Restoration and ecosystem-based management in the circumboreal forest: Background, challenges, and opportunities

Restoration of Boreal and Temperate Forests, Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 251-270

  Kuuluvainen, Timo ^a   Bergeron, Yves ^b   Coates, K David ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC EN ABITIBI TÉMISCAMINGUE   (Canada)

^c RESEARCH BRANCH   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84994475681     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/b18809     Document Type: Chapter

References (90)

1. Aakala, T., Kuuluvainen, T., Wallenius, T., Kauhanen, H., 2009. Contrasting patterns of tree mortality in late-successional Picea abies stands in two areas of northern Fennoscandia. J. Veg. Sci. 20, 1016–1026.
2. Aksenov, D., Dobrynin, D., Dubinin, M., Egorov, A., Isaev, A., Karpachevskiy, M., Laestadius, L., Potapov, P., Purekhovskiy, A., Turubanova, S., Yaroshenko, A., 2002. Atlas of Russia’s Intact Forest Landscapes. Global Forest Watch Russia, Moscow. Available at: http://www.forest.ru/eng/publications/intact/.[Cited 16 Mar 2010].
3. Angelstam, P., 1998. Maintaining and restoring biodiversity in European boreal forests by developing natural disturbance regimes. J. Veg. Sci. 9, 593–692.
4. Angelstam, P., Kuuluvainen, T., 2004. Boreal forest disturbance regimes, successional dynamics and landscape structures—A European perspective. Ecol. Bull. 51, 117–136.
5. Bartemucci, P., Coates, K.D., Harper, K.A., Wright, E.F., 2002. Gap disturbances in northern old-growth forests of British Columbia, Canada. J. Veg. Sci. 13, 685–696.
6. Bauhus, J., Puettmann, C., Messier, C., 2009. Silviculture for old-growth attributes. For. Ecol. Manage. 258, 525–537.
7. Bengtsson, J., Angelstam, P., Elmqvist, T., Emanuelsson, U., Folke, C., Ihse, M., Moberg, F., Nyström, M. 2003. Reserves, resilience and dynamics landscapes. Ambio 32, 389–396.
8. Bergeron, Y., 2000. Species and stand dynamics in the mixed woods of Quebec’s southern boreal forest. Ecology 81, 1500–1516.
9. Bergeron, Y., 2004. Is regulated even-aged management the right strategy for the Canadian boreal forest? For. Chron. 80, 458–462.
10. Bergeron, Y., Brisson, J., 1990. Fire regime in red pine stands at the northern limit of the species’ range. Ecology 71, 1352–1364.
11. Bergeron, Y., Fenton, N., 2012. Boreal forests of eastern Canada revisited: Old growth, nonfire disturbances, forest succession and biodiversity. Botany 90, 509–523.
12. Bergeron, Y., Flannigan, M., Gauthier, S., Leduc, A., Lefort, P., 2004. Past, current and future fire frequency in the Canadian boreal forest: Implications for sustainable forest management. Ambio 33, 356–360.
13. Bergeron, Y., Gauthier, S., Kafka, V., Lefort, P., Lesieur, D., 2001. Natural fire frequency for the eastern Canadian boreal forest: Consequences for sustainable forestry. Can. J. For. Res. 31, 384–391.
14. Bergeron, Y., Leduc, A., Harvey, B.D., Gauthier, S., 2002. Natural fire regime: A guide for sustainable management of the Canadian boreal forest. Silva Fenn. 36, 81–95.
15. Boucher, D., Gauthier, S., De Grandpré, L., 2006. Structural changes in coniferous stands along a chronosequence and a productivity gradient in the northeastern boreal forest of Québec. Ecoscience 13, 172–180.
16. Bradshaw, C.J.A., Warkentin, I.G., Sodhi, N.S., 2009. Urgent preservation of boreal carbon stocks and biodiversity. Trends. Ecol. Evol. 24, 541–548. doi 10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.019.
17. Burton, P., Messier, C., Smith, D.W., Adamowicz, W.L., (eds.), 2003. Towards Sustainable Management of the Boreal Forest. NRC Research Press, Canada.
18. Burton, P.J., Bergeron, Y., Bogdanski, B.E.C., Juday, G.P., Kuuluvainen, T., McAfee, B.J., Ogden, A., et al. 2010. Sustainability of boreal forests and forestry in a changing environment. In: G. Mery, P. Katila, G. Galloway, R.I. Alfaro, M. Kanninen, M. Lobovikov, J. Varjo, (eds.), Forests and Society–Responding to Global Drivers of Change. International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO), Vienna, Austria, pp. 249–282.
19. Burton, P.J., Kneeshaw, D.D., Coates, K.D., 1999. Managing forest harvesting to maintain old growth in boreal and sub-boreal forests. For. Chron. 75, 623–631.
20. CBD, 1995. Malawi Principles. Convention on Biological Diversity, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. http://www.cbd.int/ecosystem/principles.shtml.
21. CBD, 2004. The Ecosystem Approach, (CBD Guidelines) Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. http://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/ea-text-en.pdf.
22. Costanza, R., 2000. Environmental sustainability, indicators, and climate change. In: M. Munasinghe, R. Swart, (eds.), Climate Change and its Linkages with Development, Equity, and Sustainability. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 109–142.
23. Cyr, D., Gauthier, S., Bergeron, Y., Carcaillet, C., 2009. Forest management is driving the eastern North American boreal forest outside its natural range of variability. Front. Ecol. Environ. 10, 519–524.
24. Drapeau, P., Leduc, A., Bergeron, Y., 2009. Bridging ecosystem and multiple-species approaches for setting conservation targets in managed boreal landscapes. In: M.-A. Villard, B.G. Jonsson, (eds.), Setting Conservation Targets for Managed Forest Landscapes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 129–160.
25. Drever, C.R., Peterson, G., Messier, C., Bergeron, Y., Flannigan, M., 2006. Can forest management based on natural disturbances maintain ecological resilience? Can. J. For. Res. 36, 2285–2299.
26. Foster, D.R., 1983. The history and pattern of fire in the boreal forest of southeastern Labrador. Can. J. Bot. 61, 2459–2471.
27. Gauthier, S., Vaillancourt, M.-A., Leduc, A., De Grandpre, L., Kneeshaw, D., Morin, H., Drapeau, P., Bergeron, Y., 2009. Ecosystem Management in the Boreal Forest. Les Presses de l’Université du Québec, Québec, 568p.
28. Gromtsev, A., 2002. Natural disturbance dynamics in the boreal forests of European Russia: A review. Silva Fenn. 36, 41–55.
29. Gustafsson, L., Kouki, J., Svedrup-Thygeson, A. 2010. Tree retention as a conservation measure in clear-cut forests of northern Europe: A review of ecological consequences. Scand. J. For. Res. 25(4), 295–308.
30. Halme, P., Allen, K.A., Aunins, A., Bradshaw, R.H.W., Brumelis, G., Cada, V., Clear, J.L., et al. 2013. Challenges of ecological restoration: Lessons from forests in northern Europe. Biol. Conserv. 167, 248–256.
31. Harvey, B., Leduc, A., Gauthier, S., Bergeron, Y., 2002. Stand-landscape integration in natural disturbance-based management of the southern boreal forest. For. Ecol. Manage. 155, 369–385.
32. Helmisaari, H., Nikolov, N., 1992. Silvics of the circumboreal forest tree species. In: H.H. Shugart, R. Leemans, G. Bonan, (eds.), A Systems Analysis of the Global Boreal Forest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 13–84.
33. Johnson, E.A., 1992. Fire and Vegetation Dynamics: Studies from the North American Boreal Forest. Cambridge Studies in Ecology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
34. Kasischke, E.S., 2000. Boreal ecosystems in the global carbon cycle. In: E.S. Kasischke, B.J. Stocks, (eds.), Fire, Climate Change and Carbon Cycling in the Boreal Forest. Ecological Studies Series, Springer-Verlag, New York.
35. Keto-Tokoi, P., Kuuluvainen, T., 2014. Primeval Forests of Finland. Cultural History, Ecology and Conservation. Maahenki, Finland, 302p.
36. Kneeshaw, D., Bergeron, Y., Kuuluvainen, T., 2011. Forest ecosystem structure and disturbance dynamics across the circumboreal forest. In: Millington, A., Blumler, M., Schickhoff, U., (eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Biogeography. Texas A&M. SAGE, London.
37. Kneeshaw, D.D., Bergeron, Y., 1998. Canopy gap characteristics and tree replacement in the southeastern boreal forest. Ecology 79, 783–794.
38. Kneeshaw, D.D., Gauthier, S., 2003. Old-growth in the boreal forest at stand and landscape levels. Environ. Rev. 11, S99–S114.
39. Kuuluvainen, T., 1994. Gap disturbance, ground microtopography, and the regeneration dynamics of boreal coniferous forests in Finland: A review. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 31, 35–51.
40. Kuuluvainen, T., 2002. Natural variability of forests as a reference for restoring and managing biological diversity in boreal Fennoscandia. Silva Fenn. 36, 97–125.
41. Kuuluvainen, T., 2009. Forest management and biodiversity conservation based on natural ecosystem dynamics in northern Europe: The complexity challenge. Ambio 38, 309–315.
42. Kuuluvainen, T., Aakala, T., 2011. Natural forest dynamics in boreal Fennoscandia: A review and classification. Silva Fenn. 45(5), 823–841.
43. Kuuluvainen, T., Aapala, K., Ahlroth, P., Kuusinen, M., Lindholm, T., Sallantaus, T., Siitonen, J., Tukia, H., 2002. Principles of ecological restoration of boreal forested ecosystems: Finland as an example. Silva Fenn. 36(1), 409–422.
44. Kuuluvainen, T., Grenfell, R., 2012. Natural disturbance emulation in boreal forest ecosystem management: Theories, strategies and a comparison with conventional even-aged management. Can. J. For. Res. 42, 1185–1203.
45. Kuuluvainen, T., Tahvonen, O., Aakala, T., 2012. Even-aged and uneven-aged forest management in boreal Fennoscandia: A review. Ambio 41(7), 720–737.
46. Lampainen, J., Kuuluvainen, T., Wallenius, T.H., Karjalainen, L., Vanha-Majamaa, I., 2004. Long-term forest structure and regeneration after wildfire in Russian Karelia. J. Veg. Sci. 15, 245–256.
47. Larsen, C.P.S. 1997. Spatial and temporal variations in boreal forest fire frequency in northern Alberta. J. Biogeogr. 24, 663–673.
48. Lännenpää, A., Aakala, T., Kauhanen, H., Kuuluvainen, T., 2008. Tree mortality agents in pristine Norway spruce forests in northern Fennoscandia. Silva Fenn. 42, 151–163.
49. Lecomte, N., Simard, M., Bergeron, Y., 2006. Effects of fire severity and initial tree composition on stand structural development in the coniferous boreal forest of northwestern Québec, Canada. Ecoscience 13, 152–163.
50. Lindenmayer, D.B., Franklin, J.F., Fisher, J., 2006. General management principles and a checklist of strategies to guide forest biodiversity conservation. Biol. Cons. 131, 433–445.
51. McCarthy, J., 2001. Gap dynamics of forest trees: A review with particular attention to boreal forests. Environ. Rev. 9, 1–59.
52. McCarthy, J.W., Weetman, G., 2006. Age and size structure of gap-dynamic, old-growth boreal forest stands in Newfoundland. Silva Fenn. 40, 209–230.
53. Messier, C., Puettmann, K.J., Coates, K.D., 2013. Managing Forests as Complex Adaptive Systems. Building Resilience to the Challenge of Global Change. Routledge, London.
54. Metsätilastollinen vuosikirja 1996–2009. Available at http://www.metla.fi/metinfo/tilasto/julkaisut/vsk/2002/index.html.
55. Millar, C.I., Stephenson, N.L., Stephens, S.L., 2007. Climate change and forests of the future: Managing in the face of uncertainty. Ecol. Appl. 17, 2145–2151.
56. Moen, J., Rist, L., Bishop, K., Chapin III, F.S., Ellison, D., Kuuluvainen, T., Petersson, H., Puettmann, K.J., Rayner, J., Warkentin, I.G., Bradshaw, C.J.A., 2014. Eye on the taiga: Removing global policy impediments to safeguard the boreal forest. Conserv. Lett. 7(4), 408–418.
57. Niklasson, M., Granström, A., 2000. Numbers and sizes of fires: Long-term spatially explicit fire history in a Swedish boreal landscape. Ecology 81, 1484–1499.
58. Ohlson, M., Kendrick, J.B., Birks, J.B., Grytnes, J.-A., Hörnberg, G., Niklasson, M., Seppä, H., Bradshaw, R.H.W. 2011. Invasion of Norway spruce diversifies the fire regime in boreal European forests. J. Ecol. 99, 395–403.
59. Payette, S., 1992. Fire as a controlling process in the North American boreal forest. A Systems Analysis of the Global Boreal Forest. In: H.H. Shugart, R. Leemans, G.B. Bonan, (eds.), Cambridge University Press, New-York, pp. 144–169.
60. Pennanen, J., 2002. Forest age distribution under mixed-severity fire regimes—a simulation-based analysis for middle boreal Fennoscandia. Silva Fenn 36, 213–231.
61. Pitkänen, A., Huttunen, P., Jugner, K., Tolonen, K., 2002. 10,000 year local forest fire history in a dry heath forest site in eastern Finland, reconstructed from charcoal layer records of a small mire. Can. J. For. Res. 32, 1875–1880.
62. Pitkänen, A., Huttunen, P., Tolonen, K., Jugner, K., 2003. Long-term fire frequency in the spruce dominated forests of Ulvinsalo strict nature reserve, Finland. For. Ecol. Manage. 176, 305–319.
63. Puettmann, K.J., Coates, K.D., Messier, C., 2009. A Critique of Silviculture: Managing For Complexity. Island Press, Washington, DC.
64. Pukkala, T., Lähde, E., Laiho, O., 2010. Optimizing the structure and management of uneven-sized stands in Finland. Forestry 83, 129–142.
65. Raymond, P., Bédard, S., Roy, V., Larouche, C., Tremblay, S., 2009. The irregular shelterwood system: Review, classification, and potential application to forests affected by partial disturbances. J. For. 107, 405–413.
66. Rist, L., Moen, J., 2013. Sustainability in forest management and the new role of resilience thinking. For. Ecol. Manage. 310, 416–427.
67. Rouvinen, S., Kuuluvainen, T., Siitonen, J., 2002. Tree mortality in a Pinus sylvestris dominated boreal forest landscape in Vienansalo wilderness, eastern Fennoscandia. Silva Fenn. 36, 127–145.
68. Ruel, J.-C., Fortin, D., Pothier, D., 2013. Partial cutting in old-growth boreal stands: An integrated experiment. For. Chron. 89(03), 360–369.
69. Ryan, K., 2002. Dynamic interactions between forest structure and fire behaviour in boreal ecosystems. Silva Fenn. 36, 13–39.
70. Schulze, E.D., Wirth, C., Mollicone, D., Ziegler, W., 2005. Succession after stand replacing disturbances by fire, wind throw and insects in the dark Taiga of central Siberia. Oecologia 146, 77–88.
71. Seymour, R.S., 2005. Integrating natural disturbance parameters into conventional silvicultural systems: Experience from the Acadian forest on northeastern North America. In: C.E. Peterson, D.A. Maguire, (eds.), Balancing Ecosystem Values: Innovative Experiments for Sustainable Forestry. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, Gen. Tech. Rep. 635: Portland, Oregon, pp. 41–48.
72. Shorohova, E., Kneeshaw, D., Kuuluvainen, T., Gauthier, S., 2011. Variability and dynamics of old-growth forests in the circumboreal zone: Implications for conservation, restoration and management. Silva Fenn. 45(5), 785–806.
73. Shorohova, E., Kuuluvainen, T., Kangur, A., Jogiste, K., 2009. Natural stand structures, disturbance regimes and successional dynamics in the Eurasian boreal forests: A review with special reference to Russian studies. Ann. For. Sci. 66(2), 1–20.
74. Siiskonen, H., 2007. The conflict between traditional and scientific forest management in the 20th century Finland. For. Ecol. Manage. 249, 125–133.
75. Sirén, G., 1955. The development of spruce forest on raw humus sites and its ecology. Acta. For. Fenn. 62, 363.
76. Smirnova, E., Bergeron, Y., Brais, S., 2008. Influence of fire intensity on structure and composition of jack pine stands in the boreal forest of Québec: Live trees, understory vegetation and dead wood dynamics. For. Ecol. Manage. 255, 2916–2927.
77. Suffling, R., Smith, B., Dal Molin, J., 1982. Estimating past forest age distributions and disturbance rates in North-western Ontario: A demographic approach. J. Environ. Manage. 14, 45–56.
78. Syrjänen, K., Kalliola, R., Puolasmaa, A., Mattson, J., 1994. Landscape structure and forest dynamics in subcontinental Russian European taiga. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 31, 19–36.
79. Tahvonen, O., 2009. Optimal choice between even-and uneven-aged forestry. Natural Resource Modeling 22(2), 289–321.
80. Tahvonen, O., Pukkala, T., Laiho, O., Lähde, E., Niinimäki, S., 2010. Optimal management of uneven-aged Norway spruce stands. For. Ecol. Manage. 260, 106–115.
81. Vanha-Majamaa, I., Jalonen, J., 2001. Green tree retention in Fennoscandian forestry. Scand. J. For. Res. 16 (Suppl. 3), 79–90.
82. Van Wagner, C.E. 1978. Age-class distribution and the forest fire cycle. Can. J. For. Res. 8, 220–227.
83. Wallenius, T., Kauhanen, H., Herva, H., Pennanen, J., 2010. Long fire cycles in northern boreal Pinus forests in Finnish Lapland. Can. J. For. Res. 40, 2027–2035.
84. Wallenius, T., Kuuluvainen, T., Vanha-Majamaa, I., 2004. Fire history in relation to site type and vegetation in eastern Fennoscandia, Russia. Can. J. For. Res. 34, 1400–1409.
85. Warkentin, I.G. and Bradshaw, C.J.A. 2012. A tropical perspective on conserving the boreal ‘lung of the planet’. Biol. Conserv. 151, 50–52.
86. Wein, R.W., MacLean, D.A., 1983. An overview of fires in northern ecosystems. In: R.W. Wein, D.A. MacLean (eds.), The Role of Fire in Northern Circumpolar Ecosystems. John Wiley, Chichester, pp. 1–18.
87. Weir, J.M.H., Johnson, E.A., Miyanishi, K., 2000. Fire frequency and the spatial age mosaic of the mixed-wood boreal forest in western Canada. Ecol. App. 10, 1162–1177.
88. Wooster, M.J., Zhang, Y.H., 2004. Boreal forest fires burn less intensely in Russia than in North America. Geo. Res. Lett. 31, 1–3.
89. Zackrisson, O., 1977. Influence of forest fires on the north Swedish boreal forest. Oikos 29, 22–32.
90. Zackrisson, O., Nilsson, M., Steijlen, I., Hörnberg, G., 1995. Regeneration pulses and climate-vegetation interactions in nonpyrogenic boreal Scots pine stands. J. Ecol. 83, 469–483.