Emotional Reactions to Music in a Nationally Representative Sample of Swedish Adults: Prevalence and Causal Influences

Musicae Scientiae

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 174-207

  Juslin, Patrik N ^a   Liljeström, Simon ^a   Västfjäll, Daniel ^b   Lundqvist, Lars Olov ^c  

^a STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b LINKÖPING UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^c ÖREBRO UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

Author keywords

gender; music and emotion; music in everyday life; personality; questionnaire

Indexed keywords

EID: 84992886386     PISSN: 10298649     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/102986491101500204     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Arnold M. B. (1960). Emotion and personality. New York: Columbia University Press.
2. Becker J. (2004). Deep listeners: Music, emotion, and trancing. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
3. Beedie C. J. Terry P. C. Lane A. M. (2005). Distinctions between emotion and mood. Cognition & Emotion, 19, 847–878.
4. Berlyne D. E. (1971). Aesthetics and psychobiology. New York: Appleton Century Crofts.
5. Blood A. J. Zatorre R. J. (2001). Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98, 11818–11823.
6. Brandstätter H., Eliasz A.,(Eds. ). (2001). Persons, situations, and emotions: An ecological approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7. Brody L. R. Hall J. A. (2008). Gender and emotion in context. In Lewis M., Haviland-Jones J. M., Feldman Barrett L.,(Eds. ), Handbook of emotions (3rd ed., pp. 395–408). New York: Guilford Press.
8. Brunswik E. (1956). Perception and the representative design of experiments. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
9. Carstensen L. L. Charles S. T. Isaacowitz D. M. Kennedy Q. (2003). Emotion and life-span personality development. In Davidson R. J., Scherer K. R., Goldsmith H. H.,(Eds. ), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 726–744). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
10. Clark D. M. (1983). On the induction of depressed mood in the laboratory: Evaluation and comparison of the Velten and musical procedures. Advances in Behavior Research and Therapy, 5, 27–49.
11. Cohen J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New York: Academic Press.
12. Costa P. T. Jr. McCrae R. R. (1980). Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 668–678.
13. Costa P. T. Jr. McCrae R. R. (1992). Revised NEO personality inventory (NEO PI-R) and NEO five-factor inventory (NEO-FFI): Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
14. Davidson R. J., Scherer K. R., Goldsmith H. H.,(Eds. ). (2003). Handbook of affective sciences. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
15. DeNora T. (2000). Music in everyday life. New York: Cambridge University Press.
16. DeNora T. (2001). Aesthetic agency and musical practice: New directions in the sociology of music and emotion. In Juslin P. N., Sloboda J. A.,(Eds. ), Music and emotion: Theory and research (pp. 161–180). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
17. Dillman D. A. (1991). The design and administration of mail surveys. Annual Review of Sociology, 17, 225–249.
18. Ekman P. (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Cognition & Emotion, 6, 169–200.
19. Fox R. Crask M. Jonghoon K. (1988). Mail survey response rate: a meta-analysis of selected techniques for inducing response. Public Opinion Quarterly, 52, 467–491.
20. Fried R. Berkowitz L. (1979). Music that charms. and can influence helpfulness. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 9, 199–208.
21. Gabrielsson A. (1993). Music and emotion. ESCOM Newsletter, 4, 4–9.
22. Gabrielsson A. (2001). Emotions in strong experiences with music. In Juslin P. N., Sloboda J. A.,(Eds. ), Music and emotion: Theory and research (pp. 431–449). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
23. Gabrielsson A. Juslin P. N. (1996). Emotional expression in music performance: Between the performer’s intention and the listener’s experience. Psychology of Music, 24, 68–91.
24. Gantz W. Gartenberg H. M. Pearson M. L. Schiller S. O. (1978). Gratifications and expectations associated with pop music among adolescents. Popular Music and Society, 6, 81–89.
25. Gerra G. Zaimovic A. Franchini D. Palladino M. Giucastro G. Reali N., et al(1998). Neuroendocrine responses of healthy volunteers to ‘techno music’: Relationships with personality traits and emotional state. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 28, 99–111.
26. Gomez P. Danuser B. (2007). Relationships between musical structure and psychophysiological measures of emotion. Emotion, 7, 377–387.
27. Gosling S. Rentfrow P. Swann W (2003). A very brief measure of the Big Five personality domains. Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 504–528.
28. Gowensmith W. N. Bloom L. J. (1997). The effects of heavy metal music on arousal and anger. Journal of Music Therapy, 34, 33–45.
29. Griffiths P. E. (1997). What emotions really are: The problem of psychological categories. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
30. Gross J. J. (2008). Emotion regulation. In Lewis M., Haviland-Jones J. M., Feldman Barrett L.,(Eds. ), Handbook of emotions (3rd ed., pp. 497–512). New York: Guilford Press.
31. Gutheil E. A. (1952). Introduction. In Carpurso A., Fisichelli V. R., Gilman L., Gutheil E. A., Wright J. T., Paperte F.,(Eds. ), Music and your emotions: A practical guide to music selections associated with desired emotional responses (pp. 9–13). New York: Liveright.
32. Hair J. F. Anderson R. E. Tatham R. L. Black W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
33. Hargreaves D. J. MacDonald R. Miell D. (2005). How do people communicate using music? In Miell D., MacDonald R., Hargreaves D. J.,(Eds. ), Musical communication (pp. 1–25). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
34. Harrer G. Harrer H. (1977). Music, emotion, and autonomic function. In Critchley M., Henson R. A.,(Eds. ), Music and the brain. Studies in the neurology of music (pp. 202–216). London: William Heinemann Medical Books.
35. Heberlein T. A. Baumgartner R. (1978). Factors affecting response rates to mailed questionnaires: A quantitative analysis of the published literature. American Sociological Review, 43, 447–462.
36. Howell D. C. (1992). Statistical methods for psychology (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Duxbury Press.
37. Johnson-Laird P. N. Oatley K. (2008). Emotions, music, and literature. In Lewis M., Haviland-Jones J. M., Feldman Barrett L.,(Eds. ), Handbook of emotions (3rd ed., pp. 102–113). New York: Guilford Press.
38. J⊘rgensen H. (1988). Musikkopplevelsens psykologi [The psychology of music experience], Oslo, Norway: Norsk Musikforlag.
39. Juslin P. N. (2005). From mimesis to catharsis: expression, perception, and induction of emotion in music. In Miell D., MacDonald R., Hargreaves D. J.,(Eds. ), Musical communication (pp. 85–115). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
40. Juslin P. N. (2009). Emotional responses to music. In Hallam S., Cross I., Thaut M.,(Eds. ), Oxford handbook of music psychology (pp. 131–140). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
41. Juslin P. N. (2011). Music and emotion: Seven questions, seven answers. In Deliège I., Davidson J.,(Eds. ), Music and the mind: Essays in honour of John Sloboda (pp. 113–135). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
42. Juslin P. N. Laukka P. (2004). Expression, perception, and induction of musical emotions: A review and a questionnaire study of everyday listening. Journal of New Music Research, 33, 217–238.
43. Juslin P. N. Liljeström S. Västljäll D. Barradas G. Silva A. (2008). An experience sampling study of emotional reactions to music: Listener, music, and situation. Emotion, 8, 668–683.
44. Juslin P. N. Liljeström S. Västljäll D. Lundqvist L.-O. (2010). How does music evoke emotions? Exploring the underlying mechanisms. In Juslin P. N., Sloboda J. A.,(Eds. ), Handbook of music and emotion: Theory, research, applications (pp. 605–642). New York: Oxford University Press.
45. Juslin P. N. Scherer K. R. (2005). Vocal expression of affect. In Harrigan J. A., Rosenthal R., Scherer K. R.,(Eds. ), The new handbook of methods in nonverbal behavior research (pp. 65–135). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
46. Juslin P. N., Sloboda J. A.,(Eds. ). (2001). Music and emotion: Theory and research. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
47. Juslin P. N., Sloboda J. A.,(Eds. ). (2010). Handbook of music and emotion: Theory, research, applications. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
48. Juslin P. N. Sloboda J. A. (in press). Music and emotion. In Deutsch D.,(Ed. ), The psychology of music (3rd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
49. Juslin P. N. Västfjäll D. (2008). Emotional responses to music: The need to consider underlying mechanisms. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 31, 559–575.
50. Juslin P. N. Zentner M. R. (2002). Current trends in the study of music and emotion: Overture. Musicae Scientiae, Special Issue 2001–2002, 3–21.
51. Kallinen K. Ravaja N. (2004). Emotion-related effects of speech rate and rising vs. falling background music melody during audio news: The moderating influence of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 275–288.
52. Krohne H. W. (2003). Individual differences in emotional reactions and coping. In Davidson R. J., Scherer K. R., Goldsmith H. H.,(Eds. ), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 698–725). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
53. Lehmann A. C. (1997). Affective responses to everyday life and music listening. Psychology of Music, 25, 84–90.
54. Liljeström S. Juslin P. N. (2011). The roles of music choice, social context, and listener personality in emotional reactions to music: A listening experiment. Manuscript submitted for publication.
55. Lindquist K. Feldman Barrett L. (2008). Emotional complexity. In Lewis M., Haviland-Jones J. M., Feldman Barrett L.,(Eds. ), Handbook of emotions (3rd ed., pp. 513–530). New York: Guilford Press.
56. Lundqvist L.-O. Carlsson F. Hilmersson P. Juslin P. N. (2009). Emotional responses to music: Experience, expression, and physiology. Psychology of Music, 37, 61–90.
57. MacDonald R., Hargreaves D., Miell D.,(Eds. ). (2002). Musical identities. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
58. Magai C. (2008). Long-lived emotions: A life course perspective. In Lewis M., Haviland-Jones J. M., Feldman Barrett L.,(Eds. ), Handbook of emotions (3rd ed., pp. 376–392). New York: The Guilford Press.
59. Mauss I. B. Levenson R. W. McCarter L. Wilhelm F. H. Gross J. J. (2005). The tie that binds? Coherence among emotion experience, behavior, and physiology. Emotion, 5, 175–190.
60. McFarland R. A. Kadish R. (1991). Sex differences in finger temperature response to music. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 11, 295–298.
61. McCrae R. R. (2007). Aesthetic chills as a universal marker of openness to experience. Motivation and Emotion, 31, 5–11.
62. Meyer L. B. (1956). Emotion and meaning in music. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.
63. Nielsen L. Kaszniak A. W. (2007). Conceptual, theoretical, and methodological issues in inferring subjective emotion experience. In Coan J. A., Allen J. J. B.,(Eds. ), Handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment (pp. 361–375). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
64. North A. C. Hargreaves D. J. O’Neill S. A. (2000). The importance of music to adolescents. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 70, 255–272.
65. Oatley K. Keltner D. Jenkins J. M. (2006). Understanding emotions (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
66. Plutchik R. (1994). The psychology and biology of emotion. New York: Harper-Collins College Publishers.
67. Rawlings D. Leow S. H. (2008). Investigating the role of psychotism and sensation seeking in predicting emotional reactions to music. Psychology of Music, 36, 269–287.
68. Reis H. T. Gable S. L. (2000). Event-sampling and other methods for studying everyday experience. In Reis H. T., Judd C. M.,(Eds. ), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (pp. 190–222). New York: Cambridge University Press.
69. Reisberg D. Heuer F. (2004). Memory for emotional events. In Reisberg D., Hertel P.,(Eds. ), Memory and emotion (pp. 3–41). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
70. Rentfrow P. J. Gosling S. D. (2003). The Do Re Mi’s of everyday life: The structure and personality correlates of music preferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1236–1256.
71. Robinson J. (2005). Deeper than reason: Emotion and its role in literature, music, and art. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
72. Robinson M. D. Clore G. L. (2002). Episodic and semantic knowledge in emotional self-report: Evidence for two judgment processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 198–215.
73. Roe K. (1985). Swedish youth and music: Listening patterns and motivations. Communication Research, 12, 353–362.
74. Russell J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1161–1178.
75. Rusting C. L. Larsen R. J. (1997). Extraversion, neuroticism, and susceptibility to positive and negative affect. Personality and Individual Differences, 22, 607–612.
76. Ryan G. W. Bernard H. R. (2000). Data management and analysis methods. In Denzin N. K., Lincoln Y. S.,(Eds. ), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 769–802). London: Sage.
77. Saarikallio S. (2007). Music as mood regulation in adolescence. Doctoral dissertation, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
78. Scherer K. R. (2004). Which emotions can be induced by music? What are the underlying mechanisms? And how can we measure them?. Journal of New Music Research, 33, 239–251.
79. Scherer K. R. Wranik T. Sangsue J. Tran V. Scherer U. (2004). Emotions in everyday life: Probability of occurrence, risk factors, appraisal and reaction patterns. Social Science Information, 43, 499–570.
80. Scherer K. R. Zentner M. R. Schacht A. (2002). Emotional states generated by music: An exploratory study of music experts. Musicae Scientiae, Special Issue 2001–2002, 149–171.
81. Schmidt L. A. Trainor L. J. Santesso D. L. (2003). Development of frontal electroencephalogram (EEG) and heart rate (ECG) responses to affective musical stimuli during the first 12 months of postnatal life. Brain and Cognition, 52, 27–32.
82. Sloboda J. A. (1992). Empirical studies of emotional response to music. In Riess-Jones M., Holleran S.,(Eds. ), Cognitive bases of musical communication (pp. 33–46). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
83. Sloboda J. A. (1996). Emotional responses to music: A review. In Riederer K., Lahti T.,(Eds. ), Proceedings of the Nordic Acoustical Meeting 1996 (pp. 385–392). Helsinki, Finland: The Acoustical Society of Finland.
84. Sloboda J. A. O’Neill S. A. (2001). Emotions in everyday listening to music. In Juslin P. N., Sloboda J. A.,(Eds. ), Music and emotion: Theory and research (pp. 415–430). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
85. Sloboda J. A. O’Neill S. A. Ivaldi A. (2001). Functions of music in everyday life: An exploratory study using the experience sampling methodology. Musicae Scientiae, 5, 9–32.
86. Smith T. W. (1983). The hidden 25 percent: An analysis of nonresponse in the 1980 General Social Survey. Public Opinion Quarterly, 47, 386–404.
87. Smith C. A. Morris L. W. (1976). Effects of stimulative and sedative music on cognitive and emotional components of anxiety. Psychological Reports, 38, 1187–1193.
88. Västfjäll D. Juslin P. N. Hartig T. (in press). Music, subjective well-being, and health: The role of everyday emotions. In MacDonald R., Kreutz G., Mitchell L.,(Eds. ), Music, health, and well-being. New York: Oxford University Press.
89. Verbrugge L. M. (1985). Gender and health: An update on hypotheses and evidence. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 26, 156–182.
90. Vissner P. S. Krosnick J. A. Lavrakas P. J. (2000). Survey research. In Reis H. T., Judd C. M.,(Eds. ), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (pp. 223–252). New York: Cambridge University Press.
91. Waterman M. (1996). Emotional responses to music: Implicit and explicit effects in listeners and performers. Psychology of Music, 24, 53–67.
92. Watson D. Clark L. A. (1992). On traits and temperament: General and specific factors of emotional experience and their relation to the five-factor model. Journal of Personality, 60, 441–476.
93. Wells A. Hakanen E. A. (1991). The emotional uses of popular music by adolescents. Journalism Quarterly, 68, 445–454.
94. Wheeler B. (1985). Relationship of personal characteristics to mood and enjoyment after hearing live and recorded music and to musical taste. Psychology of Music, 13, 81–92.
95. Witvliet C. V. O. Vrana S. R. (2007). Play it again Sam: Repeated exposure to emotionally evocative music polarizes liking and smiling responses, and influences other affective reports, facial EMG, and heart rate. Cognition, & Emotion, 21, 3–25.
96. Zentner M. R. Grandjean D. Scherer K. R. (2008). Emotions evoked by the sound of music: Characterization, classification, and measurement. Emotion, 8, 494–521.