., Herskowitz, A., Mangano, D.T., Renal dysfunction after myocardial revascularization: risk factors, adverse outcomes, and hospital resource utilization. The Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. Ann Intern Med 128 (1998), 194–203.
36. 36 Chertow, G., Levy, E., Hammermeister, K., Grover, F., Daley, J., Independent association between acute renal failure and mortality following cardiac surgery. Am J Med 104 (1998), 343–348.
37. 37 Newsome, B.B., Warnock, D.G., McClellan, W.M., et al. Long-term risk of mortality and end-stage renal disease among the elderly after small increases in serum creatinine level during hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 168 (2008), 609–616.
38. 38 Parikh, C.R., Coca, S.G., Wang, Y., Masoudi, F.A., Krumholz, H.M., Long-term prognosis of acute kidney injury after acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 168 (2008), 987–995.
39. 39 Coca, S.G., Singanamala, S., Parikh, C.R., Chronic kidney disease after acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Int 81 (2012), 442–448.
40. 40 Hsu, C.Y., Chertow, G.M., McCulloch, C.E., Fan, D., Ordonez, J.D., Go, A.S., Nonrecovery of kidney function and death after acute on chronic renal failure. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4 (2009), 891–898.
41. 41 Lo, L., Go, A., Chertow, G., et al. Dialysis-requiring acute renal failure increases the risk of progressive chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 76 (2009), 893–899.
42. 42 Choi, A.I., Li, Y., Parikh, C., Volberding, P.A., Shlipak, M.G., Long-term clinical consequences of acute kidney injury in the HIV-infected. Kidney Int 78 (2010), 478–485.
43. 43 Weiss, A.S., Sandmaier, B.M., Storer, B., Storb, R., McSweeney, P.A., Parikh, C.R., Chronic kidney disease following non-myeloablative hematopoietic cell transplantation. Am J Transplant 6 (2006), 89–94.
44. 44 James, M.T., Ghali, W.A., Tonelli, M., et al. Acute kidney injury following coronary angiography is associated with a long-term decline in kidney function. Kidney Int 78 (2010), 803–809.
45. 45 James, M.T., Ghali, W.A., Knudtson, M.L., et al. Associations between acute kidney injury and cardiovascular and renal outcomes after coronary angiography. Circulation 123 (2011), 409–416.
46. 46 Wald, R., Quinn, R., Luo, J., et al. Chronic dialysis and death among survivors of acute kidney injury requiring dialysis. JAMA 302 (2009), 1179–1185.
47. 47 Lafrance, J.P., Djurdjev, O., Levin, A., Incidence and outcomes of acute kidney injury in a referred chronic kidney disease cohort. Nephrol Dial Transplant 25 (2010), 2203–2209.
48. 48 Ando, M., Ohashi, K., Akiyama, H., et al. Chronic kidney disease in long-term survivors of myeloablative allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation: prevalence and risk factors. Nephrol Dial Transplant 25 (2010), 278–282.
49. 49 Ishani, A., Xue, J.L., Himmelfarb, J., et al. Acute kidney injury increases risk of ESRD among elderly. J Am Soc Nephrol 20 (2009), 223–228.
50. 50 Ishani, A., Nelson, D., Clothier, B., et al. The magnitude of acute serum creatinine increase after cardiac surgery and the risk of chronic kidney disease, progression of kidney disease, and death. Arch Intern Med 171 (2011), 226–233.
51. 51 Amdur, R., Chawla, L., Amodeo, S., Kimmel, P., Palant, C., Outcomes following diagnosis of acute renal failure in U.S. veterans: focus on acute tubular necrosis. Kidney Int 76 (2009), 1089–1097.
52. 52 Hsu, C.Y., Yes, AKI truly leads to CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 23 (2012), 967–969.
53. 53 Lin, J., Fernandez, H., Shashaty, M.G., et al. False-positive rate of AKI using consensus creatinine-based criteria. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 10 (2015), 1723–1731.
54. 54 Waikar, S.S., Wald, R., Chertow, G.M., et al. Validity of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification Codes for acute renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 17 (2006), 1688–1694.
55. 55 Vlasschaert, M.E., Bejaimal, S.A., Hackam, D.G., et al. Validity of administrative database coding for kidney disease: a systematic review. Am J Kidney Dis 57 (2011), 29–43.
56. 56 Grams, M.E., Plantinga, L.C., Hedgeman, E., et al. Validation of CKD and related conditions in existing data sets: a systematic review. Am J Kidney Dis 57 (2011), 44–54.
57. 57 Grams, M.E., Waikar, S.S., MacMahon, B., Whelton, S., Ballew, S.H., Coresh, J., Performance and limitations of administrative data in the identification of AKI. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 9 (2014), 682–689.
58. 58 Wu, V.C., Huang, T.M., Lai, C.F., et al. Acute-on-chronic kidney injury at hospital discharge is associated with long-term dialysis and mortality. Kidney Int 80 (2011), 1222–1230.
59. 59 Pannu, N., James, M., Hemmelgarn, B.R., et al. Modification of outcomes after acute kidney injury by the presence of CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 58 (2011), 206–213.
60. 60 Mehta, R.L., Pascual, M.T., Soroko, S., et al. Spectrum of acute renal failure in the intensive care unit: the PICARD experience. Kidney Int 66 (2004), 1613–1621.
61. 61 Thakar, C.V., Christianson, A., Himmelfarb, J., Leonard, A.C., Acute kidney injury episodes and chronic kidney disease risk in diabetes mellitus. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6 (2011), 2567–2572.
62. 62 Siew, E.D., Parr, S.K., Abdel-Kader, K., et al. Predictors of recurrent AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol 27 (2016), 1190–1200.
63. 63 Lee, P., Johansen, K.L., Hsu, C.Y., End-stage renal disease preceded by rapid declines in kidney function: a case series. BMC Nephrol, 12, 2011, 5.
64. 64 Li, L., Astor, B.C., Lewis, J., et al. Longitudinal progression trajectory of GFR among patients with CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 59 (2012), 504–512.
65. 65 O'Hare, A.M., Batten, A., Burrows, N.R., et al. Trajectories of kidney function decline in the 2 years before initiation of long-term dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 59 (2012), 513–522.
66. 66 Hsu, R.K., Chai, B., Roy, J.R., et al. Abrupt decline in kidney function before initiating hemodialysis and all-cause mortality: the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study. Am J Kidney Dis, 2016 http://www.ajkd.org/article/S0272-6386(16)00016-0/. Epub ahead of print.
67. 67 Mitch, W.E., Walser, M., Buffington, G.A., Lemann, J. Jr., A simple method of estimating progression of chronic renal failure. Lancet 2 (1976), 1326–1328.
68. 68 Mammen, C., Al Abbas, A., Skippen, P., et al. Long-term risk of CKD in children surviving episodes of acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit: a prospective cohort study. Am J Kidney Dis 59 (2012), 523–530.
69. 69 Chawla, L.S., Amdur, R.L., Amodeo, S., Kimmel, P.L., Palant, C.E., The severity of acute kidney injury predicts progression to chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 79 (2011), 1361–1369.
70. 70 Bellomo, R., Ronco, C., Kellum, J.A., Mehta, R.L., Palevsky, P., Workgroup ADQI. Acute renal failure - definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Crit Care 8 (2004), R204–R212.
71. 71 Bucaloiu, I.D., Kirchner, H.L., Norfolk, E.R., Hartle, J.E., Perkins, R.M., Increased risk of death and de novo chronic kidney disease following reversible acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 81 (2012), 477–485.
72. 72 Jones, J., Holmen, J., De Graauw, J., Jovanovich, A., Thornton, S., Chonchol, M., Association of complete recovery from acute kidney injury with incident CKD stage 3 and all-cause mortality. Am J Kidney Dis 60 (2012), 402–408.
73. 73 Heung, M., Steffick, D.E., Zivin, K., et al. Acute kidney injury recovery pattern and subsequent risk of CKD: an analysis of Veterans Health Administration data. Am J Kidney Dis 67 (2016), 742–752.
74. 74 Liu, K.D., Lo, L., Hsu, C.Y., Some methodological issues in studying the long-term renal sequelae of acute kidney injury. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 18 (2009), 241–245.
75. 75 Rifkin, D.E., Coca, S.G., Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Does, A.K.I., truly lead to CKD?. J Am Soc Nephrol 23 (2012), 979–984.
76. 76 Coca, S.G., Is it AKI or nonrecovery of renal function that is important for long-term outcomes?. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 8 (2013), 173–176.
77. 77 Lamy, A., Devereaux, P.J., Prabhakaran, D., et al. Off-pump or on-pump coronary-artery bypass grafting at 30 days. N Engl J Med 366 (2012), 1489–1497.
78. 78 Garg, A.X., Devereaux, P.J., Yusuf, S., et al. Kidney function after off-pump or on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 311 (2014), 2191–2198.
79. 79 Grams, M.E., Sang, Y., Matsushita, K., Does acute kidney injury cause longer-term kidney function decline?. Am J Kidney Dis 65 (2015), 12–14.
80. 80 Rydén, L., Sartipy, U., Evans, M., Holzmann, M.J., Acute kidney injury after coronary artery bypass grafting and long-term risk of end-stage renal disease. Circulation 130 (2014), 2005–2011.
81. 81 Go, A.S., Parikh, C.R., Ikizler, T.A., et al. The assessment, serial evaluation, and subsequent sequelae of acute kidney injury (ASSESS-AKI) study: design and methods. BMC Nephrol, 11, 2010, 22.
82. 82 Johnson, R.J., Herrera-Acosta, J., Schreiner, G.F., Rodriguez-Iturbe, B., Subtle acquired renal injury as a mechanism of salt-sensitive hypertension. N Engl J Med 346 (2002), 913–923.
83. 83 Finn, W.F., Enhanced recovery from postischemic acute renal failure. Micropuncture studies in the rat. Circ Res 46 (1980), 440–448.
84. 84 Spurgeon-Pechman, K.R., Donohoe, D.L., Mattson, D.L., Lund, H., James, L., Basile, D.P., Recovery from acute renal failure predisposes hypertension and secondary renal disease in response to elevated sodium. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 293 (2007), F269–F278.
85. 85 Pechman, K.R., De Miguel, C., Lund, H., Leonard, E.C., Basile, D.P., Mattson, D.L., Recovery from renal ischemia-reperfusion injury is associated with altered renal hemodynamics, blunted pressure natriuresis, and sodium-sensitive hypertension. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 297 (2009), R1358–R1363.
86. 86 Hsu, C.Y., Hsu, R.K., Yang, J., Ordonez, J.D., Zheng, S., Go, A.S., Elevated blood pressure after acute kidney injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 27 (2016), 914–923.
87. 87 Hsu, C.Y., Liu, K.D., Cardiovascular events after AKI: a new dimension. J Am Soc Nephrol 25 (2014), 425–427.
88. 88 Golestaneh, L., Melamed, M.L., Hostetter, T.H., Uremic memory: the role of acute kidney injury in long-term outcomes. Kidney Int 76 (2009), 813–814.
89. 89 James, M.T., Samuel, S.M., Manning, M.A., et al. Contrast-induced acute kidney injury and risk of adverse clinical outcomes after coronary angiography a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 6 (2013), 37–43.
90. 90 Corredor, C., Thomson, R., Al-Subaie, N., Long-term consequences of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 30 (2016), 69–75.
91. 91 Wu, V.C., Wu, P.C., Wu, C.H., et al. The impact of acute kidney injury on the long-term risk of stroke. J Am Heart Assoc, 3, 2014, 4.
92. 92 Wu, V.C., Wu, C.H., Huang, T.M., et al. Long-term risk of coronary events after AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol 25 (2014), 595–605.
93. 93 Goldstein, S.L., Jaber, B.L., Faubel, S., Chawla, L.S., AKI transition of care: a potential opportunity to detect and prevent CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 8 (2013), 476–483.
94. 94 Silver, S., Goldstein, S., Harel, Z., et al. Ambulatory care after acute kidney injury: an opportunity to improve patient outcomes. Can J Kidney Health Dis, 2, 2015, 36.
95. 95 Silver, S.A., Harel, Z., Harvey, A., et al. Improving care after acute kidney injury: a prospective time series study. Nephron 131 (2015), 43–50.
96. 96 Harel, Z., Wald, R., Bargman, J.M., et al. Nephrologist follow-up improves all-cause mortality of severe acute kidney injury survivors. Kidney Int 83 (2013), 901–908.