Intransigent shroffs and the English East India Company’s currency reforms in Bengal, 1757-1800

Indian Economic & Social History Review

Volumn 34, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 69-94

  Chakrabarti, Shubhra ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DELHI   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84993742001     PISSN: 00194646     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/001946469703400104     Document Type: Article

References (140)

1. J.H. Little, House of Jagat Seths, Calcutta, 1967, p. ix.
2. N.K. Sinha, Economic History of Bengal, Vol. 1, Calcutta, 1965, p. 149.
3. Sushil Chaudhury, From Prosperity to Decline: Eighteenth Century Bengal, Delhi, 1995, pp. 65-84.
4. Little, Jagat Seths, passim.
5. Little, Jagat Seths, p. 43.
6. K.P. Mishra, Benaras in Transition 1738-95, New Delhi, 1975, pp. 168-199.
7. C.A. Bayly, Rulers, Townsmen, and Bazars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion 1770-1870, Cambridge, 1982, p. 231.
8. Lakshmi Subramanian in ‘Banians and the British: The Role of Indigenous Credit in the Process of Imperial Expansion in Western India in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century’, Modern Asian Studies (henceforth MAS), Vol. 21 (3), 1987.
9. Lakshmi Subramanian and Rajat K. Ray, ‘Merchants and Politics: From the Great Mughals to the East India Company’, in Dwijen Tripathi, ed., Business and Politics in India: A Historical Perspective, New Delhi, 1991, pp. 19-85.
10. Banaras bankers, ‘Transition from Indian to British Indian Systems of Money and Banking 1800-1850’, MAS, Vol. 19 (3), 1985, p. 501.
11. ‘Collaboration and Conflict: Bankers and Early Colonial Rule in India 1757-1813’, The Indian Economic and Social History Review, Vol. 30 (3), 1993, pp. 283-310.
12. Irfan Habib, ‘Banking in Mughal India’, in T. Raychaudhuri, ed., Contributions to Indian Economic History, Vol. 1, Calcutta, 1960, p. 2.
13. L.C. Jain, Indigenous Banking in India, London, 1929, p. 14.
14. Irfan Habib, ‘Usury in Medieval India’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 6, 1964, pp. 412-13.
15. Jain, Indigenous Banking, p. vii.
16. G.A. Grierson, Bihar Peasant Life Being a Discussive Catalogue of the Surroundings of the People of that Province (Reprint), Delhi, 1975, p. 51.
17. Sushil Chaudhury, Trade and Commercial Organization in Bengal, 1650-1720, Calcutta, 1975, pp. 81-83.
18. Irfan Habib, ‘The System of Bills of Exchange (Hundis) in the Moghul Empire‘, in Indian History Congress Proceedings, Muzaffarpur, Vol. 33, 1972, p. 290.
19. Jain, Indigenous Banking, pp. 72-78.
20. Ghulam Husain Khan, Seir-ul-Mutaqherin, Vols. 1 and 2, Calcutta, 1789.
21. Little, Jagat Seths.
22. Nikhilnath Roy, Jagat Seth (in Bengali), (Reprint), Calcutta, 1982.
23. James Steuart, Principles of Money Applied to the Present State of the Coin of Bengal, London, 1772, p. 44, n.
24. C.R. Wilson, The Early Annals of the English in Bengal, Vol. 2, Part 1, Calcutta, 1917, p. 273.
25. Steuart, Principles of Money pp. 5-6.
26. Om Prakash, ‘Foreign Merchants and Indian Mints in 17th and Early 18th century’, in J.F. Richards. ed., The Imperial Monetary System of Mughal India, Delhi, 1987, p. 171.
27. Rise, Progress and Present Condition of Banking in India, Calcutta, 1863, p. 13.
28. William Milburn, Oriental Commerce, Vol. 2, London, 1813, passim.
29. Steuart, Principles of Money, pp. 14-15.
30. Hobson Jobson (reprint), Calcutta, 1986, p. 775, n.
31. Harry Verelst, A View of the Rise, Progress and the Present State of English Government in Bengal, London, 1772, p. 86, n.
32. J.C. Sinha, Economic Annals of Bengal, London, 1927, pp. 66-67.
33. Steuart, Principles of Money, pp. 14-15.
34. Verelst, State of English Government in Bengal, p. 87.
35. Wilson, Early Annals of the British in Bengal, Vol. 2, p. 273.
36. J.C. Sinha, Economic Annals of Bengal, pp. 113-14, n.
37. BTC (Progs), 22 December 1789.
38. N.K. Sinha, Economic History, Vol. 1, p. 135.
39. BTC (Progs), 16 November 1787.
40. Sirajul Islam, ed., Bangladesh District Records, Chittagong, Vol. 1, 1760-87, Dhaka, 1978, p. 64.
41. N.K. Sinha Economic History, Vol. 1, pp. 135-36.
42. W.K. Firminger, ed., Bengal District Record (henceforth BDR) Dinajpur, Vol. 2, 1786-88, Calcutta, 1924, p. 89.
43. BTC (Progs), 10 June 1777, M. Barton's Minute, Progs no. 39.
44. BTC (Progs), 16 November 1787.
45. William Bolts, Considerations on India Affairs, Vol. 1, London, 1772, passim.
46. Mishra, Benaras, p. 177.
47. J.C. Sinha, Economic Annals, pp. 63-64.
48. W.K. Firminger, ed., BDR, Midnapur, Vol. 2, 1768-70, Calcutta, 1915, p. 3.
49. J.C. Sinha, Economic Annals, pp. 114-15.
50. N.K. Sinha, Economic History, Vol. 1, pp. 136-37.
51. Frank Perlin, ‘Money Use in Late Pre-Colonial India’, in Richards, The Imperial Monetary System, pp. 232-73.
52. Jan Hegendorn and Marion Johnson, The Shell Money of the Slave Trade, Cambridge, 1986.
53. Irfan Habib, ‘A System of Trimetalism’, in Richards, The Imperial Monetary System, pp. 139-42.
54. N.K. Sinha, Economic History, Vol. 1, p. 143.
55. K.K. Datta, Survey of India's Social Life and Economic Condition in the Eighteenth Century, 1707-1813, New Delhi, 1978, pp. 202-205.
56. F. Braudel, Capitalism and Material Life, 1400-1800, London, 1974, pp. 330-32.
57. Perlin, ‘Money Use’, pp. 240-44.
58. ‘Proto Industrialisation and Pre-Colonial South Asia’, Past and Present, 98, February 1983, pp. 61-62.
59. Cooke, Condition of Banking in India, pp. 19-20.
60. J.C. Sinha, Economic Annals, p. 54.
61. Verelst, State of English Government in Bengal, p. 86.
62. Steuart, Principles of Money, pp. 56-70.
63. Verelst commented that ‘from the reduction of Chandernagore in 1757 to the commencement of a gold coinage in 1766, Bengal had lost by deficiency in the usual imports of bullion and by exportation of silver more than 8 million sterling’, p. 86.
64. K.K. Datta, Survey of India's Social Life.
65. N. Chatterji, Verelst's Rule in India, Allahabad, 1939, pp. 190-200.
66. N.K. Sinha, Economic History, Vol. 1, pp. 230-34.
67. J.C. Sinha, Economic Annals, pp. 41-54.
68. D.B. Mitra, Monetary System in the Bengal Presidency, 1757-1835, Calcutta, 1991, pp. 23-28.
69. William J. Barbar, British Economic Thought and India, Oxford, 1975.
70. ‘Trade, Governance and the Monetary System: Sir James Steuart and the Materials for a New Official Model’, pp. 73-85.
71. S.R. Sen, The Economics of Sir James Steuart, London, 1957.
72. Principles of Money, p. 26.
73. Verelst, State of English Government in Bengal, pp. 97-98.
74. Mitra, Monetary System, pp. 28-34.
75. Steuart, Principles of Money, p. 26.
76. Verelst, State of English Government in Bengal, pp. 97-98.
77. Steuart, Principles of Money, pp. 26-27.
78. Verelst, State of English Government in Bengal, p. 102.
79. J.C. Sinha, Economic Annals, pp. 58-62.
80. N.K. Sinha, Economic History, Vol. 1, pp. 133-34.
81. Mint Committee', Economic Annals, pp. 121-25.
82. N.K. Sinha, Economic History, Vol. 1, pp. 133-34.
83. W.K. Firminger, ed., BDR, Rungpur, Vol. 1, 1770-79, Calcutta, 1914, p. 75.
84. E.G. Glazier, A Report on the District of Rungpore, Calcutta, 1873, pp. 17-18.
85. W.K. Firminger, ed., BDR, Rungpur, Vol. 4, 1779-85, Calcutta, 1921, p. 7.
86. Glazier, Rungpore, Vol. 1, p. 18.
87. BTC (Progs), 21 January 1783.
88. BTC (Progs), 20 September 1787, Progs No. 88.
89. BTC (Progs), 1 May 1789.
90. BTC (Progs), 22 December 1789.
91. BTC (Progs), 28 August 1787.
92. BTC (Progs), 22 December 1789.
93. BTC (Progs), 24 August 1784.
94. W.K. Firminger, ed., BDR, Dinajpur, Vol. 1, 1787-89, Shillong, 1914, p 155.
95. BTC (Progs), 13 February 1781.
96. Henry Vansittart, Narrative of the Transactions in Bengal, Vol. 1, London, 1766, pp. 171-2.
97. BTC (Progs), 27 March 1794.
98. BTC (Progs), 31 July 1789.
99. BTC (Progs), 8 May 1787.
100. BTC (Progs), 26 June 1789.
101. BTC (Progs), 15 May 1789.
102. Firminger, BDR, Dinajpur, Vol. 2, p. 89.
103. BTC (Progs), 12 July 1776.
104. BTC (Progs), 31 January 1783.
105. BTC (Progs), 12 July 1776.
106. BTC (Progs), 21 June 1776.
107. BTC (Progs), 7 June 1776.
108. BTC (Progs), 14 May 1790.
109. BTC (Progs), 29 April 1776.
110. BTC (Progs), 24 August 1789, Progs No. 71.
111. BTC (Progs), 27 September 1782.
112. BTC (Progs), 22 December 1789.
113. BTC (Progs), 28 August 1787.
114. BTC (Progs), 22 December 1789.
115. BTC (Progs), 1 May 1789.
116. BTC (Progs), 3 September 1790.
117. BTC (Progs), 27 June 1794.
118. BTC (Progs), 13 January 1789.
119. BTC (Progs), 22 December 1789.
120. BTC (Progs), 1 May 1789.
121. BTC (Progs), 28 August 1787.
122. BTC (Progs), 15 May 1789.
123. BTC (Progs), 9 March 1792.
124. Ranajit Sen, ‘Indian Moneylenders: The Sarraf in Bengal in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century’, Bengal Past and Present, Vol. C, January-June, 1981, part 1, serial no. 190, pp. 66-67.
125. J.C. Sinha, Economic Annals, pp. 206-228.
126. Mint Committee (Progs), 26 June 1792, pp. 93-103 and 389-514.
127. BTC (Progs), 15 August 1797.
128. BTC (Progs), 20 March 1798.
129. BTC (Progs), 8 July 1794.
130. BTC (Progs), 27 March 1794.
131. BTC (Progs), 12 December 1793.
132. BTC (Progs), 6 January 1794.
133. BTC (Progs), 6 March 1794.
134. BTC (Progs), 15 January 1796.
135. BTC (Progs), 5 April 1796.
136. BTC (Progs), 7 August 1829.
137. BTC (Progs), 21 May 1794.
138. Kumkum Chatterjee, ‘Collaboration and Conflict’ p. 309.
139. Sabyasachi Bhattacharya, ‘A Note on the Modalities of Subordination of Indigenous Capital in Colonial India’, in D.N. Jha ed., Society and Ideology in India, in Honour of Prof. R.S. Sharma, Delhi, 1996, p. 350.
140. Cooke, Condition of Banking in India, p. 17.