D.H. Lawrence’s Cornwall: Dwelling in a precarious age

Cultural Geographies

Volumn 9, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 266-285

  Westland, Ella ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 84993783252     PISSN: 14744740     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1191/1474474002eu248oa     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. M. Heidegger, ‘Building dwelling thinking’, in Poetry, language, thought, trans. A. Hofstadter (New York, Harper & Row, 1971; essay first published as ‘Bauen Wohnen Denken’, 1954), pp. 148, 161.
2. See M. Kinkead-Weekes, D.H. Lawrence: triumph to exile 1912-1922 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996); P. Delany, D.H. Lawrence's nightmare: the writer and his circle in the years of the Great War (Brighton, Harvester Press, 1979); G.J. Zytaruk and J.T. Boulton, eds, The letters of D.H. Lawrence II (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981); and J.T. Boulton and A. Robinson, eds, The letters of D.H. Lawrence, III (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1984).
3. Kinkead-Weekes, D.H. Lawrence, pp. 328-91; 734-5; 744-5.
4. J.L.W. Page, The north coast of Cornwall (Bristol, W. Crofton Hemmons/London, Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent, 1897), pp. 1-4.
5. A.G. Folliott-Stokes, The Cornish coast and moors (1913), quoted in J. Lowerson, ‘Celtic tourism: some recent magnets’, Cornish studies, 2nd ser., 2 (1994), p. 130.
6. Chapman, The Celts, p. 220.
7. R. Colls and P. Dodd, eds., Englishness: politics and culture 1880-1920 (London, Croom Helm, 1986), p. 15.
8. B. Deacon, ’ “The hollow jarring of the distant steam engines”: images of Cornwall between West Barbary and Delectable Duchy’, in E. Westland, ed., Cornwall: the cultural construction of place (Newmill, Penzance, Patten Press in association with the Institute of Cornish Studies, 1997).
9. J. Leerssen, ‘Celticism’, in T. Brown, ed., Celticism (Amsterdam, Rodopi Press, 1996), p. 8.
10. B. Deacon and P. Payton, ‘Re-inventing Cornwall’, Cornish studies, 2nd ser., 1 (1993), pp. 66-8; P. Payton, ‘Paralysis and revival: the reconstruction of Celtic-Catholic Cornwall 1890-1945’, in Westland, Cornwall, pp. 26-31.
11. ‘Samson and Delilah’, in England, my England (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1960; story first published 1917), p. 125.
12. Ronald Perry, ‘Celtic Revival and economic development in Edwardian Cornwall’, Cornish studies, 2nd ser., 5 (1997), pp. 119-22.
13. Payton, ‘Paralysis and revival’; A. Hale, ‘Genesis of the Celto-Cornish Revival? L.C. Duncombe- Jewell and the Cowethas Kelto-Kernuak’, Cornish Studies, 2nd ser., 5 (1997), pp. 100-11.
14. It has been claimed that ‘The First World War interrupted the work of the Revivalists’ (Payton and Thornton, ‘The Great Western Railway’, p. 86). While common sense suggests this must be broadly true, the Revivalists’ historical activities certainly continued at some level. On 1 Sept. 1916 the St Ives Times (p. 10) printed a report of Henry Jenner's lecture on early Christianity to the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society in Falmouth, and on 8 Dec. 1916 a letter to the St Ives Times (p. 6) on the preservation of ancient place names prompted an immediate reaction from the town council and other correspondents (15 and 22 Dec. 1916; 12 Jan. 1917). Could Lawrence have actually read these items? On 3 Sept. 1917 he admitted to following correspondence in the St Ives Times (Letters III, p. 158). He later considered the Australian local press a fascinating source of insights into regional character; see Kangaroo (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1985; first published 1923), pp. 297-300. He may well have heard of leading Revivalist Robert Morton Nance, who set up the first of a large federation of Old Cornwall Societies in St Ives in 1920, since Nance lived in the Zennor area. In 1914 he moved his family home a few miles, from Nancledra to Carbis Bay on the edge of St Ives, but kept a holiday cottage at Treveal, a hamlet only a mile from Tregerthen. (The Starrs lived at Treveal while the Lawrences were at Tregerthen.) Nance joined the volunteers, and presumably was one of the Revivalists who suspended his activities for the duration of the war. See Mrs C. Morton Raymont, The early life of Robert Morton Nance (Padstow, Tre Pol Pen Duplicating Service, 1962).
15. A. Hale, ‘Gathering the fragments: performing Celtic identity in Cornwall’ (PhD, UCLA, 1998), ch. 5; C. Thomas, ‘Hardy and Lyonnesse: parallel mythologies’, in M. Hardie, ed., A mere interlude: some literary visitors in Lyonnesse (Newmill, Penzance, Patten Press, 1992); C. Thomas, Tintagel: Arthur and archaeology (London, Batsford/English Heritage, 1993); S. Trezise, The West Country as a literary invention (Exeter, University of Exeter Press, 2000), pp. 63-78. Thomas Hardy visited Tintagel in Sept. 1916, while Lawrence was living at Tregerthen, and eventually published his verse play The famous drama of the Queen of Cornwall at Tintagel in Lyonnesse in 1923, the same year as the publication of Kangaroo (Thomas, ‘Hardy and Lyonnesse’).
16. Letters II, p. 492n.
17. H.D. [Hilda Doolittle], Bid me to live (London, Virago, 1984; first published 1960), p. 182.
18. Kinkead-Weekes, D.H. Lawrence, pp. 386-9, 832n.
19. C. Gray, Peter Warlock: a memoir of Philip Heseltine (London, Jonathan Cape, 1934), pp. 145-58.
20. Letters III, p. 158.
21. Letters II, p. 511 (emphasis added; Lawrence's emphasis underlined).
22. Quoted in E.W. Said, Orientalism (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1995), pp. 228-9.
23. C. Carswell, The savage pilgrimage (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1981; first published 1932), p. 63n.
24. Letters II, p. 249 (emphasis original).
25. A. Symons, Tremedda days: a view of Zennor, 1900-1940 (Padstow, Tabb House, 1992), pp. 129-30.
26. Letters II, p. 572.
27. W.H. Hudson, The land's end: a naturalist's impressions in west Cornwall (London, Wildwood House, 1981; first published 1908), p. 222.
28. Letters II, pp. 617, 579, 581.
29. Lawrence, Kangaroo, pp. 250, 264.
30. Quoted in Gray, Peter Warlock, p. 153.
31. See Vernon, ‘Border crossings’, pp. 156-9, referring in particular to J. Beddoes, The races of Britain (1885) and the Ethnographic survey of the British Isles (1893).
32. Quoted in Gray, Peter Warlock, p. 153.
33. Letters II, p. 520 (emphasis original).
34. Lawrence, ‘Samson and Delilah’, pp. 126-7.
35. Quoted in Kinkead-Weekes, D.H. Lawrence, p. 330.
36. Letters II, p. 664 (emphasis original).
37. Delany, D.H. Lawrence's nightmare, pp. 185-91; K. Henzy, ‘Patterns of becoming in D.H. Lawrence's war-letters’, D.H. Lawrence review 26 (1995/6), pp. 41-5.
38. Letters II, p. 554.
39. Lawrence, ‘The fox’, in Three novellas (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1960; first published 1923), pp. 157-8.
40. Letters III, pp. 80-1.
41. Lawrence, Kangaroo, pp. 250-1.
42. S. Brewster, ‘Jumping continents: abjection, Kangaroo, and the Celtic uncanny’, D.H. Lawrence review 27 (1997/8), pp. 217-32; J. Moynahan, ‘Lawrence, woman and the Celtic fringe’, in A. Smith, ed., Lawrence and women (London, Vision Press, 1978).
43. See E. Relph, Place and placelessness (London, Pion, 1976) for a taxonomy of ‘the variety of ways in which places are experienced’.
44. Letters II, p. 610.
45. Heidegger, ‘Building dwelling thinking’, p. 157 (emphasis original).
46. See D. MacCannell, The tourist: a new theory of the leisure class (Berkeley, University of California Press 1976); J. Urry, The tourist gaze (London, Sage, 1990).
47. Letters II, p. 506.
48. K. Waterhouse, Theory and practice of travel (London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1989), p. 18.
49. Letters II, p. 545.
50. Lawrence, Kangaroo, p. 275.
51. Letters II, p. 587.
52. R. Slack, ‘D.H. Lawrence: recollections and poetry’ (transcript of a 1964 tape-recorded interview with Stanley Hocking), in Hardie, A mere interlude, p. 66; Wade, ‘D.H. Lawrence in Cornwall’, pp. 267-8.
53. D.H. Lawrence Studies in classic American literature (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1971; first published 1923), p. 12.
54. J. Stevens, A Cornish farmer's diary: selections from the diary of James Stevens of Zennor and Sancreed (1847-1918), ed. P.A.S. Pool (Penzance, P.A.S. Pool, 1977), 4 June 1896, p. 114.
55. F. Lawrence, Not I, but the wind (St Albans, Granada, 1983; first published 1935), p. 75.
56. Letters II, pp. 581, 590n.
57. Lawrence, Not I, but the wind, p. 76; Slack, ‘D.H. Lawrence’, p. 69; Wade, ‘D.H. Lawrence in Cornwall’, p. 264; E. Nehls, ed., D.H. Lawrence: a composite biography I (Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1957), pp. 366-7. See also C.J. Stevens, Lawrence at Tregerthen (Troy, NY, Whitston, 1988).
58. Wade, ‘D.H. Lawrence in Cornwall’, pp. 260-6.
59. Letters II, p. 651.
60. J. Middleton Murry, Reminiscences of D.H. Lawrence (London, Jonathan Cape, 1936; first published 1933), p. 86.
61. H. Dunmore, Zennor in darkness (Harmondsworth, Viking, 1993).
62. Wade, ‘D.H. Lawrence in Cornwall’, p. 258.
63. Symons, Tremedda days, app. I, pp. 198-205.
64. P. Crang, ‘Regional imaginations: an afterword’, in Westland, Cornwall, p. 159.
65. Letters III, p. 256n.
66. Symons, Tremedda days, pp. 3-7.
67. R. Williams, Culture and society 1780-1950 (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1971; first published 1958), p. 211.
68. Letters II, p. 610; III, p. 116.
69. See J. Berger, A seventh man (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1975); Williams, Culture and society. For recent redefinitions of ‘home’, see I. Chambers, Migrancy, culture, identity (London, Routledge, 1994); N. Rapport and A. Dawson, eds, Migrants of identity: perceptions of home in a world of movement (Oxford, Berg, 1998), pp. 1-38.
70. P. Payton, The Cornish overseas (Fowey, Alexander Associates, 1999), pp. 29-30; see also pp. 254-64.
71. W. A. Morris, ‘An investigation into migration patterns for the parish of Zennor in Cornwall during the second half of the nineteenth century’, Cornish studies, 2nd ser., 7 (1999), p. 36.
72. P.A.S. Pool, introduction to Stevens, A Cornish farmer's diary.
73. Payton, The Cornish overseas, p. 36.
74. Lawrence, Kangaroo, p. 69.
75. Payton, The Cornish overseas, pp. 376-7.
76. Kinkead-Weekes, D.H. Lawrence, pp. 376-9.
77. Letters II, p. 565 (emphasis original).