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1
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84992856381
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maturity and responsibility
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The use of two words in English for one in German highlights the fact that there is no exact equivalent in English for the noun Mündigkeit or for its opposite Unmündigkeit, or for the adjectives mündig and unmündig. However, for ease of reading, we have for the most part used ‘maturity’ on its own in the main body of the text (and ‘immaturity’, ‘mature’, etc.), even though it does not capture the full sense of Mündigkeit. The Collins German Dictionary gives for mündig ‘of age’, adding the ‘figurative’ meanings ‘mature, responsible’. As an example of its usage, the semi-technical phrase mündig werden is included, meaning ‘to come of age, to reach or attain one's majority’. In its etymology, mündig is related to the Latin manus (= hand), reflecting the ancient, traditional idea of the hand offered for protection. Thus, mündig contains the idea of receiving protection or guardianship, a Vormund (= guardian) being ‘the legal representative for those who are still minors (under age) or declared by law to be incapable of managing their own affairs’: vor (= before) + manus (from the Duden Herkunftswörterbuch). See also the Introduction in this issue: ‘Maturity and Education, Citizenship and Enlightenment’ [4].
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Mündigkeit: here and in the title, we have translated Mündigkeit as ‘maturity and responsibility’. The use of two words in English for one in German highlights the fact that there is no exact equivalent in English for the noun Mündigkeit or for its opposite Unmündigkeit, or for the adjectives mündig and unmündig. However, for ease of reading, we have for the most part used ‘maturity’ on its own in the main body of the text (and ‘immaturity’, ‘mature’, etc.), even though it does not capture the full sense of Mündigkeit. The Collins German Dictionary gives for mündig ‘of age’, adding the ‘figurative’ meanings ‘mature, responsible’. As an example of its usage, the semi-technical phrase mündig werden is included, meaning ‘to come of age, to reach or attain one's majority’. In its etymology, mündig is related to the Latin manus (= hand), reflecting the ancient, traditional idea of the hand offered for protection. Thus, mündig contains the idea of receiving protection or guardianship, a Vormund (= guardian) being ‘the legal representative for those who are still minors (under age) or declared by law to be incapable of managing their own affairs’: vor (= before) + manus (from the Duden Herkunftswörterbuch). See also the Introduction in this issue: ‘Maturity and Education, Citizenship and Enlightenment’ [4].
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Mündigkeit: here and in the title, we have translated Mündigkeit as
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2
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1842548555
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(ed. and tr.), (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Press, ).
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Translated in Lewis Henry Beck (ed. and tr.), Kant on History (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Press, 1963).
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(1963)
Kant on History
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Translated1
Henry Beck, L.2
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3
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84992784419
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Strukturplan für das Bildungswesen
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(and disbanded in 1975) by the Federal Government and its Länder to plan educational provision nationally, and comprised experts and members of different educational and political groupings. They published 61 reports and 15 recommendations that often integrated heterogeneous politico-educational concepts. Frequently their suggestions were used as models for the work of the Bund-Länder-Kommission für Bildungsplanung und Forschung. The Bildungsrat exercised considerable influence, and the whole educational policy of the early 1970s was founded on their
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Bildungsrat: Der Deutsche Bildungsrat was set up in 1965 (and disbanded in 1975) by the Federal Government and its Länder to plan educational provision nationally, and comprised experts and members of different educational and political groupings. They published 61 reports and 15 recommendations that often integrated heterogeneous politico-educational concepts. Frequently their suggestions were used as models for the work of the Bund-Länder-Kommission für Bildungsplanung und Forschung. The Bildungsrat exercised considerable influence, and the whole educational policy of the early 1970s was founded on their ‘Strukturplan für das Bildungswesen’.
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(1965)
Bildungsrat: Der Deutsche Bildungsrat was set up in
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4
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84992786971
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Assistenten often receive a practical introduction into a complete field of study or a career area, and the qualification for future independent work, e.g. as a university teacher. Such posts are limited to three years.
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Assistent: a junior academic, who works as an assistant lecturer in a university or research institute. Assistenten often receive a practical introduction into a complete field of study or a career area, and the qualification for future independent work, e.g. as a university teacher. Such posts are limited to three years.
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Assistent: a junior academic, who works as an assistant lecturer in a university or research institute.
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5
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84992886315
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‘intellect’, or ‘spirit’. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary includes an entry for Geist, giving its meanings as ‘mind; reason; intellect’ (but omitting the idea of ‘spirit’ - cf. English ‘ghost’, which has the same derivation). A quotation from Matthew Arnold is included, which reinforces the fact that this one word contains a range of meanings unavailable to us in English: ‘I do exhort. England to get. “Geist”; to search and not rest till it sees things more as they really are’ (cf. Zeitgeist, which has also been taken into English).
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Geist: there is no single translation for the word Geist, which can mean ‘mind’, ‘intellect’, or ‘spirit’. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary includes an entry for Geist, giving its meanings as ‘mind; reason; intellect’ (but omitting the idea of ‘spirit’ - cf. English ‘ghost’, which has the same derivation). A quotation from Matthew Arnold is included, which reinforces the fact that this one word contains a range of meanings unavailable to us in English: ‘I do exhort. England to get. “Geist”; to search and not rest till it sees things more as they really are’ (cf. Zeitgeist, which has also been taken into English).
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Geist: there is no single translation for the word Geist, which can mean ‘mind’
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6
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84992855839
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Since the end of the 18th century the term Volksschule has been closely connected with the demand for equal education for all classes, and with compulsory school attendance for all children. Only from 1920 onwards, however, did four years of primary school become obligatory.
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Volksschule: There is no direct equivalent in English, the nearest being, perhaps, the ‘elementary school’, a school providing basic primary and secondary education. Since the end of the 18th century the term Volksschule has been closely connected with the demand for equal education for all classes, and with compulsory school attendance for all children. Only from 1920 onwards, however, did four years of primary school become obligatory.
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(1920)
Volksschule: There is no direct equivalent in English, the nearest being, perhaps, the ‘elementary school’, a school providing basic primary and secondary education.
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8
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84992867119
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The Jugendmusikbewegung (literally, ‘youth music movement’; or Singbewegung, ‘singing movement’) was part of the German Youth Movement around the turn of the century. It was a neo-romantic movement mainly supported by parents of middle-class youth. They were looking for a new life, rooted in truth and simplicity, which gave folk dance and folk song political significance.
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‘music for young people’: this is a very free translation of the German die Jugendmusikbewegung. The Jugendmusikbewegung (literally, ‘youth music movement’; or Singbewegung, ‘singing movement’) was part of the German Youth Movement around the turn of the century. It was a neo-romantic movement mainly supported by parents of middle-class youth. They were looking for a new life, rooted in truth and simplicity, which gave folk dance and folk song political significance.
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‘music for young people’: this is a very free translation of the German die Jugendmusikbewegung.
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