Gender and the SME “finance gap”

International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 42-56

  Watson, John ^a   Newby, Rick ^a   Mahuka, Annie ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^b NONE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Australia; Finance; Gender; Small to medium sized enterprises

Indexed keywords

EID: 84993016673     PISSN: 17566266     EISSN: 17566274     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/17566260910942336     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. ABS (2002), Small Business in Australia 2001, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra.
2. ABS (2004), Characteristics of Small Business, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra.
3. Barrett, M. (2006), “Women's entrepreneurship in Australia: present and their future”, in Carter, N.M., Brush, C.G., Gatewood, E.J., Greene, P.G. and Hart, M. (Eds), Growth-oriented Women Entrepreneurs and Their Businesses: A Global Research Perspective, Chapter 2, Edward Elgar, London.
4. Barton, S.L. and Matthews, C.H. (1989), “Small firm financing: implications from a strategic management perspective”, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 27 No. 1, pp. 1-7.
5. Becchetti, L. and Trovato, G. (2002), “The determinants of growth for small and meduim sized firms. The role of the availability of external finance”, Small Business Economics, Vol. 19 No. 4, pp. 291-306.
6. Blackburn, R. and Stokes, D. (2000), “Breaking down the barriers: using focus groups to research small and medium-sized enterprises”, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 44-67.
7. Breen, J., Calvert, C. and Oliver, J. (1995), “Female entrepreneurs in Australia: an investigation of financial and family issues”, Journal of Enterprising Culture, Vol. 3 No. 4, pp. 445-61.
8. Bruno, A.V. and Tyebjee, T.T. (1985), “The entrepreneur's search for capital”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 61-74.
9. Brush, C.G., Carter, N., Gatewood, E., Greene, P.G. and Hart, M.M. (2001), An Investigation of Women-led Firms and Venture Capital Investment, A Report for the US Small Business Administration, Office of Advocacy National Women's Business Council.
10. Byrnes, J.P., Miller, D.C. and Schafer, W.A. (1999), “Gender differences in risk taking: a meta-analysis”, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 125 No. 3, pp. 367-83.
11. Carpenter, R.E. and Petersen, B.C. (2002), “Is the growth of small firms constrained by internal finance?”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 84 No. 2, pp. 298-309.
12. Carter, N.M. and Allen, K.R. (1997), “Size-determinants of women-owned businesses: choice or barriers to resources”, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Vol. 9 No. 3, pp. 211-20.
13. Carter, N.M., Brush, C.G., Gatewood, E.J., Greene, P.G. and Hart, M.M. (2003), “Financing high-growth enterprise: is gender an issue?”, Critical Junctures in Women's Economic Lives: A Collection of Symposium Papers, The Centre for Economic Progress, Minneapolis, MN, pp. 45-51.
14. Carter, S., Shaw, E., Lam, W. and Wilson, F. (2007), “Gender, entrepreneurship, and bank lending: the criteria and processes used by bank loan officers in assessing applications”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 31 No. 3, pp. 427-44.
15. Cooper, A.C. (1993), “Challenges in predicting new firm performance”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 8 No. 3, pp. 241-53.
16. Cressy, R. (1995), “Business borrowing and control: a theory of entrepreneurial types”, Small Business Economics, Vol. 7 No. 4, pp. 291-300.
17. Curran, J. (1986), Bolton Fifteen Years on: A Review and Analysis of Small Business Research in Britain 1971-86, Small Business Trust, London.
18. Eckel, C.C. and Grossman, P.J. (2002), “Sex differences and statistical stereotyping in attitudes toward financial risk”, Evolution and Human Behavior, Vol. 23 No. 4, pp. 281-95.
19. Fern, E.F. (1982), “The use of focus groups for idea generation: the effects of group size, acquaintanceship, and moderator on response quantity and quality”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 1-13.
20. Fraser, S. (2006), Finance for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises: A Report on the 2004 UK Survey of SME Finances, Warwick Business School, Centre for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, Coventry.
21. Gibb, A.A. (2000), “SME policy, academic research and the growth of ignorance, mythical concepts, myths, assumptions, rituals and confusions”, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 18 No. 3, pp. 13-35.
22. Hamilton, R.T. and Fox, M.A. (1998), “The financing preferences of small firm owners”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, Vol. 4 No. 3, pp. 239-48.
23. Harding, R. and Cowling, M. (2006), “Assessing the scale of the equity gap”, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. 13 No. 1, pp. 115-32.
24. Hutchinson, R.W. (1995), “The capital structure and investment decisions of the small owner-managed firm: some exploratory issues”, Small Business Economics, Vol. 7 No. 3, pp. 231-9.
25. Jackson, D.N. (1976), Personality Inventory Manual, Research Psychologists Press, Goshen, NY.
26. Jianakoplos, N.A. and Bernasek, A. (1998), “Are women more risk averse?”, Economic Inquiry, Vol. 36 No. 4, pp. 620-30.
27. Kon, Y. and Storey, D.J. (2003), “A theory of discouraged borrowers”, Small Business Economics, Vol. 21 No. 1, pp. 37-49.
28. Levenson, A.R. and Willard, K.L. (2000), “Do firms get the financing they want? Measuring credit rationing experienced by small businesses in the US”, Small Business Economics, Vol. 14 No. 2, pp. 83-94.
29. Levenson, H. (1974), “Activism and powerful others: distinctions within the concept of internal-external control”, Journal of Personal Assessment, Vol. 38, pp. 377-83.
30. Mukhtar, S.-M. (2002), “Differences in male and female management characteristics: a study of owner-manager businesses”, Small Business Economics, Vol. 18 No. 4, pp. 289-311.
31. Myers, S.C. (1984), “The capital structure puzzle”, Journal of Finance, Vol. 39 No. 3, pp. 575-92.
32. Newby, R.R., Soutar, G. and Watson, J. (2003a), “Comparing traditional focus groups with a group support system (GSS) approach for use in SME research”, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 21 No. 4, pp. 421-33.
33. Newby, R.R., Watson, J. and Woodliff, D. (2003b), “SME survey methodology: response rates, data quality and cost effectiveness”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 28 No. 2, pp. 163-72.
34. Olsen, R.A. and Cox, C.M. (2001), “The influence of gender on the perception and response to investment risk: the case of professional investors”, Journal of Behavioral Finance, Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 29-36.
35. Pissarides, F. (1999), “Is lack of funds the main obstacle to growth? EBRD's experience with small- and medium-sized businesses in Central and Eastern Europe”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 14 Nos 5/6, pp. 519-39.
36. Powell, M. and Ansic, D. (1997), “Gender differences in risk behavior in financial decision-making: an experimental analysis”, Journal of Economic Psychology, Vol. 18 No. 6, pp. 605-28.
37. Riding, A. and Swift, C.S. (1990), “Women business owners and terms of credit: some empirical findings of the Canadian experience”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 5 No. 5, pp. 327-40.
38. Rouse, J. and Jayawarna, D. (2006), “The financing of disadvantaged entrepreneurs: are enterprise programmes overcoming the finance gap?”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, Vol. 12 No. 6, pp. 388-400.
39. Treichel, M.Z. and Scott, J.A. (2006), “Women-owned businesses and access to bank credit: evidence from three surveys since 1987”, Venture Capital: An International Journal of Entrpreneurial Finance, Vol. 8 No. 1, pp. 51-67.
40. Tucker, J. and Lean, J. (2003), “Small firm finance and public policy”, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. 10 No. 1, pp. 50-61.
41. Verheul, I. and Thurik, R. (2001), “Start-up capital: does gender matter?”, Small Business Economics, Vol. 16 No. 4, pp. 329-45.
42. Vos, E., Yeh, A.J.-Y., Carter, S. and Tagg, S. (2007), “The happy story of small business financing”, Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 31 No. 9, pp. 2648-72.
43. Watson, J. (2006), “External funding and firm growth: comparing female- and male-controlled SMEs”, Venture Capital: An International Journal of Entrpreneurial Finance, Vol. 8 No. 1, pp. 33-49.
44. Watson, J. and Newby, R. (2005), “Biological sex, stereotypical sex-roles, and SME owner characteristics”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, Vol. 11 No. 2, pp. 129-43.
45. Watson, J., Newby, R. and Mahuka, A. (2006), “Comparing the growth and external funding of male- and female-controlled SMEs in Australia”, in Carter, N.M., Brush, C.G., Gatewood, E.J., Greene, P.G. and Hart, M. (Eds), Growth-oriented Women Entrepreneurs and Their Businesses: A Global Research Perspective, Chapter 9, Edward Elgar, London.
46. Winborg, J. and Landstrom, H. (2001), “Financial bootstrapping in small businesses: examining small business managers' resource acquisition behaviors”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 16 No. 3, pp. 235-54.
47. Ricciardi, V. (2008), The Financial Psychology of Worry and Women, School of Business, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY.