Cultural influence on relationship cultivation strategies: Multinational companies in China

Journal of Communication Management

Volumn 8, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 264-281

  Flora Hung, Chun ju ^a  

^a HONG KONG BAPTIST UNIVERSITY   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Culture; Multinational companies in China; Public relations; Public relations in China; Relationship management

Indexed keywords

EID: 84993102356     PISSN: 1363254X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/13632540410807682     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Bruning, S. D. and Lambe, K. (2001) ‘Relationships in public relations: Examining the linkage between relationship attitudes and key public member behavior’, paper presented at the 51st annual conference of International Communication Association, Washington, DC.
2. Brunner, G. (2000) ‘Measuring students’ perceptions of the University of Florida's commitment to public relationships and diversity’, unpublished doctoral dissertation. Gainesville, FL.
3. Grunig, J. E. and Huang, Y. H. (2000) ‘From organizational effectiveness to relationship indicators: Antecedents of relationships, public relations strategies, and relationship outcomes’, in Ledingham, J. A. and Bruning, S. D. (eds) ‘Public relations as relationship management: A relational approach to the study and practice of public relations’, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ.
4. Hon, L. C. and Grunig, J. E. (1999) ‘Measuring relationships in public relations’, Institute for Public Relations, Gainsville, FL.
5. Huang, Y. H. (2001) ‘OPRA: A cross-cultural, multiple-item scale for measuring organization-public relationships’, Journal of Public Relations Research, Vol. 13, pp. 61-90.
6. Huang, Y. H. (2001) ‘Values of public relations: Effects on organization-public relationships mediating conflict resolution’, Journal of Public Relations Research, Vol. 13, pp. 265-302.
7. Jo, S. S. (2002) ‘The measurement scale of public relationships: An exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis’, paper presented at the 5th International, Interdisciplinary Public Relations Research Conference, Miami, FL.
8. Kim, Y. W. (2000) ‘How can we measure the organization-public relationship?: Developing a valid and reliable instrument’, paper presented at the Public Relations Society of America World Congress, Chicago.
9. Ledingham, J. A. and Bruning, S. D. (2000) ‘Public relations as relationship management: A relational approach to the study and practice of public relations’, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ.
10. Gannon, M. J. (2001) ‘Understanding global cultures: Metaphorical journeys through 23 nations’, Sage Publications, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA.
11. For example, Canary, D. J. and Stafford, L. (1994) ‘Maintaining relationships through strategic and routine interaction’, in Canary, D. J. and Stafford, L. (eds) ‘Communication and relational maintenance’, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA.
12. Canary, D. J. and Stafford, L. (1997) ‘Equity and interdependence predictions of relational maintenance strategy use’, paper presented at the meeting of the International Network on Personal Relationships, Miami University, Oxford, OH.
13. Dindia, K. and Canary, D. (1993) ‘Definitions and theoretical perspectives on maintaining relationships’, Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Vol. 10, pp. 163-173.
14. Montgomery, B. M. (1993) ‘Relationship maintenance versus relationship change: A dialectical dilemma’, Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Vol. 10, pp. 205-223.
15. Wilmot, W. W. (1987) ‘Dyadic communication’, Random House, New York.
16. Roloff, M. E. and Cloven, D. H. (1994) ‘When partners transgress: Maintaining violated relationships’, in Canary, D. J. and Stafford, L. (eds) ‘Communication and relational maintenance’, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA.
17. Baxter, L. A. and Montgomery, B. M. (1996) ‘Relating: Dialogues & dialectics’, Guilford, New York.
18. Grunig, J. (2002) personal communication.
19. Hung, C. J. (2000) ‘Organization-public relationships, relationship maintenance strategies, and relationship outcomes’, paper presented to the Educator's Academy, Public Relations Society of America, Miami, FL.
20. Bok, S. (1989) ‘Secrets: On the ethics of concealment and revelation’, Vintage Books, New York.
21. Jensen, J. (1997) ‘Legitimacy and strategy of different companies: A perspective of internal and external public relations’, in Moss, D., MacManus, T. and Verčič, D. (eds) ‘Public relations research: An international perspective’, International Thomson Business Press, London.
22. Grunig, L. (1992) ‘Power in the public relations department’, in Grunig, J. E. (ed.) ‘Excellence in public relations and communications management’, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, Mahwah, NJ.
23. See Huang, Y. (2000) ‘The personal influence model and gao guanxi in Taiwan Chinese public relations’, Public Relations Review, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 216-239.
24. Hung, C. J. (2002) ‘Relationship types, relationship cultivation strategies, and relationship outcomes: How multinational and Taiwanese companies practice public relations and relationship management in China’, unpublished doctoral dissertation, College Park, MD.
25. Adler, N. (1997) ‘International dimensions of organizational behavior’, South-western College Publishing.
26. Hofstede, G. (2002) ‘Culture's consequences’, 2nd edn Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
27. Yang, K. S. (1992) ‘Chinese social orientation: From the social interaction perspective’, in Yang, K. S. and Yu, A. B. (eds) ‘Chinese psychology and behavior’, Laurel, Taipei.
28. Yang, C. F. (1988) ‘Familialism and development: An examination of the role of family in contemporary China mainland, Hong Kong and Taiwan’, in Sinha, D. and Kao, H. S. R. (eds) ‘Social values and development: Asian perspectives’, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
29. Schwartz, S. H. (1990) ‘Individualism-collectivism: Critique and proposed refinements’, Journal of Cross- Cultural Psychology, Vol. 21, pp. 139-157.
30. Gao, G. and Ting-Toomey, S. (1998) ‘Communicating effectively with the Chinese’, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
31. Triandis, H. C. (1988) ‘Collectivism vs individualism: A reconceptualization of a basic concept in crosscultural psychology’, in Bagley, C. and Verma, G. (eds) ‘Cross-cultural studies of personality, attitudes, and cognition’, Macmillan, London.
32. Fei, H. T. (1948) ‘Peasant life in China’, Routledge & Kegan, London.
33. King, A. Y. and Bond, M. H. (1985) ‘The Confucian paradigm of man: A sociological view’, in Tseng, M. S. and Wu, D. H. (eds) ‘Chinese culture and mental health’, Academic Press, Orlando, FL.
34. Shih, C. Y. (1988) ‘National role conception as foreign policy motivation: The psychocultural bases of Chinese diplomacy’, Political Psychology, Vol. 9, pp. 599-631.
35. Hwang, K. K. (1983) ‘Face and favor: The Chinese power game’, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 92, pp. 944-974.
36. King, Y. C. (1980) ‘Renqing analysis in interpersonal relationships’, The proceedings of the 1st international Chinese study conference, Taipei, Central Research Institute.
37. Ho, D. Y. (1976) ‘On the concept of face’, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 81, pp. 867-884.
38. Fei, H. T. (1948) ‘Peasant life in China’, Routledge & Kegan, London.
39. Hwang, K. K. (1987) ‘Face and favor: The Chinese power game’, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 92, pp. 944-74.
40. Hu, H. C. (1944) ‘The Chinese concept of face’, American Anthropology, Vol. 46, pp. 45-46.
41. Cai, D. A. and Hung, C. J. F. (in press) ‘Whom do you trust?: A cross cultural analysis’, in Barnett, A. and Cheney, G. (eds) ‘Organizational communication: Emerging perspectives’, (Vol. 7), Ablex/Elsevier.
42. Chen, M. J. (2001) ‘Inside Chinese business’, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA.
43. Kraar, L. (1999) ‘Five Chinese myths,’ Fortune, 10th May.
44. Hung, C. J. (2002) ‘Relationship types, relationship cultivation strategies, and relationship outcomes: How multinational and Taiwanese companies practice public relations and relationship management in China’, unpublished doctoral dissertation, College Park, MD.
45. Rubin, H. J. and Rubin, I. S. (1995) ‘Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data’, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
46. McCracken, D. G. (1988) ‘The long interview’, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
47. Holstein, J. A. and Gubrium, J. F. (1995) ‘The active interview’, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
48. Dexter, L. A. (1970) ‘Elite and specialized interviewing’, Northwestern University Press.
49. Patton, M. Q. (1990) ‘Qualitative evaluation and research methods’, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
50. Miles, M. B. and Huberman, A. M. (1994) ‘Qualitative data analysis’, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
51. Ryen, A. (2002). ‘Cross-cultural interviewing’, in Gubrium, J. F. and Holstein J. A. (eds) ‘Handbook of interview research: Context & method’, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
52. Wolcott, H. F. (1994) ‘Transforming qualitative data: Description, analysis, and interpretation’, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
53. Sha, B. L. (1999) ‘Cultural public relations: Identity, activism, globalization, and gender in the Democratic Progressive Party on Taiwan’, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park, MD.
54. Huberman, A. M. and Miles, M. B. (1994) ‘Data management and analysis methods’, in Denzin N. K. and Y. S. Lincoln (eds) ‘Handbook of qualitative research’, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
55. Stake, R. E. (1995) ‘The art of case study research’, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
56. Marshall, C. and Rossman, G. B. (1999) ‘Designing qualitative research’, 3rd edn, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
57. Lincoln, Y. S. and Guba, E. G. (1985) ‘Naturalistic inquiry’, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
58. Webb, E. J., Campbell, D. T., Schwartz, R. D. and Sechrest, L. (1966) ‘Unobtrusive measures’, Rand McNally.
59. Kirk, J. and Miller, M. L. (1986) ‘Reliability and validity in qualitative research’, Sage, San Diego, CA.
60. See Gao, G. and Ting-Toomey, S. (1998) ‘Communicating effectively with the Chinese’, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
61. Hwang, K. K. (1983) ‘Face and favor: The Chinese power game’, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 92, pp. 944-74.
62. King, Y. C. (1980) ‘Renqing analysis in interpersonal relationships’, The proceedings of the 1st international Chinese study conference, Taipei, Central Research Institute.
63. Stohl, C. (2001) ‘Globalizing organizational communication’, in Jablin, F. M. and Putnam, L. L. (eds) ‘The new handbook of organizational communication: Advances in theory, research, and methods’, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
64. Cited in Adler, N., Doktor, R. and Redding, S. (1986) ‘From the Atlantic to the Pacific century; Cross-cultural management reviewed’, Journal of Management, Vol. 12, p. 295.
65. See Sriramesh, K. (1992) ‘The impact of societal culture on public relations: An ethnographic study of south Indian organizations’, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park.
66. Sriramesh, K. (1992) ‘Societal culture and public relations: Ethnographic evidence from India’, Public Relations Review, Vol. 18, pp. 202-211.
67. Huang, Y. H. (1990) ‘Risk communication, models of public relations and anti-nuclear activism: A case study of a nuclear power plant in Taiwan’, unpublished master's thesis, University of Maryland, College Park, MD.
68. Heath, R. (2000) personal communication.
69. Taylor, M. (2001) ‘International public relations: Opportunities and challenges for the 21st century’, in Heath, R. K. (ed.) ‘Handbook of public relations’, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.