Compulsory Viewing: Concentration Camp Film and German Re-education

Millennium - Journal of International Studies

Volumn 30, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 733-759

  Carruthers, Susan L ^a  

^a ABERYSTWYTH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84992885719     PISSN: 03058298     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/03058298010300030601     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. Schindler's List, dir. Steven Spielberg, Universal, 1993.
2. Peter Novick, The Holocaust in American Life (Boston, MA: Houghton and Mifflin, 1999), 251.
3. Norman G Finkelstein, The Holocaust Industry: Reflections on the Exploitation of Jewish Suffering (London: Verso, 2000);.
4. Tim Cole, Selling the Holocaust: From Auschwitz to Schindler, How History is Bought, Packaged and Sold (New York: Routledge, 1999).
5. Susan Carruthers, The Media at War: Communication and Conflict in the Twentieth Century (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000).
6. Brett Gary, The Nervous Liberals: Propaganda Anxieties from World War One to the Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999);.
7. Michael Sproule, Propaganda and Democracy: The American Experience of Media and Mass Persuasion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
8. John Gimbel, The American Occupation of Germany: Politics and the Military, 1945-59 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1968).
9. James F. Tent, Mission on the Rhine: Re-education and Denazification in American-Occupied Germany (Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press, 1996);.
10. Ian Turner, Reconstruction in Postwar Germany: British Occupation Policy and the Western Zones, 1945-55 (Oxford: Berg, 1989);.
11. Richard Merritt, Democracy Imposed: US Occupation Policy and the German Public, 1945-1949 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995).
12. Larry Hartenian, ‘The Role of Media in Democratizing Germany: United States Occupation Policy 1945-1949’, Central European History 20, no. 2 (1987): 145-90.
13. Albert Norman, Our German Policy: Propaganda and Culture (New York: Vantage Press, 1951), 9.
14. JCS 1067 is reproduced in Documents on Germany under Occupation, 1945-54, ed. Beate Ruhm von Oppen (London: Oxford University Press, 1955), 225-44.
15. Morris Janowitz, ‘German Reactions to Nazi Atrocities’, American Journal of Sociology 52, no. 2 (1946): 141-6.
16. Office of Military Government of the United States (OMGUS) are compiled in Public Opinion in Occupied Germany: The OMGUS Surveys, 1945-1949, eds. Anna J. Merritt and Richard L. Merritt (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1970).
17. Donald Lach, ‘What They Would Do About Germany’, Journal of Modern History 17, no. 3 (1945): 227-43.
18. Daniel Goldhagen, Hitler's Willing Executioners (New York: Knopf, 1996).
19. Michael Marrus, The Nazi Holocaust: Historical Articles on the Destruction of the Jews, Vol. 5: Public Opinion and Relations to the Jews in Nazi Europe (Westport: Praeger, 1989).
20. Robert Gellately, Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
21. ‘On the Re-Education of Germany’, Institute on the Re-education of the Axis Countries to the US Committee on Educational Reconstruction, US National Archives, RG 260, box 35.
22. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 15, no. 1 (1945): 381, 441 and 405.
23. Wolfgang Friedmann, The Allied Military Government of Germany (London: Stevens, 1947).
24. Barbie Zelizer, Remembering to Forget: Holocaust Memory Through the Camera's Eye (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 64.
25. Robert Abzug, Inside the Vicious Heart: Americans and the Liberation of Nazi Concentration Camps (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 128-34.
26. Zelizer, Remembering to Forget, 136-8.
27. Jeffrey Shandler, While America Watches: Televising the Holocaust (NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1999), 12.
28. Lawrence Douglas, ‘Film as Witness: Screening Nazi Concentration Camps Before the Nuremberg Tribunal’, The Yale Law Journal 105, no. 449 (1995): 449-81.
29. Elizabeth Sussex, ‘The Fate of F3080’, Sight and Sound, 53 (ii) (Spring 1984): 92-7.
30. Brewster Chamberlin, ‘Death Mills: An Early American Attempt at Mass “Reeducation” in Occupied Germany, 1945–1946’, in Historians and Archivists: Essays in Modern German History and Archival Policy, ed. George O. Hunt (Fairfax, VA: George Mason University Press, 1990), 229-50.
31. David Culbert, ‘American Film Policy in the Reeducation of Germany after 1945’ in The Political Re-education of Germany and Her Allies after World War II, eds. Nicholas Pronay and Keith Wilson (London: Croom Helm, 1985), 173-201.
32. Michael Hoenisch, ‘Film as an Instrument of the US Reeducation Program in Germany after 1945 and the Example of Todesmühlen’, Englisch-Amerikanische Studien 1-2 (1982): 196-210.
33. Probing the Limits of Representation, ed. Saul Friedlander (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992).
34. Andrea Liss, Trespassing through Shadows: Memory, Photography and the Holocaust (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1998).
35. Zelizer, Remembering to Forget, 86-140.
36. Harold Lasswell, Propaganda Technique in the World War (New York: P Smith, 1938).
37. Arthur Ponsonby, Falsehood in Wartime (New York: EP Dutton, 1928).
38. James Read, Atrocity Propaganda, 1914-9 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1941).
39. PWD's ‘Standing Directive for Psychological Warfare against members of the German Armed Forces’, June 1944.
40. Daniel Lerner, Sykewar: Psychological Warfare against Germany (New York: GW Stewart, 1949).
41. ‘Gazing into the Pit’, The Christian Century, 62, no. 19 (1945): 575.
42. Culbert, ‘American Film Policy’, 175-6, 180-4.
43. Shandler, While America Watches, 11.
44. Tony Kushner, The Holocaust and the Liberal Imagination: A Social and Cultural History (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994), 211.
45. Zelizer, Remembering to Forget, 143-5.
46. ‘“Re-education”: the US policy’, in Social Order and the Risks of War: Papers in Political Psychology (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1952), 399.
47. Annette Insdorf, Indelible Shadows: Film and the Holocaust (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
48. Alan Ivisar, Screening the Holocaust: Cinema's Images of the Unimaginable (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1988).
49. Norman Lebrecht, ‘Out of the Archives: the Horror Film that Hitchcock couldn't bear to watch’, Sunday Times (19 February 1984): 5.
50. ‘Material Needed for Proposed Motion Picture on German Atrocities’ RG 260, box 290.
51. ‘Notes for the Guidance of Officers Visiting Hitler's Library at Berchtesgaden’ INF 1/636.
52. Culbert, ‘American Film Policy’, 178.
53. Culbert, ‘American Film Policy’, 196-9.
54. Hoenisch, ‘Film as an Instrument’, 208-10.
55. Karl Jaspers, The Question of German Guilt (New York: Dial Press, 1947), 31-2.
56. Holocaust in American Life, 132-4.
57. Holocaust and the Liberal Imagination, 208.
58. Judith Doneson, The Holocaust in American Film (Philadelphia, PA: Jewish Publication Society, 1987), 103.
59. Culbert, ‘American Film Policy’, 176.
60. Douglas, ‘Film as Witness’, 469.
61. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973), 446, n 138.
62. Douglas, ‘Film as Witness’, 477, 473.
63. Novick, Holocaust in American Life, 64-6.
64. Beyond Belief: The American Press and the Coming of the Holocaust, 1933–1945 (New York: Free Press, 1986).
65. Neal Ascherson, The Observer (8 September 1985): 7.
66. Hansard, 8 May 1945, Official Report 5th series, vol. 410.
67. Henry Faulk, Group Captives: The Re-Education of German Prisoners of War (London: Chatto and Windus, 1977), 121.
68. Shandler, While America Watches, 11.
69. Henry Faulk, Group Captives: The Re-Education of German Prisoners of War (London: Chatto and Windus, 1977), 121.
70. Shandler, While America Watches, 11.
71. Faulk, Group Captives, 80-8.
72. Judith Gansberg, Stalag USA: The Remarkable Story of German POWs in America (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1977), 103-4.
73. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, (London: Penguin, 1977), 38.
74. ‘an accusation of personal guilt as in the German interpretation’ Group Captives, 122.
75. Eric Cheyfitz, The Poetics of Imperialism: Translation and Colonization from The Tempest to Tarzan (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991).
76. Faulk, Group Captives, 122.
77. Robert G. Moeller, ‘War Stories: The Search for a Usable Past in the Federal Republic of Germany’, American Historical Review 101, no. 4 (1996): 1008-48.
78. Jeffrey Herf, Divided Memory: The Nazi Past in the Two Germanies (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997).
79. Janowitz, ‘German Reactions’, 141.
80. Roger Smither, ‘Welt im Film: Anglo-American Newsreel Policy’ in The Political Re-education of Germany (London:Croom Helm, 1985), 151-72.
81. Public Opinion in Occupied Germany, 101.
82. ICIS #30, Public Opinion in Occupied Germany, p.5.
83. Janowitz, ‘German Reactions’, 143.
84. ‘A Psychological Survey of the Effects of the Film Todesmühlen’, by Dr Felix Scherke, Institut für Psychologische Forschung und Psychotherapie; RG 260, box 22.
85. Stuart Schulberg, ‘An Eyewitness Reports’, Hollywood Quarterly 2, no. 7 (1947): 412-14.
86. Gustave M. Gilbert, Nuremberg Diary (London, 1948), 30.
87. Airey Neave, Nuremberg. A Personal Record of the Trial of the Major Nazi War Criminals (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1978), 247.
88. Schulberg, ‘An Eye Witness Reports’, 413.
89. Verboten!, dir. Samuel Fuller (RKO, 1958).
90. Judgment at Nuremberg, dir. George Roy Hill (CBS, Playhouse 90, 1959).
91. Judgement at Nuremberg, dir. Stanley Kramer (MGM, 1961).
92. ‘propaganda of truth’, Origins of Totalitarianism, 446.
93. Dominic LaCapra, History and Memory after Auschwitz (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998), 12.
94. Kushner, Holocaust and the Liberal Imagination, 224.
95. Cornelia Brink, ‘Secular Icons: Looking at Photographs from Nazi Concentration Camps’, History and Memory 12, no. 1 (2000): 135-50 and 146-7.
96. ‘Psychological Survey’ RG260, box 22.
97. Friedrich Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morals (New York: Doubleday) 81-2.
98. Jaspers, The Question of German Guilt, 50.
99. ‘The Film Situation in all the Zones of Germany’, 5 May 1946.
100. Jaspers, The Question of German Guilt, 45.
101. Jessica Gienow-Hecht, Transmission Impossible: American Journalism as Cultural Diplomacy in Postwar Germany, 1945-1955 (Baton Rouge, LN: Louisiana University Press, 1999), 61-2.
102. Telford Taylor, The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials (New York: Knopf, 1993), 187.
103. Douglas, ‘Film as Witness’, 468.