The effects of an entrepreneurship programme on Need for Achievement and Locus of Control of reinforcement

International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 28-50

  Hansemark, Ove C ^a  

^a JÖNKÖPING INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SCHOOL   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Education; Entrepreneurship

Indexed keywords

EID: 84993079108     PISSN: 13552554     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/13552559810203957     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Acs, Z.J. and Audretsch, D.B. (1992, “The social and economic impact of entrepreneurship”, in Sexton, D.L. and Kasarda, J.D. (Eds), The State of the Art of Entrepreneurship, PWS-KENT, Boston, MA, pp. 45-67.
2. Ahmed, S.U. (1985, “nAch, risk-taking propensity, Locus of Control and entrepreneurship”, Personality and Individual Differences, Vol. 6 No. 6, pp. 781-2.
3. Alschuler, A.S. (1969, “Psychological education”, Journal of Humanistic Psychology, Spring.
4. Atkinson, J.W. and McClelland, D.C. (1948, “The projektive expression of needs. II. The effect of different intensities of the hunger drive on thematic apperception”, Journal of Experimental Psychology, pp. 643-58.
5. Atkinson, J.W. (Ed.) (1958, Motives in Fantasy, Action and Societyn, Van Nostrand, Princeton, NJ.
6. Audretsch, D. (1993, “New-firm formation activity in US manufacturing”, in Karlsson, C., Johannisson, B. and Storey, D. (1993), Small Business Dynamics - International, National and Regional Perspectives, Routledge, London, pp. 40-53.
7. Baldwin, J.R. (1995, The Dynamics of Industrial Competition, University Press, Cambridge.
8. Barrows, H.S. (1988, The Tutorial Process, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL.
9. Baud, D. and Feletti, G. (Eds) (1991, The Challenge of Problem Based Learning, Kogan Page, London.
10. Baumol, W.J. (1990, “Entrepreneurship: productive, unproductive and destructive”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 98 No. 5, pp. 893-921.
11. Begley, T.M. and Boyd, D.P. (1987, “Psychological characteristics associated with performance in entrepreneurial firms and smaller businesses”, Journal of Business Venturing, No. 2, pp. 79-93.
12. Bird, B.J. (1992. The Operation of Intentions in Time: The Emergence of the New Venture. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Fall 1992, pp. 11-20.
13. Bird, B. (1988, “Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: the case for intention, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 13 No. 3, pp. 442-53.
14. Brockhaus, R.H. and Horwitz, P.S. (1986, “The psychology of the entrepreneur”, in Sexton, D.L. and Smilor, R.W. (Eds), The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship, Ballinger, Cambridge, MA, pp. 25-48.
15. Brockhaus, R.H. and Nord, W.R. (1979, “An exploration of factors affecting the entrepreneurial decision: personal characteristic vs. environmental conditions”, Proceedings, Academy of Management, pp. 364-8.
16. Brockhaus, R.H. (1975, “I-E Locus of Control scores as predictors of entrepreneurial intentions”, Proceedings, Academy of Management, pp. 433-5.
17. Brockhaus, R.H. (1982, “The psychology of the entrepreneur”, in Kent, C.A., Sexton, D.L. and Vesper, K.H. (Eds), Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 39-56.
18. Brockhaus, R.H. Sr (1980. “Psychological and environmental factors which distinguish the successful from the unsuccessful entrepreneur: a longitudinal study”, Proceedings, Academy of Management, pp. 368-72.
19. Brockhaus, R.H. Sr (1991, “Entrepreneurship education and research outside North America”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Spring, pp. 77-84.
20. Buttner, E.H. and Gryskiewicz, N. (1993, “Entrepreneurs’ problem-solving styles: an empirical study using the Kirton adaption/innovation theory”, Journal of Small Business Management, January, pp. 22-31.
21. Caird, S.P. (1993, “What do psychological tests suggest about entrepreneurs?”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 8 No. 6, pp. 11-20.
22. Carland, J.W., Hoy, F. and Carland, J.A.C. (1988, “Who is an entrepreneur? Is a question worth asking”, American Journal of Small Business, Spring, pp. 33-9.
23. Carland, J.W., Hoy, F., Boulton, W.R. and Carland J.A.C. (1984, “Differentiating entrepreneurs from small business owners: a conceptualization”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 9 No. 2, pp. 354-9.
24. Carsrud, A.L., Olm, K.W., Eddy, G.G. (1986, “Entrepreneurship, research in quest of a paradigm”, in Sexton, D.L. and Smilor, R.W. (Eds), The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship, Ballinger, Cambridge, MA, pp. 367-78.
25. Casson, M. (1982, The Entrepreneur: An Economic Theory, Martin Robertson, Oxford.
26. Chell, E. (1985, “The entrepreneurial personality: a few ghosts laid to rest?”, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 3 No. 3, pp. 43-54.
27. Coffield, F. (1990, “From the decade of enterprise culture to the decade of the TECs”, British Journal of Education and Work, Vol. 4 No. 1, pp. 59-78.
28. Cohen, L. and Manion, L. (1980, Research Methods in Education, Croom Helm, London.
29. Collins, O.F. and Moore, D.G. (1964, The Enterprising Man, Michigan.
30. Cromie, S. and Johns, S. (1983, “Irish entrepreneurs: some personal characteristics”, Journal of Accupational Behaviour, Vol. 4, pp. 317-24.
31. Curran, J. and Stanworth, J. (1989, “Education and training for enterprise: some problems of classification, evaluation, policy and research”, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 7 No. 2, pp. 11-22.
32. Davidsson, P. (1991, “Continued entrepreneurship: ability, need, and opportunity as determinants of small firm growth”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 6, pp. 405-29.
33. DeCharms, R. (1968, Personal Causation, Academic Press, New York, NY.
34. DeCharms, R. (1972, “Personal causation training in the schools”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 2, pp. 95-113.
35. Durand, D. and Shea, D. (1974, “Entrepreneurial activity as a function of achievement motivation and reinforcement control”, Journal of Psychology, Vol. 88, pp. 57-63.
36. Edwards, A. (1959, Manual for the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, The Psychological Corporation, New York, NY.
37. Entwisle, D.R. (1972, “To dispel fantasies about fantasy-based measures of achievement motivation”, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 77 No. 6, pp. 377-91.
38. Erwee, R. and Pottas, C.D. (1982., “Locus of Control and achievement motivation of managers”, Psychologia Africana, Vol. 21, pp. 79-102.
39. Ferguson, E. (1993, “Rotter’s Locus of Control scale: a ten-item two-factor model”, Psychological Reports, Vol. 73, pp. 1267-78.
40. Fineman S. (1977, “The achievement motive construct and its measurement. Where are we now?”, British Journal of Psychology, Vol. 68, pp. 1-22.
41. Fraboni, M. and Saltstone, R. (1990, “The entrepreneurial personality in relation to Holland’s occupational types”, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 7 No. 4, pp. 23-8.
42. Frey, R.S. (1984, “Need for achievement, entrepreneurship, and economic growth: a critique of the McClelland thesis”, Social Science Journal, Vol. 21 No. 2, pp. 125-34.
43. Gartner, W.B. (1990, “What are we talking about when we talk about entrepreneurship?”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 5, pp. 15-28.
44. Gartner, W.B. (1989, “Who is an entrepreneur? is the Wrong Question”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Summer, pp. 47-68.
45. Gibb, A.A. (1993, “The enterprise culture and education, understanding enterprise education and its links with small business, entrepreneurship and wider educational goals”, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 11 No. 3, pp. 11-34.
46. Gold, J.A. (1984, Principles of Psycholocical Research, The Dorsey Press, Homewood, IL.
47. Heckhausen, H. and Krug, S. (1982, “Motive modification”, in Stewart, A.J. (Ed.), Motivation and Society, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
48. Heckhausen, H. (1974, How to Improve Poor Motivation in Students, Paper presented at the 18th International Congress of Applied Psychology, Montreal 1974.
49. Heckhausen, H. (1980, Motivation und Handeln, Springer-Verlag, New York, NY.
50. Herron, L. and Sapienza, H.J. (1992, “The entrepreneur and the initiation of new venture launch activities”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, pp. 49-55.
51. Hornaday, J.A. and Aboud, J. (1971, “Characteristics of successful entrepreneurs”, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 24, pp. 141-53.
52. Hornaday, J. A. and Bunker, C.S. (1970, “The nature of the entrepreneur”, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 23, pp. 47-54.
53. Huefner, J.C., Hunt, K.H. (1994, “Broadening the concept of entrepreneurship: comparing business and consumer entrepreneurs, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 18 No. 3, pp. 61-75.
54. Hull, D.L., Bosley, J.J. and Udell, G.G. (1982, “Renewing the hunt for the heffalump: identifying potential entrepreneurs by personality characteristics”, Journal of Business Management, Vol. 20 No. 2, pp. 11-19.
55. Johnson, B.R. (1990, “Toward a multidimensional model of entrepreneurship: the case of achievement motivation and the entrepreneur”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Spring, pp. 39-54.
56. Katz, J.A. (1991a, “Endowed positions: entrepreneurship and related fields”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Spring, pp. 53-67.
57. Katz, J.A. (1991b, “The institution and infrastructure of entrepreneurship”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Spring, pp. 85-102.
58. Kets de Vries, M.F.R. (1977, “The entrepreneurial personality: a person at the crossroads”, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 34-57.
59. Kichhoff, B. A., & Phillips, B. D., (1988. The effect of firm formation and growth on job creation in the United States. Journal of Business Ventureing, 3, pp. 261-272.
60. Kirchhoff, B.A. (1989, “Creative destruction among industrial firms in the United States”, Small Business Economics, Vol. 1, pp. 161-73.
61. Kirchhoff, B. and Acs, Z.J. (1997, “Births and deaths of new frms”, in Sexton, D.L. and Smilor, R.W. (Eds), Entrepreneurship 2000, Upstart Publishing Company, Chicago, IL, pp. 167-88.
62. Kirchoff, B.A. (1991, “Entrepreneurship’s contribution to economics”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Winter, pp. 93-112.
63. Kirschhoff, B. and Phillips, B.D. (1992, “Research applications of the small business data base of the US small business administartion”, in Sexton, D.L. and Kasarda, J.D. (Eds), The State of the Art of Entrepreneurship, PWS-KENT Publishing Company, Boston, MA, pp. 243-67.
64. Kirzner, I.M. (1973, Competition and Entrepreneurship, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
65. Kirzner, I.M. (1985, Discovery and Capitalist Process, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
66. Kirzner, I.M. (1996, The Meaning of Market Process, Routledge, London.
67. Klinger, E. (1966, “Fantasy need achievement as a motivational construct”, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 66 No. 4, pp. 291-308.
68. Kock, S.W. (1965, Management and Motivation, Doctoral dissertation, The Swedish School of Economics, Helsingfors.
69. Kolb, D.A., Rubin, I.M. and McIntyre, J.M. (Eds) (1984, Organizational Psychology: Readings on Human Behavior in Organizations, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
70. Kourilsky, M.L. and Carlson, S.R. (1997, “Entrepreneurship education for youth: a cirricular perspective”, in Sexton, D.L. and Smilor, R.W., Entrepreneurship 2000, Upstart Publishing Company, Chicago, IL, pp. 193-213.
71. Levenson, H. (1973, “Multidimensional locus of control in psychiatric patients”, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 41 No. 3, pp. 397-404.
72. Low, M.B. and MacMillan, I.C. (1988, “Entrepreneurship: past research and future challenges”, Journal of Management, Vol. 14 No. 2, pp. 139-61.
73. Lundy, A.C. (1981, The Reliability of the Thematic Apperception Test, Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology and Social Relations, Harvard University.
74. Lynn, R. (1969, “An achievement motivation questionnaire”, British Journal of Psychology, Vol. 60, pp. 529-34.
75. Marsh, H.W. and Richards, G.E. (1987, “The multidimensionality of the Rotter I-E scale and its higher-order structure: an application of confirmatory factor analysis”, Multivariate Behavioral Research, Vol. 22, pp. 39-69.
76. McClelland, D. (1958, “The use of measuring human motivation”, in Atkinson, J.W. (Ed.), Motives in Fantasy, Action and Society, Van Nostrand, Princeton, NJ.
77. McClelland, D.C. (1987, “Characteristics of successful entrepreneurs”, Journal of Creative Behavior, Vol. 21 No. 3, Third Quarter, pp. 219-33.
78. McClelland, D. and Winter, D.G. (1969, Motivating Economic Achievement, The Free Press, NY.
79. McClelland, D. (1961, The Achieving Society, Van Nostrand, Princeton, NJ.
80. McClelland, D. (1965, “N achievement and entrepreneurship: a longitudinell study”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 1 No. 4, pp. 389-92.
81. McClelland, D. (1990/1984), Human Motivation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
82. McClelland, D., Atkinson, J.W., Clark, R.A. and Lowell, E.L. (1953, The Achievement Motive, The Free Press, New York, NY.
83. McMullan, E.D. and Long, W.A. (1987, “Entrepreneurship education in the nineties”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 2, pp. 261-75.
84. Mescon, T.S. and Monanari, J.R. (1981, “The personalities of independent and franchise entrepreneurs: an empirical analysis of concept”, Journal of Enterprise Management, Vol. 3 No. 2, pp. 149-59.
85. Meyer, H.H., Walker, N.B. and Litwin, G.H. (1961, “Motive patterns and risk preferences associated with entrepreneurship”, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Vol. 63, pp. 570-74.
86. Miron, D. and McClelland, D. (1979, “The impact of achievement motivation training on small business performance”, California Management Review, Vol. 21 No. 4, pp. 13-28.
87. Mischel, W. (1973, “Toward a cognitive social learning eeconceptualisation of personality”, Psychological Review, Vol. 80 No. 4, pp. 252-83.
88. Morris, J.L. and Fargher, K. (1974, “Achievement drive and creativity as correlates of success in small business”, Australian Journal of Psychology, Vol. 26 No. 3, pp. 217-22.
89. Murray, H.A. (1938, Explorations in Personality, Oxford University Press, New York.
90. Murray, H.A. (1943, Thematic Apperception Test, Manual, Harvard Psychological Clinic, Cambridge.
91. Parks, C.W., Becker, M., Chamberlain, J.M. and Crandell, J.M. (1975, “Eliminating self-defeating behaviors and change in locus of control”, The Journal of Psychology, No. 91, pp. 115-20.
92. Paulhus, D. (1983, “Sphere-specific measures of perceived control”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 44 No. 6, pp. 1253-65.
93. Perry, C. (1990, “After further sightings of the Heffalump”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 5 No. 2, pp. 22-31.
94. Perry, C., Macarthur, R., Meredith, G. and Cunnington, B. (1986, “Need for achievement and Locus of Control of Austrian small business owner-managers and super-entrepreneurs”, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 4 No. 4, pp. 55-64.
95. Pinchot III, G. (1985, Intapreneuring - Why You Don’t Have to Leave the Corporation to Become an Entrepreneur, Harper & Row, New York.
96. Revans, R.W. (1982, The Origins and Growth of Action Learning, Studentlitteratur, Lund.
97. Roberts, E.B. (1989, “The personality and motivations of technological entrepreneurs”, Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, Vol. 6, pp. 5-23.
98. Rosenthal, R. (1966, Experimenter Effects in Behavioral Research, Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York.
99. Rotter, J.B. (1954, Social Learning and Clinical Psychology, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NY.
100. Rotter, J.B. (1966, “Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement”, Psychological Monographs, Vol. 80 (Whole No. 609).
101. Rotter, J.B. (1975, “Some problems and misconceptions related to the construct of internal versus external control of reinforcement”, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 43, pp. 56-67.
102. Scherer, R.F., Brodzinski, J.D. and Wiebe, F.A. (1991, “Examining the relationship between personality and entrepreneurial career preference”, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Vol. 3, pp. 195-206.
103. Schumpeter, J. (1934., The Theory of Economic Development, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
104. Schumpeter, J. (1950, Capitalism, Socialsism and Democracy, Harper & Row, New York.
105. Sexton, D. L. and Van Auken, P. (1982, “Characteristics of successful and unsuccessful entrepreneurs”, Texas Business Review, Vol. 56 No. 5, pp. 236-40.
106. Shaver, K.G. and Scott, L.R. (1991, “Person, process, choice: the psychology of new venture creation”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Winter, pp. 23-45.
107. Singh, S. (1989, “Projektive and psychometric correlates of managerial success”, British Journal of Psychology, Vol. 34, pp. 28-36.
108. Smith, C.P. and Feld, S. (1958, “How to learn the method of content analysis for n Achievement, n Affiliation and n Power”, in Atkinson J.W., Motives in Fantasy, Action and Society, Van Nostrand, Princeton, NJ.
109. Solomon, G.T. and Fernald, L.W. Jr (1991, “Trends in small business management and entrepreneurship education in the United States”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Spring, pp. 25-39.
110. Stanworth, J., Stanworth, C., Granger, B. and Blyth, S. (1990, “Who becomes an entrepreneur?”, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 8 No. 1, pp. 11-22.
111. Storey, D. J. (1991, “The birth of new firms - does unemployment matter? A review of evidence”, Small Business Economics, Vol. 3 No. 3, September.
112. Timmons, J.A. (1986, “Growing up big - entrepreneurship and the creation of high-potential ventures”, in Sexton, D. L. and Smilor, R.W. (Eds), The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship, Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge, MA, pp. 223-39.
113. Utterback, J.M. and Reitberger, G. (1982, “Technology and industrial innovation in Sweden”, A study of New Technology-based Firms, MIT, Cambridge, MA.
114. Venkatapathy, R. (1984, “Locus of control among entrepreneurs: a review”, Psychological Studies, Vol. 29 No. 1, pp. 97-100
115. Venkataraman, S., MacMillan, I.C. and McGrath, R.G. (1992, “Progress in research on corporate venturing”, in Sexton, D.L. and Kasarda, J.D. (Eds), The State of the Art of Entrepreneurship, PWS-KENT Publishing Company, Boston, MA, pp. 487-519.
116. Vesper, K.H. and McMullen, W.E. (1988, “Entrepreneurship: today course, tomorrow degrees?, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Fall 1988.
117. Vesper, K.H. (1985, Entrepreneurship Education, Babson College, Wellesley, MA.
118. Vesper, K.H. (1990, New Venture Strategies, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
119. Wainer, H. and Rubin, I. M. (1969, “Motivation of research and development entrepreneurs: determinants of company success”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 53 No. 3, pp. 178-84.
120. Winter, D.G. and Stewart, A.J. (1977, “Power motive reliability as a function of retest instructions”, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 45, pp. 436-40.
121. Wortman, M.S. Jr (1987, “Entrepreneurship: an integrating typology and evaluation of the empirical research in the field”, Journal of Management, Vol. 13 No. 2, pp. 259-79.