Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Butoxyethanol

International Journal of Toxicology

Volumn 15, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 462-526

[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

Butoxyethanol; Carcinogenicity; Dermal; Toxicity

Indexed keywords

EID: 84993430093     PISSN: 10915818     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/10915819609008728     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. (1986) TLVs. Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 2nd printing. Cincinnati: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 11.
2. Angerer J, Lichterbeck E, Begerow J, Jekel S. Lehnert G. (1990) XII. Glycol ether exposure during the production of varnishes. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 62: 123–6.
3. Anonymous. (1992) Developmental toxicity of Exell in rats. Revision no. 1. Submitted by EPA in response to an FOI request 7/7/93 (31 pp).*
4. Apol AG. (1987) Health Hazard Evaluation Report HETA 86–037–1749. Cincinnati: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1–10.
5. Bartnik FG, Reddy AK, Klecak G, Zimmermann V, Hostynek JJ, Kunstler K. (1987) Percutaneous absorption, metabolism, and hemolytic activity of n-butoxyethanol. Fundam Appl Toxicol 8: 59–70.
6. Bernard AM, De Russis R, Normand J-C, Lauwerys RR. (1989) Evaluation of the subacute nephrotoxicity of cyclohexane and other industrial solvents in the female Sprague-Dawley rat. Toxicol Lett (Amst) 45: 271–80.
7. Boiron O. (1991) Glycol alkyl ethers as hemopoietic toxins. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol 33: 541–2.
8. Budavari S, ed. (1989) Butyl cellusolve entry. In: The Merck Index. An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 11th ed. Rahway: Merck, 239.
9. Bushy Run Research Center. (1980a) Butyl cellosolve. Four-hour LC50 inhalation study on rats and analytical analysis of butyl cellosolve. Report no. 43–42. Unpublished data submitted by Union Carbide (9 pp).*
10. Bushy Run Research Center. (1980b) Range finding toxicity studies: acute oral toxicity, acute percutaneous toxicity, skin irritation, and ocular irritation. Report no. 43–99, unpublished data submitted by Union Carbide (4 pp).*
11. Bushy Run Research Center. (1980c) 9-day repeated dermal application to rabbits. Report no. 43–76. Unpublished data submitted by Union Carbide (19 pp).*
12. Bushy Run Research Center. (1980d) In vitro mutagenesis studies on butyl cellosolve: 3-test battery. Chines hamster ovary mutation test, sister chromatid exchange test, and an assay for induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat liver cells. Report no. 43–26. Unpublished data submitted by Union Carbide (23 pp).*
13. Bushy Run Research Center. (1981a) Rat ninety-day inhalation study. Analytical analysis of butyl cellosolve (Table II). Report no. 44–61. Unpublished data submitted by Union Carbide (29 pp).*
14. Bushy Run Research Center. (1981b) 9-day vapor inhalation study on rats. Report no. 44–25. Unpublished data submitted by Union Carbide (18 pp).*
15. Carpenter CP, Pozzani UC, Weil CS, Nair JH, Keck GA, Smyth HF. (1956) The toxicity of butyl cellosolve solvent. Arch Ind Health 14: 114–31.
16. Clayton GD, Clayton FE, eds. (1982) Patty’s Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol. 2C. New York: Wiley. 3909–4052.
17. Cook L, Weidley EF. (1957) Behavioral effects of some psycho-pharmacological agents. Ann NY Acad Sci 66: 740.
18. Daniels WJ. (1982) Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA 81-311-1139. Cincinnati: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1–11.
19. Denkhaus W, Steldern DV, Botzenhardt U, Konietzko H. (1986) Lymphocyte subpopulation in solvent-exposed workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 57: 109–15.
20. Dodd DE, Sellings WM, Maronpot RR, Ballantyne B. (1983) Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether: acute, 9-day, and 90-day vapor inhalation studies in Fischer 344 rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 68: 405–14.
21. Doe JE. (1984) Further studies on the toxicology of the glycol ethers with emphasis on rapid screening and hazard assessment. Environ Health Perspect 57: 199–206.
22. Dow Corning Corp. (1988) Genetic evaluation of a mixture containing 2% Butoxyethanol. Unpublished data submitted by Dow Corning Corp. (Document identification number: 86–890000428).*
23. Dugard PH, Walker M, Mawdsley SJ, Scott RC. (1984) Absorption of some glycol ethers through human skin in vitro. Environ Health Perspect 57: 193–7.
24. Duprat P, Gradiski D. (1979) Percutaneous toxicity of butyl cellosolve (ethylene glycol monobutyl ether). Int Res Commun Sys Med Sci Libr Compend 7: 26.
25. Environmental Protection Agency. (1983) Status report (8EHQ-0483–0475). Comments on an interim summary report entitled “Inhalation teratological potential of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether [EGBE; 2-butoxyethanol] in the rat.” Submitted by Eastman Kodak Co. (4 pp).*
26. Environmental Protection Agency. (1984) Status report (8EHQ-0584-0517). Results from a chronic skinpainting study of a “solvent-cutback type rust-preventive.” Submitted by Exxon Co. (3 pp).*
27. European Economic Community. (1993) EEC Cosmetics Directive 76/768/EEC, as amended. Annexes I through VII. Brussels: European Economic Community.
28. Exon JH, Mather GG, Bussiere JL, Olson DP, Talcott PA. (1991) Effects of subchronic exposure of rats to 2-methoxyethanol or 2-butoxyethanol: thymic atrophy and immunotoxicity. Fundam Appl Toxicol 16: 830–40.
29. Exxon Biomedical Sciences. (1986) Chernoff modification, reproduction study in mice (final report). Exxon Biomedical Sciences Inc., Toxicology Laboratory.*
30. Exxon Corporation. (1984) Dermal carcinogenesis lifetime skin painting of MH-982, MH-983, and MH–1167 (solvent-cutback type rust preventive). Report no. 46–508. Submitted by EPA in response to an FOI request 8/88 (174 pp).
31. Federal Register. (January 28, 1992) Modification in Voluntary Filing of Cosmetic Product Ingredient and Cosmetic Raw Material Composition Statements. Final rule. 57: 3128–30.
32. Finney DJ. (1952) Probit Analysis. 2nd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.
33. Food and Drug Administration. (1989) Cosmetic Product Formulation and Frequency of Use Data on Butoxyethanol. FDA Database. Washington. D.C.: Food and Drug Administration.
34. Food and Drug Administration. (1994) Frequency of Use of Cosmetic Ingredients. FDA Database. Washington. D.C.: Food and Drug Administration.
35. Freundt KJ, Helm H. (1986) Nephrotoxicity study with 2-butoxyethanol in rats. Joint Meeting of the German Pharmacological Society and the Swiss Society for Pharmacology and Toxicology. Mannheim. West Germany. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 334: R22.
36. Gann P, Roseman J. (1983) Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA-82–228–1447. Cincinnati: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 1–28.
37. Ghanayem BI. (1989) Metabolic and cellular basis of 2-butoxyethanol-induced hemolytic anemia in rats and assessment of human risk in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 38: 1674–84.
38. Ghanayem BI, Blair PC, Thompson MB, Maronpot RR, Matthews HB. (1987a) Effect of age on the toxicity and metabolism of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (2-butoxyethanol) in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 91: 222–34.
39. Ghanayem BI, Burka LT, Matthews HB. (1987b) Metabolic basis of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (2-butoxyethanol) toxicity: role of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 242: 222–31.
40. Ghanayem BI, Burka LT, Sanders JM, Matthews HB. (1987c) Metabolism and disposition of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (2-butoxyethanol) in rats. Drug Metab Dispos 15: 478–84.
41. Ghanayem BI, Sanchez IM, Matthews HB. (1992) Development of tolerance to 2-butoxyethanol-induced hemolytic anemia and studies to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 112: 198–206.
42. Ghanayem BI, Sanders JM, Clark AM, Bailer J, Matthews HB. (1990a) Effects of dose. age. inhibition of metabolism and elimination on the toxicokinetics of 2-butoxyethanol and its metabolites. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 253: 136–43.
43. Ghanayem BI, Ward SM, Blair PC, Matthews HB. (1990b) Comparison of the hematologic effects of 2-Butoxyethanol using two types of hematology analyzers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 106: 341–5.
44. Giavini E, Broccia ML, Menegola E, Prati M. (1992) Teratology evaluation of three glycol ethers using the whole embryo culture method. 20th Annual Conference of the European Teratology Society, Wuerzburg. Germany, August 31 to September 3, 1992. Teratology 46: 22A.
45. Goldberg ME, Johnson HE, Pozzani UC, Smyth HF Jr. (1964) Effect of repeated inhalation of vapors of industrial solvents on animal behavior. I. Evaluation of nine solvent vapors on pole-climb performance in rats. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 25: 369–75.
46. Grant D, Sulsh S, Jones HB, Gangolli SD. Butler WH. (1985) Acute toxicity and recovery in the hemopoietic system of rats after treatment with ethylene glycol monomethyl and monobutyl ethers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 77: 187–200.
47. Gross E. (1943) Other solvents: glycol and glycol derivatives. In: Criteria for a Recommended Standard. Occupational Exposure to Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether and Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether Acetate (1990). Cincinnati: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Division of Standards Development and Technology Transfer. 32.
48. Gulati DE, Hommel L, Poonache KB, Russell V, Russel S. (1985) Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether: Reproduction and Fertility Assessment in CD-1 Mice When Administered in Drinking Water. Rev. NTP-85–155. Research Triangle Park: National Toxicology Program.
49. Hardin BD, Goad PT, Burg JR. (1984) Developmental toxicity of four glycol ethers applied cutaneously to rats. Environ Health Perspect 57: 69–74.
50. Hardin BD, Schuler RL, Burg JR, Booth GM, Hazelden KP. (1987) Evaluation of 60 chemicals in a preliminary developmental toxicity test. Teratogenesis Carcinog Mutagen 7: 29–48.
51. Imperial Chemical Industries. (1982) 2-Butoxyethanol, 2-Ethoxyethanol, 2-Ethoxyethyl Acetate, 2-Methoxyethanol, 1-Methoxypropan-2-ol. Absorption through human skin in vitro. Document identification number: 86–890000943. NTIS Report No. OTS0520381
52. Imperial Chemical Industries. (1985) Ethylene glycol butyl ether and butoxyacetic acid: their effects on erythrocyte fragility in four species. Study no. WV 0062. NTIS Report No. OTS0521233.
53. Jackh R, Gelbke H, Helmstadter G. (1985) In vitro cytotoxicity of glycol ethers and oxidation products in CHO cells. Toxicol Lett (Amst) 26: 73–8.
54. Jacobs G, Martens M, Mosselmans G. (1987) Proposal of limit concentrations for skin irritation within the context of a new EEC directive on the classification and labeling of preparations. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 7: 370–8.
55. Jacobs GA, Martens MA. (1989) An objective method for the evaluation of eye irritation in vivo. Food Chem Toxicol 27: 255–8.
56. Jacobs MM, Burnett CM, Penicnak AJ, et al. (1984) Evaluation of the toxicity and carcinogenicity of hair dyes in Swiss mice. Drug Chem Toxicol 7: 573–86.
57. Johanson G, Boman A. (1991) Percutaneous absorption of 2-butoxyethanol vapor in human subjects. Br J Ind Med 48: 788–92.
58. Johanson G, Boman A, Dynesius B. (1988) Percutaneous absorption of 2-butoxyethanol in man. Scand J Work Environ Health 14: 101–9.
59. Johanson G, Fernstrom P. (1986) Percutaneous uptake rate of 2-butoxyethanol in the guinea pig. Scand J Work Environ Health 12: 499–503.
60. Johanson G, Fernstrom P. (1988) Influence of water on the percutaneous absorption of 2-butoxyethanol in guinea pigs. Scand J Work Environ Health 14: 95–100.
61. Johanson G, Johnsson S. (1991) Gas chromatographic determination of butoxyacetic acid in human blood after exposure to 2-butoxyethanol. Arch Toxicol 65: 433–5.
62. Johanson G, Kronborg H, Naslund PH, Nordqvist MB. (1986a) Toxicokinetics of inhaled 2-butoxyethanol (ethylene glycol monobutyl ether) in man. Scand J Work Environ Health 12: 594–602.
63. Johanson G, Wallen M, Nordqvist MB. (1986b) Elimination kinetics of 2-butoxyethanol in the perfused rat liver—dose dependence and effect of ethanol. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 83: 315–20.
64. Jonsson AK, Steen G. (1977) n-Butoxyacetic acid, a urinary metabolite from inhaled n-butoxyethanol (butyl cellosolve). Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 42: 354–6.
65. Krasavage WJ. (1986) Subchronic oral toxicity of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether in male rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol 6: 349–55.
66. Kurantsin-Mills J, Hodge KL, Entsuah R, Lessin LS. (1992) Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether alters the flow properties of red blood cells in the rat. 1992 Meeting of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB), Part II, Anaheim, CA. Fed Am Soc Exp Biol J 6: A1912.
67. Kvelland I. (1986) An investigation of the mutagenic effect in bacteriophage T4D. Hereditas 104: 317–20.
68. Kvelland I. (1988) The mutagenic effect of five oil dispersants and of ethyleneglycolmonobutyl ether in bacteriophage T4D. Hereditas 109: 149–50.
69. Lide DR, ed. (1993) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 74th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, p. 3–243.
70. Loch-Caruso R, Trosko JE, Corcos IA. (1984) Interruption of cell-cell communication in Chinese hamster V79 cells by various alkyl glycol ethers: implications for teratogenicity. Environ Health Perspect 57: 119–23.
71. Lockwood TD, Bosmans HB. (1979) The use of urinary N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase in human renal toxicology. 1. Partial biochemical characterization and excretion in humans and release from the isolated kidney. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 49: 323–36.
72. Mayahara T, Kamimura M, Tanaka M, Shibanoki S, Tokuyoshi K, Muruyama I. (1982) Modification of calcium fluxes by dimethyl sulfoxide and 2-butoxyethanol in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles: a possible mechanism for skeletal muscle relaxation induced by dimethyl sulfoxide. Physiol Bohemoslov 31: 297–303.
73. MB Research Laboratories Inc. (1976). Acute dermal toxicity and acute oral toxicity studies (rabbits) on Butoxyethanol (project no. MB 75–988).*
74. MB Research Laboratories Inc. (1977). Inhalation toxicity (rats) and acute dermal toxicity, primary dermal irritation, and ocular irritation studies (rabbits) (project no. MB 77–1820).*
75. Mc Gregor DB. (1984) Genotoxicity of glycol ethers. Environ Health Perspect 57: 97–103.
76. Medinsky MA, Singh G, Bechtold WE, Bond JA, Sabourin PJ. (1990) Disposition of three glycol ethers administered in drinking water to male F344/N rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 102: 443–55.
77. Mellon Institute of Industrial Research. (1952) Data on Butoxyethanol: acute and subchronic oral toxicity, acute percutaneous toxicity, acute intravenous toxicity, acute and short-term inhalation toxicity, hemolytic activity. Report no. 15–37. Submission of data by Union Carbide Corp. (15 pp).*
78. Mellon Institute of Industrial Research. (1954) Pharmacological screening of butyl cellosolve. Report no. 17–56. Submission of data by Union Carbide Corp. (2 pp).*
79. Mellon Institute of Industrial Research. (1955) Special report on Butyl cellosolve. Repeated inhalation exposures to butyl cellosolve. Report no. 18–24. Submission of data by Union Carbide Corp. (19 pp).*
80. Mellon Institute of Industrial Research. (1961) Special report. Four-hour rat skin penetration test. Report no. 24–76. Submission of data by Union Carbide Corp. (2 pp).*
81. Mellon Institute of Industrial Research. (1963) Results of three months of inclusion of butyl cellosolve in the diet of rats. Report no. 26–5. Submission of data by Union Carbide Corp. (13 pp).*
82. Midwest Research Institute (1984) Standard analysis new report. Chemical characterization and chemical vehicle studies—ethylene glycol monobutyl ether. UV spectral analysis. Appendix 11–15. In: Final Report (NTP-89–058). Teratologic Evaluation of Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether Administered to Fischer-344 Rats on Either Gestational Days 9 Through 11 or Days 11 Through 13. Research Triangle Park: National Toxicology Program and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
83. Nagano K, Nakayama E, Koyano M, Oobayashi H, Adachi H, Yamada T. (1979) Mouse testicular atrophy induced by ethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers. Jpn J Ind Health 21: 29–35.
84. Nagano K, Nakayama E, Oobayashi H, Nishizawa T, Okuda H, Yamazaki K. (1984) Experimental studies on toxicity of ethylene glycol alkyl ethers in Japan. Environ Health Perspect 57: 75–84.
85. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (1990) Criteria for a recommended standard. Occupational exposure to ethylene glycol monobutyl ether and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate. NTIS Report No. PB91–173369.
86. National Toxicology Program. (1985) Mutagenicity testing of Butoxyethanol in Salmonella assays. Submission of unpublished data by National Toxicology Program.*
87. National Toxiciology Program. (1989a) Mutagenicity testing of Butoxyethanol in in vitro cytogenicity assays. Submission of unpublished data by National Toxicology Program.*
88. National Toxicology Program (1989b) Teratologic Evaluation of Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether (CAS No. 111–76–2) Administered to Fischer-344 Rats on Either Gestational Days 9 Through 11 or Days 11 Through 13 (Final Report NTP-89–058). Research Triangle Park: National Toxicology Program and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
89. National Toxicology Program. (1993a) Summary of NTP prechronic studies on 2-Butoxyethanol (CAS no. 111–76–2) in rats and mice. Submission of unpublished data by National Toxicology Program.*
90. National Toxicology Program. (1993b) Toxicity Studies of Ethylene Glycol Ethers 2-Methoxyethanol. 2-Ethoxyethanol, and 2-Butoxyethanol Administered in Drinking Water to F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Technical Report 93–3349). Research Triangle Park: National Toxicology (122 pp).
91. Nelson BK, Setzer JV, Brightwell WS. et al. (1984) Comparative inhalation teratogenicity of four glycol ether solvents and an amino derivative in rats. Environ Health Perspect 57: 261–71.
92. Nikitakis JM, Mc Ewen GN Jr. (1990). CTFA Compendium of Cosmetic Ingredient Composition. Descriptions I (Butoxyethanol Entry). Washington, D.C.: Cosmetic. Toiletry, and Fragrance Association (1 p).
93. Nikko Chemicals Co. (1992) Cross Reference Index: An Index Cross-Referencing the English Names of Cosmetic Ingredients in Japan with CTFA Adopted Names VI. Tokyo: Nikko Chemicals Co.
94. Rambourg-Schepens MO. Buffet M. Bertault M. et al. (1988) Severe ethylene glycol butyl ether poisoning. Kinetics and metabolic pattern. Hum Toxicol 7: 197–9.
95. Rawlings SJ, Shuker DEG, Webb M, Brown NA. (1985) The teratogenic potential of alkoxy acids in postimplantation rat embryo culture: structure-activity relationships. In: Criteria for a Recommended Standard. Occupational Exposure to Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether and Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether Acetate (1990). Cincinnati: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Division of Standards Development and Technology Transfer.
96. Rohm and Haas Co. (1983) Skin and ocular irritation studies on Butoxyethanol. Final report, document identification number: 86–890001526. Submission of report to the Environmental Protection Agency by Rohm and Haas Co.*
97. Roudabush RL, Terhaar CJ, Fassett DW, Dziuba SP. (1965) Comparative acute effects of some chemicals on the skin of rabbits and guinea pigs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 7: 559–65.
98. Ruchaud S, Boiron O, Cicolella A, Lanotte M. (1992) Ethylene glycol ethers as hemopoietic toxins—in vitro studies of acute exposure. Leukemia 6: 328–34.
99. Sabourin PJ, Medinsky MA, Birnbaum LS, Griffith WC, Henderson RF. (1992) Effect of exposure concentration on the disposition of inhaled butoxyethanol by F344 rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 114: 232–8.
100. Salisburg SA, Bennett DE. (1988) Health Hazard Evaluation Report (HETA 83–458–1800). Cincinnati: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (20 pp).
101. Sax NI. (1979) Sax Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 5th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. 659.
102. Schuler RL, Hardin BD, Niemeier RW. et al. (1984) Results of testing fifteen glycol ethers in a short-term in vivo reproductive toxicity assay. Environ Health Perspect 57: 141–6.
103. Shell Research Limited. (1982) Test standardization: inhalation toxicity of eight chemicals according to the OECD inhalation hazard test (experiment RTB 2220).*
104. Sleet RB, Price CJ, Marr MC, Morrissey RM, Schwetz BA. (1991) Cardiovascular development (CVD) in F-344 rats following phase-specific exposure to 2-butoxyethanol [Meeting Abstract]. Teratology 43: 466–7.
105. Smialowicz RJ, Riddle MM, Luebke RW. et al. (1991a) Immunotoxicity of 2-methoxyethanol following oral administration in Fischer 344 rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 109: 494–506.
106. Smialowicz RJ, Riddle MM, Rogers RR, Copeland CB, Luebke RW, Andrews DL. (1991b) Evaluation of the immunotoxicity of orally administered 2-methoxyacetic acid in Fischer 344 rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol 17: 771–81.
107. Smialowicz RJ, Williams WC, Riddle MM, Andrews DL, Luebke RW, Copeland CB. (1992) Comparative immunosuppression of various glycol ethers orally administered to Fischer 344 rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol 18: 621–7.
108. SRI International. (1985) In vitro microbiological mutagenicity assays of 3M Company’s Butoxyethanol. Final report, SRI project LSC-3145. Report submitted by 3M Company Medical Department.*
109. TKL Research (1992) Repeated insult patch test to evaluate sensitization potential of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (TKL study no. 921031. conducted for the Chemical Manufacturers Association). Unpublished data submitted by Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association (35 pp).*
110. Tyl RW, Millicovsky G, Dodd DE, Pritts IM, France KA, Fisher LC. (1984) Teratologic evaluation of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether in Fischer 344 rats and New Zealand white rabbits following inhalation exposure. Environ Health Perspect 57: 47–68.
111. Tyler TR. (1984) Acute and subchronic toxicity of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether. Environ Health Perspect 57: 185–91.
112. Van Vlem E. (1987) 2-Butoxyacetic acid, a “biological monitoring” parameter for the exposure to 2-butoxyethanol. In: Criteria for a Recommended Standard. Occupational Exposure to Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether and Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether Acetate (1990). Cincinnati: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Standards Development and Technology Transfer.
113. Welsch F, Stedman DB. (1984) Inhibition of metabolic cooperation between Chinese hamster V-79 cells by structurally diverse teratogens. Teratogenesis Carcinog Mutagen 4: 285–301.
114. Wenninger JA, Mc Ewen GN Jr., eds. (1995a) International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary, Vol. 1. 6th ed. Washington, D.C.: Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association, 112.
115. Wenninger JA, Mc Ewen GN Jr., eds. (1995b) International Cosmetic Ingredient Handbook. 3rd ed. Washington, D.C.: Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association, 84.
116. Werner HW, Mitchell JL, Miller JW, von Oettingen WF. (1943a) The acute toxicity of vapors of several monoalkyl ethers of ethylene glycol. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 25: 157–63.
117. Werner HW, Mitchell JL, Miller JW, von Oettingen WF. (1943b) Effects of repeated exposure of dogs to monoalkyl ethylene glycol ether vapors. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 25: 409–14.
118. Werner HW, Nawrocki CA, Mitchell JL, Miller JW, von Oettinger WF. (1943c) Effects of repeated exposures of rats to vapors of monoalkyl ethylene glycol ethers. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 25: 374–9.
119. Wier PJ, Lewis SC, Traul KA. (1987) A comparison of developmental toxicity evident at term to postnatal growth and survival using ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, and ethanol. Teratogenesis Carcinog Mutagen 7: 55–64.
120. Wil Research Laboratories (1983) 90-day subchronic dermal toxicity study in rabbits with ethylene glycol monobutyl ether. Project no. WIL-81150.*
121. Zesch A, Schaefer H. (1973) In vitro penetration of radiolabeled hydrocortisone in various vehicles in human skin. Arch Dermatol Forsch 246: 335–54.