Inorganic forms of nitrogen

Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties

Volumn , Issue , 2016, Pages 1179-1237

  Bremner, J M ^a  

^a IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Ammonium fixation mechanism; Inorganic combined nitrogen; Nonexchangeable ammonium; Phenoldisulfonic acid technique; Soil analysis; Steam distillation procedure

Indexed keywords

EID: 84994532805     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.c33     Document Type: Chapter

References (130)

1. Aleem, M. I. H., and Alexander, M. 1960. Nutrition and physiology of Nitrobacter agilis. Appl. Microbiol. 8:80-84.
2. Allen, S. E., and Grimshaw, H. M. 1962. Effect of low-temperature storage on the extractable nutrient ions in soils. J. Sci. Food Agr. 13:525-529.
3. Allison, F. E., and Roller, E. M. 1955. A comparison of leaching and distillation procedures for determining fixed ammonium in soils. Soil Sci. 80:349-362.
4. Allison, F. E., Doetsch, J. H., and Roller, E. M. 1951. Ammonium fixation and availability in Harpster clay loam. Soil Sci. 72:187-200.
5. Allison, F. E., Kefauver, M., and Roller, E. M. 1953. Ammonium fixation in soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 17:107-110.
6. Archibald, R. M. 1943. Quantitative microdetermination of ammonia in the presence of glutamine and other labile substances. J. BioI. Chem. 151:141-148.
7. Ashton, F. L. 1935. A rapid colorimetric method for determining nitrate nitrogen in grass. J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 54:389-390.
8. Balks, R., and Reekers, I. 1955. Bestimmung des Nitrat- und Ammoniakstickstoffs im Boden. Landwirtsch. Forsch. 8:7-13.
9. Barnes, H., and Folkard, A. R. 1951. The determination of nitrites. Analyst 76:599-603.
10. Barshad, I. 1951. Cation exchange in soils:I. Ammonium fixation and its relation to potassium fixation and to determination of ammonium exchange capacity. Soil Sci. 72:361-371.
11. Bartholomew, R. P. 1928. The quantitative determination of nitrites in soil. Soil Sci. 25:393-398.
12. Bengtsson, N. 1924. The determination of ammonia in soil. Soil Sci. 18:255-278.
13. Berge, T. O. 1941. Determination of nitrate-nitrogen with a photoelectric colorimeter. Soil Sci. 52:185-191.
14. Birch, H. F. 1958. The effect of soil drying on humus decomposition and nitrogen availability. Plant Soil 10:9-31.
15. Black, C. A. 1957. Laboratory Methods of Soil Investigations-Soil Fertility. 3rd ed. (Mimeo) Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University.
16. Bratton, A. C., Marshall, E. K., Babbitt, D., and Hendrickson, A. R. 1939. A new coupling component for sulfanilamide determination. J. BioI. Chem. 128:537-550.
17. Bray, R. H. 1945. Nitrates tests for soils and plant tissues. Soil Sci. 60:219-221.
18. Bremner, J. M. 1957. Studies on soil humic acids. II. Observations on the estimation of free amino groups. Reactions of humic acid and lignin preparations with nitrous acid. J. Agr. Sci. 48:352-360.
19. Bremner, J. M. 1959. Determination of fixed ammonium in soil. J. Agr. Sci. 52:147-160.
20. Bremner, J. M. 1960. Forms of nitrogen in soils and plants. Rothamsted Exp. Sta. Rept. for 1959. p. 59.
21. Bremner, J. M., and Harada, T. 1959. Release of ammonium and organic matter from soil by hydrofluoric acid and effect of hydrofluoric acid treatment on extraction of soil organic matter by neutral and alkaline reagents. J. Agr. Sci. 52:137-146.
22. Bremner, J. M., and Keeney, D. R. 1965. Steam-distillation methods for determination of ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite. Anal. Chim. Acta (in press).
23. Bremner, J. M., and Shaw, K. 1955. Determination of ammonia and nitrate in soil. J. Agr. Sci. 46:320-328.
24. Bremner, J. M., and Shaw, K. 1958. Denitrification in soil. I. Methods of investigation. J. Agr. Sci. 51:22-39.
25. Broadbent, F. E., Tyler, K. B., and Hill, G. N. 1957. Nitrification of ammoniacal fertilizers in some California soils. Hilgardia 27:247-267.
26. Buckett, J., Duffield, W. D., and Milton, R. F. 1955. The determination of nitrate and nitrite in soil. Analyst 80:141-145.
27. Chamot, E. M., and Pratt, D. S. 1909. A study of the phenolsulphonic acid method for the determination of nitrates in water. I. The composition of the reagent and of the reaction product. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 31:922-928.
28. Chamot, E. M., and Pratt, D. S. 1910. A study of the phenolsulphonic acid method for the determination of nitrates in water. II. The composition of the yellow compound. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 32:630-637.
29. Chamot, E. M., Pratt, D. S., and Redfield, H. W. 1911. A study of the phenolsulphonic acid method for the determination of nitrates in water. III. The chief sources of error in the method. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 33:366-381.
30. Chapman, H. D., and Liebig, G. F. 1952. Field and laboratory studies of nitrite accumulation in soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 16:276-282.
31. Chu, P. E., and Hance, F. E. 1939. The effects of oven drying and air drying on the available nitrogen content of soils. Hawaiian Planters’ Record. 43:217-275.
32. Clear, A. J., and Roth, M. 1961. Nitrogen. In I. M. Kolthoff and P. J. Elving, ed. Treatise on Analytical Chemistry. Part II. Analytical Chemistry of the Elements. Vol. 5. Sect. A. pp. 217-316. Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York.
33. Conway, E. J. 1947. Microdiffusion Analysis and Volumetric Error. Ed. 2. Crosby Lockwood, London.
34. Cooke, G. W., and Cunningham, R. K. 1958. Soil nitrogen. III. Mineralizable nitrogen determined by an incubation technique. J. Sci. Food Agr. 9:324-330.
35. Cunningham, R. K. 1962. Mineral nitrogen in tropical forest soils. J. Agr. Sci. 59:257-262.
36. Dashevskiy, D. I. 1960. Improved method for determining adsorbed ammonia in the soil. Soviet Soil Sci. No.8:885-891.
37. Davies, E. B., Coup, M. R., Thompson, F. B., and Hansen, R. P. 1940. Studies on nitrate and ammonia in soils under permanent pasture. I. The stabilization of nitrate in soil samples. New Zealand J. Sci. Technol. 21A:348-351.
38. Davis, C. W. 1917. Studies on the phenoldisulfonic acid method for determining nitrates in soils. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 9:290-295.
39. Dhariwal, A. P. S., and Stevenson, F. J. 1958. Determination of fixed ammonium in soils. Soil Sci. 86:343-349.
40. Duisberg, P. C., and Buehrer, T. F. 1954. Effect of ammonia and its oxidation products on rate of nitrification and plant growth. Soil Sci. 78:37-49.
41. Eastoe, J. E., and Pollard, A. G. 1950. A modified phenoldisulphonic acid method for determining nitrates in soil extracts etc. J. Sci. Food Agr. 1:266-269.
42. Emerson, P. 1921. The colorimetric determination of soil nitrates in a colored water extract. Soil Sci. 12:413-417.
43. Fisher, F. L., Ibert, E. R., and Beckman, H. F. 1958. Inorganic nitrate, nitrite, or nitrate-nitrite. Rapid colorimetric determination of microgram quantities in aqueous solution. Anal. Chern. 30:1972-1974.
44. Fraps, G. S., and Sterges, A J. 1930. Occurrence of nitrites in soils. Texas Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 412.
45. Fraps, G. S., and Sterges, A J. 1931. Estimation of nitric and nitrous nitrogen in l soils. Texas Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 439.
46. Fuller, W. H., Martin, W. P., and McGeorge, W. T. 1950. Behavior of nitrogenous fertilizers in alkaline calcareous soils:II. Field experiments with organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds. Arizona Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 121.
47. Gasser, J. K. R 1958. Use of deep-freezing in the preservation and preparation of fresh soil samples. Nature 181:1334-1335.
48. Gasser, J. K. R. 1961. Effects of air-drying and air-drying storage on the mineralisablenitrogen of soils. J. Sci. Food Agr. 12:778-784.
49. Gasser, J. K. R 1963. A substitute reagent for titanous sulfate for reducing nitrate-No Analyst 88:237-238.
50. Gibbs, W. M., Neidig, R E., and Batchelor, H. W. 1923. Aeration method for determining ammonia in alkali soils. Soil Sci. 15:261-268.
51. Griess, P. 1879. Bemerkungen zu der Abhandlung der HH. Weselsky und Benedikt ‘Ueber einige Azoverbindungen.' Chern. Ber. 12:426-428.
52. Hanway, J. J., and Scott, A D. 1956. Ammonium fixation and release in certain Iowa soils. Soil Sci. 82:379-386.
53. Hanway, J. J., Scott, A D., and Stanford, G. 1957. Replaceability of ammonium fixed in clay minerals as influenced by ammonium or potassium in the extracting solution. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 21:29-34.
54. Harmsen, G. W., and Van Schreven; D. A. 1955. Mineralization of organic nitrogen in soil. Advan. Agron. 7:299-398.
55. Harper, H. J. 1924a. The determination of ammonia in soils. Soil Sci. 18:409-418.
56. Harper, H. J. 1924b. The accurate determination of nitrates in soils. Phenoldisulfonic acid method. Ind. Eng. Chern. 16:180-183.
57. Hillebrand, W. F., Lundell, G. E. F., Bright, H. A, and Hoffman, J. I. 1953. Applied Inorganic Analysis. Ed. 2. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.
58. Hora, F. B., and Webber, P. J. 1960. A source of serious error in the determination of nitrates by the phenoldisulphonic acid method and its remedy. Analyst 85:567-569.
59. Horne, W. R, and Denmead, O. T. 1955. A modified colorimetric method for the field determination of soil nitrate. J. Australian Inst. Agr. Sci. 21:34-36.
60. Ilosvay, M. L. 1889. L’acide azoteux dans la salive et dans l’air exhale. Bul. Soc. Chim 2:388-391.
61. Jackson, M. L. 1958. Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
62. Jansson, S. L. 1958. Tracer studies on nitrogen transformations in soil with special attention to mineralisation-immobilization relationships. Kgl. Lantbruks-Hogskol. Ann. 24:101-361.
63. Johnson, C. M., and Ulrich, A. 1950. Determination of nitrate in plant material. Anal. Chern. 22:1526-1529.
64. Jones, G. B., and Underdown, R. E. 1953. Determination of nitrate in plant materials. Anal. Chern. 25:806-808.
65. Brown, S. M. 1921. The solubility of anions in alkali soils. Soil SCI. 12:261-285.
66. Kershaw, N. F., and Chamberlin, N. S. 1942. Determination of nitrites. Ind. Eng. Chern. Anal. Ed. 14:312-313.
67. Knecht, E. 1915. A rapid method of estimating nitrates. J. Soc. Chern. Ind. 34:126-127
68. Lebedjantzev, A. N. 1924. Drying of soil as one of the natural factors in maintaining soil fertility. Soil Sci. 18:419-447.
69. Lewis, D. G. 1961. Determination of inorganic nitrogen in soil. J. Sci. Food Agr. 12:735-742.
70. Lipman, C. B., and Sharp, L. T. 1912. Studies of the phenoldisulfonic acid method for determining nitrates in soils. Univ. Calif. Publ. Agr. Sci. 1:21-37.
71. Markley, K. S., and Hann, 1925. A comparative study of the Gunning-Arnold and Winkler boric acid modifications of the Kjeldahl method for the determination of nitrogen. J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists 8:455-467.
72. Martin, W. P., Buehrer, T. F., and Caster, A. B. 1943. Threshold pH value for the nitrification of ammonia in desert soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. (1942) 7:223-228.
73. Matthews, D. J. 1920. The determination of ammonia in soil. J. Agr. Sci. 10:72-85.
74. McBeth, I. G. 1917. Fixation of ammonia in soils. J. Agr. Res. 9:141-155.
75. McDonnell, P. M., Stevenson, F. J., and Bremner, J. M. 1959. Release of fixed ammonium from soil by ball milling. Nature 183:1414-1415.
76. McLean, W., and Robinson, G. W. 1924. A new method for the determination of ammoniacal nitrogen in soils. J. Agr. Sci. 14:548-554.
77. Metson, A. J. 1956. Methods of Chemical Analysis for Soil Survey Samples. New Zealand Dept. Sci. Ind. Res., Soil Bur. Bul. 12.
78. Middleton, K. R. 1958. A new procedure for rapid determination of nitrate and a study of the preparation of the phenolsulfonic acid reagent. J. Appl. Chern. 8:505-509.
79. Middleton, K. R. 1959. The use of the Orange I method for determining soil nitrates and a comparison with the phenolsulphonic acid method for certain soils of Northern Nigeria. J. Sci. Food Agr. 10:218-224.
80. Montgomery, H. A. C., and Dymock, J. F. 1961. The determination of nitrite in water. Analyst 86:414-416.
81. Moraghan, J. T., and Pesek, J. T. 1963. Effect of contamination during grinding on inorganic nitrogen changes in incubated water-logged soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 27:361-362.
82. Mortland, M. M. 1958. Reactions of ammonia in soils. Advan. Agron. 10:325-348.
83. Nelson, J. L., Kurtz, L. T., and Bray, R. H. 1954. Rapid determination of nitrates and nitrites. Anal. Chern. 26:1081-1082.
84. Nommik, H. 1957. Fixation and defixation of ammonium in soils. Acta Agr. Scand. 7:395-436.
85. Nommik, H. 1962. Mineral nitrogen immobilization and carbon dioxide production during decomposition of wheat straw in soil as influenced by temperature. Acta Agr. Scand. 12:81-94.
86. Nowakowski, T. Z. 1960. Nitrogen in grass. Rothamsted Exp. Sta. Rept. for 1959. p.60.
87. Noyes, H. A. 1919. Accurate determination of soil nitrates by phenol disulfonic acid method. J. Ind. Eng. Chern. 11:213-218.
88. Olsen, C. 1929. On the analytical determination of ammonia in soil, and the adsorption power of soil for ammonia. Compt. Rend. Trav. Lab. Carlsberg, 17, No. 15.
89. Olson, R. A., Meyer, M. W., Lamke, W. E., Woltemath, A. D., and Weiss, R. E. 1960. Nitrate production rate as a soil test for estimating fertilizer nitrogen requirements of cereal crops. Trans. Intern. Congr. Soil Sci. 7th Madison. 2:463-470.
90. Peech, M., and English, L. 1944. Rapid microchemical soil tests. Soil Sci. 57:167-195.
91. Piper, C. S. 1944. Soil and Plant Analysis. Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York.
92. Plice, M. J. 1932. The determination of nitrates in soils containing soluble organic matter. Soil Sci. 33:213-215.
93. Potter, R. S., and Snyder, R. S. 1914. The determination of ammonia in soils. Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Bull. 17.
94. Potter, R. S., and Snyder, R. S. 1915. The determination of nitrates in soils. J. Ind. Eng. Chern. 7:863-864.
95. Prince, A. L. 1945. Determination of total nitrogen, ammonia, nitrates, and nitrites in soils. Soil Sci. 59:47-52.
96. Pucher, G. W., Vickery, H. B., and Leavenworth, C. S. 1935. Determination of ammonia and of amide nitrogen in plant tissue. Ind. Eng. Chern. Anal. Ed. 7:152-156.
97. Richardson, H. L. 1938. The nitrogen cycle in grassland soils:with especial reference to the Rothamsted Park Grass experiment. J. Agr. Sci. 28:73-121.
98. Rider, B. F., and Mellon, M. G. 1946. Colorimetric determination of nitrites. Ind. Eng. Chern. Anal. Ed. 18:96-99.
99. Rodrigues, G. 1954. Fixed ammonia in tropical soils. J. Soil Sci. 5:264-274.
100. Roller, E. M., and McKaig, N. 1939. Some critical studies of the phenoldisulfonic acid method for the determination of nitrates. Soil Sci. 47:397-407.
101. Russell, E. J., and Page, H. J. 1929. Agricultural Chemistry. In F. W. Atack, ed. The Chemists’ Year Book. Ed. 14. pp. 794-808. The Chemical Catalog Co., Inc., New York.
102. Scales, F. M., and Harrison, A. P. 1920. Boric acid modification of the Kjeldahl method for crop and soil analysis. J. Ind. Eng. Chern. 12:350-352.
103. Schachtschabel, P. 1960. Fixierter Ammoniumstickstoff in Loss- und Marschboden. Trans. Intern. Congr. Soil Sci. 7th Madison. 2:22-27.
104. Schachtschabel, P. 1961. Bestimmung des fixierten Ammoniums im Boden. Z. PtIanzenerniihr. DUng. Bodenk. 93:125-136.
105. Scott, A. D., Edwards, A. P., and Bremner, J. M. 1960. Removal of fixed ammonium from clay minerals by cation-exchange resins. Nature 185:792.
106. Shinn, M. B. 1941. Colorimetric method for determination of nitrite. Ind. Eng. Chern. Anal. Ed. 13:33-35.
107. Sisler, H. H., Butler, M. J., and Audrieth, L. F. 1946. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 2. p. 178. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.
108. Snell, F. D., and Snell, C. T. 1949. Colorimetric Methods of Analysis. Ed. 3. Vol. 2. D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.
109. Soil Science Society of America, Committee on Terminology. 1962. Glossary of terms approved by the Soil Science Society of America. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 26:305-317.
110. Sowden, F. J., and Atkinson, H. J. 1949. The determination of nitrates in colored soil extracts. Can. J. Res. B, 27:76-80.
111. Stevenson, F. J. 1962. Chemical state of the nitrogen in rocks. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 26:797-809.
112. Stevenson, F. J., and Dhariwal, A. P. S. 1959. Distribution of fixed ammonium in soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 23:121-125.
113. Stojanovic, B. J., and Alexander, M. 1958. Effect of inorganic nitrogen on nitrification. Soil Sci. 86:208-215.
114. Stojanovic, B. J., and Broadbent, F. E. 1960. Recovery of ammonium nitrogen from soils. Soil Sci. 90:93-97.
115. Taras, M. J. 1958. Nitrogen. III D. F. Boltz, ed. Colorimetric Determination of Nonmetals. pp. 75-160. Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York.
116. Timmons, D. R., Kilmer, V. J., and Stahly, V. F. 1961. A possible source of serious error in the determination of nitrate production in soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 25:328.
117. Tyler, K. B., and Broadbent, F. E. 1960. Nitrite transformations in California soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 24:279-282.
118. Van Slyke, D. D., and Folch, J. 1940. Manometric carbon determination. J. BioI. Chern. 136:509-541.
119. Vogel, A. I. 1951. Quantitative Inorganic Analysis. Ed. 2. Longmans, Green and Co., New York.
120. Walsh, L. M., and Murdock, J. T. 1960. Native fixed ammonium and fixation of applied ammonium in several Wisconsin soils. Soil Sci. 89:183-193.
121. Waring, S. A., and Bremner, J. M. 1964. Effect of soil mesh-size on the estimation of mineralizable nitrogen in soils. Nature 202:1141.
122. West, P. W., and Lyles, G. L. 1960. A new method for the determination of nitrates. Anal. Chim. Acta 23:227-232.
123. Wingo, W. J., Davis, O. L., and Anderson, L. 1950. Source of error in Kjeldahl microdeterminations. Anal. Chem. 22:1340.
124. Wolf, B. 1944. DeteFmlrtation of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium nitrogen. Rapid photometric determination in soil and plant extracts. Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 16:446-447.
125. Wright, C. H. 1939. Soil Analysis. A Handbook of Physical and Chemical Methods. Ed. 2. Thomas Murby, London.
126. Young, J. L. 1962. Inorganic soil nitrogen and carbon/nitrogen ratios of some Pacific Northwest Soils. Soil Sci. 93:397-404.
127. Young, J. L., and Cattani, R. A. 1962. Mineral fixation of anhydrous NH. by airdry soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 26:147-152.
128. Yuen, S. H., and Pollard, A. G. 1952. The determination of nitrogen in agricultural materials by the Nessler reagent. I. Preparation of the reagent. J. Sci. Food Agr. 3:441-447.
129. Yuen, S. H., and Pollard, A. G. 1953a. Purification of activated charcoal for decolorizing soil extracts. J. Sci. Food Agr. 4:503-507.
130. Yuen, S. H., and Pollard, A. G. 1953b. Determination of nitrogen in soil and plant materials:use of boric acid in the micro-Kjeldahl method. J. Sci. Food Agr. 4:490-496.