Hardiness: An Operationalization of Existential Courage

Journal of Humanistic Psychology

Volumn 44, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 279-298

  Maddi, Salvatore R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

challenge; commitment; control; existential courage; hardiness

Indexed keywords

EID: 84992905455     PISSN: 00221678     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0022167804266101     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Allred, K. D., & Smith, T. W. (1989). The hardy personality: Cognitive and physiological responses to evaluative threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 257-264.
2. Atella, M. (1993). Crossing borders: Health and effectiveness among Western executives and specialists living in China, 1986-1989. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago, Chicago.
3. Bartone, P. T. (1999). Hardiness protects against war-related stress in army reserve forces. Consulting Psychology Journal, 51, 72-82.
4. Bartone, P. T., & Snook, S. A. (1999, May). Cognitive and personality factors predict leader development in U.S. Army cadets. Paper presented at 35th International Applied Military Psychology Symposium (IAMPS), Florence, Italy.
5. Binswanger, L. (1963). Being-in-the-world: Selected papers of Ludwig Binswanger (J. Needleman, Trans.). New York: Basic Books.
6. Fiske, D. W. (1961). Effects of monotonous and restricted stimulation. In D. W. Fiske & S. R. Maddi (Eds.), Functions of varied experience (pp. 106-144). Homewood, IL: Dorsey.
7. Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1980). An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 21, 219-239.
8. Frankl, V. E. (1963). Man’s search for meaning: An introduction to logotherapy (L. Lasch, Trans.). New York: Washington Square Press. (Original work published 1946)
9. Funk, S. C. (1992). Hardiness: A review of theory and research. Health Psychology, 11, 335-345.
10. Funk, S. C., & Houston, B. K. (1987). A critical analysis of the hardiness scale’s validity and utility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 572-578.
11. Hebb, D. O. (1958). The motivating effects of exteroceptive stimulation. American Psychologist, 13, 109-113.
12. Hull, J. G., Van Treuren, R. R., & Virnelli, S. (1987). Hardiness and health: A critique and alternative approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 518-530.
13. James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. Boston: Henry Holt.
14. Khoshaba, D. M., & Maddi, S. R. (1999). Early experiences in hardiness development. Consulting Psychology Journal, 51, 106-116.
15. Khoshaba, D. M., & Maddi, S. R. (2002a). Hardi Training?: Manual for college students (4th ed., Vols. I & II). Newport Beach, CA: Hardiness Institute.
16. Khoshaba, D. M., & Maddi, S. R. (2002b). HardiTraining?: Manual for working adults (4th ed.). Newport Beach, CA: Hardiness Institute.
17. Kierkegaard, S. (1954). Fear and trembling and the sickness unto death. Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor.
18. Kobasa, S. C. (1979). Stressful life events, personality and health: An inquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1-11.
19. Kobasa, S. C., Maddi, S. R., & Kahn, S. (1982). Hardiness and health: A prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 884-890.
20. Maddi, S. R. (1967). The existential neurosis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 72, 311-325.
21. Maddi, S. R. (1970). The search for meaning. In M. Page (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation (pp. 137-186). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
22. Maddi, S. R. (1987). Hardiness training at Illinois Bell Telephone. In J. Opatz (Ed.), Health promotion evaluation (pp. 101-115). Stephens Point, WI: National Wellness Institute.
23. Maddi, S. R. (1988). On the problem of accepting facticity and pursuing possibility. In S. B. Messer, L. A. Sass, & R. L. Woolfolk (Eds.), Hermeneutics and psychological theory (pp. 182-209). New Brunswik, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
24. Maddi, S. R. (1997). Personal Views Survey II: A measure of dispositional hardiness. In C. P. Zalaquett & R. J. Woods (Eds.), Evaluating stress: A book of resources (pp. 293-310). New York: University Press.
25. Maddi, S. R. (1998a). Creating meaning through making decisions. In P. T. P. Wong & P. S. Fry (Eds.), The human quest for meaning (Vol. 10, pp. 1–13). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
26. Maddi, S. R. (1998b). Hardiness in health and effectiveness. In H. S. Friedman (Ed.), Encyclopedia of mental health (pp. 1-13). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
27. Maddi, S. R. (1999). The personality construct of hardiness, I: Effect on experiencing, coping, and strain. Consulting Psychology Journal, 51, 83-94.
28. Maddi, S. R. (2002). The story of hardiness: Twenty years of theorizing, research, and practice. Consulting Psychology Journal, 54, 175-185.
29. Maddi, S. R., & Hightower, M. (1999). Hardiness and optimism as expressed in coping patterns. Consulting Psychology Journal, 51, 95-105.
30. Maddi, S. R., Kahn, S., & Maddi, K. L. (1998). The effectiveness of hardiness training. Consulting Psychology Journal, 50, 78-86.
31. Maddi, S. R., & Khoshaba, D. M. (1994). Hardiness and mental health. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63, 265-274.
32. Maddi, S. R., & Khoshaba, D. M. (2001a). Hardi Survey? III-R: Test development and Internet manual. Newport Beach, CA: Hardiness Institute.
33. Maddi, S. R., & Khoshaba, D. M. (2001b). Personal Views Survey III-R: Test development and Internet manual. Newport Beach, CA: Hardiness Institute.
34. Maddi, S. R., Khoshaba, D. M., Harvey, R., Lu, J., & Persico, M. (2002). The personality construct of hardiness, III: Effects on repressive style, innovativeness, and sales effectiveness. Manuscript submitted for publication.
35. Maddi, S. R., Khoshaba, D. M., Jensen, K., Carter, E., Lu, J., & Harvey, R. (2002). Hardiness training for high risk undergraduates. NACADA Journal, 22, 45-55.
36. Maddi, S. R., Khoshaba, D. M., Persico, M., Lu, J. L., Harvey, R., & Bleecker, F. (2002). The personality construct of hardiness, II: Relationships with comprehensive tests of personality and psychopathology. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 72-85.
37. Maddi, S. R., & Kobasa, S. C. (1984). The hardy executive: Health under stress. Homewood, IL: Dow-Jones Irwin.
38. Maslow, A. H. (1955). Deficiency motivation and growth motivation. In M. R. Jones (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation (pp. 25-47). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
39. Maslow, A. H. (Ed.). (1962). Some basic propositions of a growth and self-actualization psychology. In Perceiving, behaving, becoming: A new focus for education (pp. 84-105). Washington, DC: Yearbook of the Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development.
40. Maslow, A. H. (1967). A theory of metamotivation: The biological rooting of the value-life. Journal of Human Psychology, 7, 93-127.
41. Maslow, A. H. (1968). Toward a psychology of being (2nd ed.). Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.
42. May, R. (1950). The meaning of anxiety. New York: Ronald.
43. Riesen, A. H. (1961). Stimulation as a requirement for growth and function in behavioral development. In D. W. Fiske & S. R. Maddi (Eds.), Functions of varied experience (pp. 57-105). Homewood, IL: Dorsey.
44. Sartre, J. P. (1956). Being and nothingness (H. Barnes, Trans.). New York: Philosophical Library.
45. Selye, H. (1976). The stress of life (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
46. Sinclair, R. R., & Tetrick, L. E. (2000). Implications of item wording for hardiness structure, relation with neuroticism, and stress buffering. Journal of Research in Personality, 34, 1-25.
47. Tillich, P. (1952). The courage to be. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.