American health improvement depends upon addressing class disparities

Preventive Medicine

Volumn 92, Issue , 2016, Pages 6-15

  Schroeder, Steven A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

American; Class; Disparities; Health; Homicide; Obesity; Pregnancy; Smoking; Socioeconomic; Southeast

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY; ARTICLE; DEVELOPED COUNTRY; DRUG DEPENDENCE; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; GUNSHOT INJURY; HEALTH DISPARITY; HEALTH INSURANCE; HEALTH STATUS; HOMELESSNESS; HUMAN; INCOME; INFANT MORTALITY; LGBT PEOPLE; LIFE EXPECTANCY; LUNG CANCER; MATERNAL MORTALITY; MEDICALLY UNINSURED; MENTAL DISEASE; OBESITY; POVERTY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRISONER; SMOKING; UNITED STATES; VULNERABLE POPULATION; ANCESTRY GROUP; CHRONIC DISEASE; SOCIOECONOMICS;

CHRONIC DISEASE; CONTINENTAL POPULATION GROUPS; DEVELOPED COUNTRIES; HEALTH STATUS; HEALTH STATUS DISPARITIES; HUMANS; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; SMOKING; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84994299199     PISSN: 00917435     EISSN: 10960260     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.02.024     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Avendano, M., Kawachi, I., Why do Americans have shorter life expectancy and worse health than people in other high-income countries?. Annu. Rev. Public Health 35 (2014), 307–325.
2. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Young, M., Thomas, J., Cohen, B., (eds.) Homicide Trends in the United States, 1980–2008, 2011 (Washington, DC. Retrieved December 1, 2015 from http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/htus8008.pdf).
3. Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, Broken Promises to our Children: A State-by-state Look at the 1998 State Tobacco Settlement 16 Years Later. Washington, DC. Retrieved December 10, 2015 from http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/content/what_we_do/state_local_issues/settlement/FY2016/Broken%20Promises%20to%20Our%20Children%2012.7.15.pdf, 2015.
4. Carter, B.D., Abnet, C.C., Feskanich, D., Freedman, N.D., et al. Smoking and mortality—beyond established causes. N. Engl. J. Med. 372 (2015), 631–640.
5. Case, A., Deaton, A., Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among White non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112:49 (2015), 15078–15083.
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Vital signs: current cigarette smoking among adults aged ≥ 18 years with mental illness — United States, 2009–2011. M. M. W. R. 62:5 (2013), 81–87 (Retrieved October 1, 2015 from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6205a2.htm?s_cid=mm6205a2_w).
7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Current cigarette smoking among adults — United States, 2005–2013. M. M. W. R. 63:47 (2014), 1108–1112 Retrieved December 1, 2015 from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/wk/mm6347.pdf.
8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey, 1997–March 2015, Sample Adult Core Component. 2015.
9. Congressional Budget Office, Average After-tax Household Income. Retrieved December 1, 2015 from http://inequality.org/income-inequality/, 2010.
10. Cullen, E.B., Hauer, K.E., Eisenstein, L., Boscardin, C.K., Schroeder, S.A., Southern medical students'views on Medicaid expansion. JAMA Intern. Med. Epub ahead of Print, 2015 Retrieved December 7, 2015 from http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2472947.
11. Ehlinger, E.R., We Need a Triple Aim for Health Equity. Minnesota Medicine. October: 28–29. Retrieved December 1, 2015 from http://www.astho.org/Health-Equity/2016-Challenge/Ehlinger-Commentary-Article/, 2015.
12. Goh, J., Pfeffer, J., Zenios, S., Exposure to harmful workplace practices could account for inequality in life spans across different demographic groups. Health Aff. 34 (2015), 1761–1767.
13. Isaacs, S.L., Schroeder, S.A., Class—the ignored determinant of the nation's health. N. Engl. J. Med. 351 (2004), 1137–1142.
14. Kirby, D., Lepore, G., Sexual Risk and Protective Factors: Factors Affecting Teen Sexual Behavior, Pregnancy, Childbearing and sexually Transmitted Disease. 2007, ETR Associates and The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, Washington, DC Retrieved December 1, 2015, from https://thenationalcampaign.org/sites/default/files/resource-primary-download/protective_factors_full.pdf.
15. Lung Cancer Alliance, 2015 Lung Cancer Facts. Retrieved December 1, 2015 from http://www.lungcanceralliance.org/2015%20General%20Lung%20Cancer%20Fact%20Sheet%20%20.pdf, 2015.
16. Marmot, M., Allen, J.J., Social determinants of health equity. Am. J. Public Health 104:4 (2014), S517–S519.
17. McGinnis, J.M., Foege, W.H., Actual causes of death in the United States. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 270 (1993), 2207–2212.
18. McGinnis, J.M., Williams-Russo, P., Knickman, J.R., The case for more active policy attention to health promotion. Health Aff. 21 (2002), 78–93.
19. Mokdad, A.H., Marks, S., Stroup, J.S., Gerberding, J.L., Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 291 (2004), 1238–1245 Errata, 2005. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 293:293–94.
20. National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 2014: With Special Feature on Adults Aged. 2015, 55–64 (Hyattsville, MD. Retrieved December 1, 2015, from) http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus14.pdf.
21. National Center for Health Statistics, Births: Final Data for 2013. Hyattsville, MD. Retrieved December 1, 2015, from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf, 2015.
22. National Research Council, Explaining divergent levels of longevity in high-income countries. Crimmins, E.M., Preston, S.H., Cohen, B., (eds.) Panel on Understanding Divergent Trends in Longevity in High-income Countries, 2011, National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
23. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, U.S. health in international perspective: shorter lives, poorer health. Panel on understanding cross-national health differences among high-income countries. Woolf, Steven H., Aron, Laudan, (eds.) Committee on Population, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, and Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, 2013, The National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
24. National Vital Statistics System, Lung Cancer Deaths, 2003–2005 (PowerPoint slide). Retrieved January 1, 2010 from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/ppt/hp2010/focus_areas/fa27_2_ppt/fa27_tobacco2_ppt.htm, 2008.
25. Ng, M., Freeman, M., Fleming, T., et al. Smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption in 187 countries,1980–2007. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 311 (2014), 183–192.
26. Olshansky, S.J., Antonucci, T., Berkman, L., et al. Differences in life expectancy due to race and educational differences are widening, and many may not catch up. Health Aff. 31:8 (2012), 1803–1813 (Millwood).
27. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD Stat (database). 2012 (Accessed on December 1, 2015).
28. Parker, D.R., Fallone, D., Martin, R.A., et al. The relation between smoking status and medical conditions among incarcerated adults. J. Addict. Med. 8:2 (2014), 90–95.
29. Piketty, T., Capital in the Twenty-first Century. 2014, Harvard University Press.
30. Rostron, B.L., Chang, C.M., Pechacek, T.F., Estimation of cigarette smoking-attributable morbidity in the United States. JAMA Inter. Med. 174 (2014), 1922–1928.
31. Schroeder, S.A., Shattuck lecture: we can do better—improving the health of the American people. N. Engl. J. Med. 357 (2007), 1221–1228.
32. Schroeder, S.A., How clinicians can help smokers to quit. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 308 (2012), 1586–1587.
33. Schroeder, S.A., Even more illness caused by smoking than previously estimated. JAMA Intern. Med. 174 (2014), 1928–1929.
34. Schroeder, S.A., Goldman, L., Ausiello, D., (eds.) Socioeconomic Issues in Medicine, twenty-fifth edition Chapter Five in Goldman-Cecil Medicine, 2015, Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA, 17–19.
35. Sommers, B.D., Health care reform's unfinished work — remaining barriers to coverage and access. N. Engl. J. Med. 373 (2015), 2395–2397.
36. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, The NSDUH Report: Substance Use and Mental Health Estimates From the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Overview of Findings. Rockville, MD. Retrieved November 1, 2015 from http://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-SR200-RecoveryMonth-2014/NSDUH-SR200-RecoveryMonth-2014.htm, 2014.
37. Trust for America's Health, The State of Obesity 2015: Better Policies for a Healthier America. 2015, Trust for America's Health, Washington, DC (Retrieved December 1, 2015, from http://stateofobesity.org/files/stateofobesity2015.pdf).
38. Tsai, J., Rosenheck, R.A., Outcomes of a group intensive peer-support model of case management for supported housing. Psychiatr. Serv. 63:12 (2012), 1186–1194.
39. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, The health consequences of smoking — 50 years of progress: a report of the surgeon general, 2014. U.S. Department of Health Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2014, Office on Smoking and Health, Atlanta, GA.