Making State Action Possible: The United States and the Discursive Construction of 'The Cuban Problem', 1960-1994

Millennium - Journal of International Studies

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 361-395

  Weldes, Jutta ^a   Saco, Diana ^b  

^a KENT STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84992792029     PISSN: 03058298     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/03058298960250020601     Document Type: Article

References (200)

1. Louis A. Pérez, Jr., Cuba and the United States: Ties of Singular Intimacy (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1990), pp. xiii-xv.
2. Dwight D. Eisenhower, ‘Statement by the President concerning Premier Khrushchev's announcement of support for the Castro regime in Cuba’, 9 July 1960, Public Papers of the Presidents: Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1960-1961 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1962), p. 567.
3. Richard P. Stebbins (ed.), The United States in World Affairs, 1960 (New York, NY: Haiper and Brothers, 1961), p. 298.
4. Carla Anne Robbins, The Cuban Threat (New York, NY: McGraw Hill, 1983).
5. Robert E. Light and Carl Marzani, Cuba versus CIA (New York, NY: Marzani and Munsell, 1961).
6. ‘The Cuba Project (Program Review and Basic Action Plan for Operation Mongoose)’ 20 February 1962.
7. Laurence Chang and Peter Kornbluh (eds.), The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962: A National Security Archive Documents Reader (New York, NY:The New Press, 1992), pp. 23-37.
8. Warren Hinckle and William W. Turner, The Fish is Red: The Story of the Secret War against Castro (New York, NY: Harper and Row, 1981).
9. Taylor Branch and George Crile, III, ‘The Kennedy Vendetta: How the CIA Waged a Silent War against Cuba’, Harper's Magazine (Vol. 251, No. 1503, 1975), pp. 49-63.
10. Richard P, Stebbins (ed.), Documents on American Foreign Relations, 1960 (New York, NY: Harper and Brothers, 1961), pp. 521-24.
11. Richard P. Stebbins (ed.), Documents on American Foreign Relations, 1962 (New York, NY: Harper and Row, 1962), pp. 373-74.
12. David Detzer, The Brink: Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 (New York, NY: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1972).
13. Morris H. Morley, Imperial State and Revolution: The United States and Cuba, 1952-1986 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987).
14. Plenary Meetings, Volume II, 5 October to 20 November 1962.
15. New York Times, 28 October 1962, p. 31.
16. Tad Szulc, Fidel: A Critical Portrait (New York, NY: William Morrow, 1986).
17. Fidel Castro, ‘There is Only One Road to Liberation: That of Cuba, That of Grenada, That of Nicaragua’, Speech, 26 July 1980.
18. M. Taber (ed,), Fidel Castro Speeches: Cuba's Internationalist Foreign Policy, 1975-1980 (New York, NY: Pathfinder Press, 1981), pp. 316-38.
19. M. Taber ‘Transcript of Fidel Castro's Remarks at the Havana conference on the Cuban Missile Crisis’, 11 January 1992, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, in Chang and Kornbluh (eds.)„, pp. 330-345.
20. George Bush, ‘Remarks at the Beacon Council Annual Meeting in Miami, Florida’, 30 September 1991, Public Papers of the Presidents: George Bush, 1991 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1992), p. 1233.
21. Bill Clinto, letter to the authors, 22 January 1994.
22. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, Fifth Revised Edition (New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978).
23. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919-1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations, Second Edition (New York, NY: Harper and Row, 1964 [1946]).
24. Waltz, Theory of International Politics (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1979).
25. Justin Rosenberg, ‘What's the Matter with Realism?’, Review of International Studies (Vol. 16, No. 4, 1990), pp. 285-303.
26. Richard K. Ashley, ‘Political Realism and Human Interests’ International Studies Quarterly (Vol. 25, No. 2, 1981), pp, 204-36.
27. Robert O. Keohane, ‘International Institutions: Two Approaches’ International Studies Quarterly (Vol. 32, No. 4, 1988), p. 381.
28. Europa World Year Book, 1994, Volume 1, Thirty-Fifth Edition (London: Europa Publications Limited, 1994), p. 902.
29. CIA Hypertext World Fact Book [Electronic Database] (Bangkok: Bangkok Security Associates, 1993.
30. Europa World Year Book, 1994, CIA Hypertext World Fact Book, p. 904.
31. Philip Brenner, William M. LeoGrande, Donna Rich, and Daniel Siegel (eds.), The Cuban Reader: The Making of a Revolutionary Society (New York, NY: Grove Press, 1989), p. 276).
32. Waltz, The Cuban Reader: The Making of a Revolutionary Society, in note 8, pp. 97-99.
33. Michael Handel, Weak States in the International System (London: Frank Cass, 1981), p. 172.
34. US Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, ‘Developments in the Cuban Situation: Questions and Answers’, Foreign Affairs Outlines, Department of State Publication 7454, Inter-American Series 81 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1962), pp. 1-2.
35. Robbins, Foreign Affairs Outlines, in note 5, pp. 72 and 81.
36. Hugh Thomas, Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom (New York, NY; Harper and Row, 1971), p. 1076.
37. E.W. Kenworthy, ‘US will indict Cuba before OAS on “Slander” Issue’ New York Times, 18 June 1960, p. 8.
38. Gearóid Ó Tuathail and John Agnew, ‘Geopolitics and Discourse: Practical Geopolitical Reasoning in American Foreign Policy’, PoliticalGeography (Vol. 11, No. 2, 1992), p. 192.
39. Hans Morgenthau, In Defense of the National Interest: A Critical Examination of American Foreign Policy (New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1951), p. 7.
40. Laclau and Mouffe, ‘Postmarxism Without Apologies’ blew Left Review (Vol. 166, 1987), p. 84.
41. Michael Shapiro, Language and Political Understanding: The Politics of Discursive Practices (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981).
42. Michael J. Gibbons, Interpreting Politics (New York, NY: New York University Press, 1987).
43. Ole R. Holsti, ‘Cognitive Dynamics and Images of the Enemy: Dulles and Russia’, in David J. Finlay, Ole R. Holsti, and Richard R. Fagan (eds.), Enemies in Politics (Chicago, IL: Rand McNally & Company, 1967), p. 29.
44. David S. McLellan, ‘The “Operational Code” Approach to the Study of Political Leaders: Dean Acheson's Philosophical and Instrumental Beliefs’ Canadian Journal of Political Science (Vol. 4, No. 1, 1971), p. 75.
45. Richard Little, ‘Belief Systems in the Social Sciences’, in Richard Little and Steve Smith (eds,), Belief Systems and International Relations (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988), p. 45.
46. Michael J. Shapiro and G. Matthew Bonham, ‘Cognitive Process and Foreign Policy Decision Making’, International Studies Quarterly (Vol. 17, No. 2, 1973), p. 165.
47. Ole R. Holsti and James N. Rosenau, ‘The Structure of Foreign Policy Beliefs Among American Opinion Leaders—After the Cold War’ Millennium: Journal of International Studies (Vol. 22, No. 2, 1993), pp. 235-78.
48. Harold Sprout and Margaret Sprout, ‘Environmental Factors in the Study of International Politics’ Journal of Conflict Resolution (Vol. 1, No. 4, 1957), pp. 309-28.
49. Mark Laffey and Jutta Weldes, ‘Beyond Belief: Ideas and Symbolic Technologies in the Study of International Relations’, paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, San Diego, CA, April 1996.
50. Stuart Hall, ‘Signification, Representation, Ideology: Althusser and the Poststructuralist Debates’ Critical Studies in Mass Communication (Vol. 2, No. 2, 1985), p. 105.
51. Rom Harre and Giant Gillett, The Discursive Mind (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc., 1994).
52. John Shotter and Kenneth J. Gergen (eds.), Texts of Identity (London: Sage Publications, Ltd., 1989).
53. John Fiske, Television Culture (London: Rout ledge, 1987), p. 14.
54. Wesley C. Salmon, Four Decades of Scientific Explanation (Minneapolis, MN; University of Minnesota, 1989), p. 107.
55. Jeffrey Isaac, Power ami Marxist Theory: A Realist View (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987), p. 80.
56. Jutta Weldes, ‘Marxismand Methodological Individualism: A Critique’ Theory and Society (Vol. 18, No. 3, 1989), pp. 369-371.
57. Rom Harre and Edward H. Madden, Causal Powers: A Theoiy of Natural Necessity (Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1975).
58. Wesley Salmon, Scientific Explanation and the Causal Structure of the World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984).
59. Stephen J. Majeski and David J. Sylvan, ‘Modeling Theories of Constitutive Relations in Politics’ paper presented at the XVth World Congress of the International Political Science Association, Buenos Aires, July 1991, p. 8.
60. William E. Connolly, Appearance and Reality in Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 110.
61. Perez, Jr., Cuba and the United States: Ties of Singular Intimacy.
62. Morley, Cuba versus CIA.
63. Robbins, Cuba versus CIA.
64. Jutta Weldes, ‘The Cultural Construction of Cises: US Identity and Missiles in Cuba’, in Jutta Weldes, Mark Laffey, Hugh Gusterson, and Raymond Duvall (eds.), Cultures of Insecurity: States, Communities, and the Production of Danger, (unpublished manuscript, 1996).
65. Jutta Weldes, Constructing National Interests: The Logic of US National Security in the Postwar Era, PhD Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1993.
66. Carol Cohn, ‘Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals’ Signs (Vol, 12, No. 4, 1987), pp. 687-718.
67. Fiske, In Defense of the National Interest: A Critical Examination of American Foreign Policy, p. 14.
68. Weldes, Constntcting National Interests, The Discursive Mind.
69. Campbell, Language and Political Understanding: The Politics of Discursive Practices.
70. David Campbell, Politics Without Principle: Sovereignty, Ethics, and the Narratives of the Gulf War (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1993).
71. Simon Dalby, ‘Geopolitical Discourse: The Soviet Union as Other’ Alternatives (Vol. 13, No. 4, 1988), pp. 415-442.
72. Simon Dalby, ‘American Security Discourse: The Persistence of Geopolitics’ Political Geography Quarterly (Vol, 9, No. 2, 1990), pp. 171-188.
73. Simon Dalby, Creating the Second Cold War: The Discourse of Politics (London; Pinter, 1990).
74. Simon Dalby, ‘The “Kiwi Disease”: Geopolitical Discourse in Aotearoa/New Zealand and the South Pacific’ Political Geography (Vol. 12, No. 5, 1993), pp, 437-456.
75. James Der Derian and Michael Shapiro (eds.), International/IntertextualRelations: Postmodern Readings of World Politics (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1989).
76. Roxanne Lynn Doty, ‘Foreign Policy as Social Construction: A Post-positivist Analysis of US Countei insurgency Policy in the Philippines’, International Studies Quarterly (Vol. 37, No. 3, 1993), pp. 297-320.
77. Richard Price, ‘A Genealogy of the Conventional Weapons Taboo’ International Organization (Vol. 49, No. 1, 1994), pp. 73-103.
78. Michael J. Shapiro, ‘The Construction of the Central American Other: The Case of Guatemala’ in Shapiro, The Politics of Representation: Writing Practices in Biography, Photography and Policy Analysis (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988), pp. 89-123.
79. Richard K. Ashley, ‘Hie Geopolitics of Geopolitical Space: Toward a Critical Social Theory of International Politics’ Altervatives(Vol. 12, No. 4,1987), pp. 403-34.
80. R.B.J. Walker, Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
81. Walker and Ashley, ‘Reading Dissidence/Writing the Discipline: Crisis and the Question of Sovereignty in International Studies’ International Studies Quarterly (Vol. 34, No. 3, 1990), pp. 367-416.
82. Tuathail and Agnew, International Studies Quarterly, p. 193.
83. Cohn, Texts of Identity.
84. Dalby, Creating the Second Cold War, Power ami Marxist Theory: A Realist View.
85. Purvis and Hunt, Belief Systems and International Relations p. 496.
86. Terry Eagleton, Ideology: An Introduction (London: Verso, 1991).
87. Michel Foucault, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977, ed, C. Gordon (New York, NY: Pantheon, 1980).
88. Doty, Power ami Marxist Theory: A Realist View, p, 298.
89. Alexander Wendt, ‘The Agcnt-Stmcture Problem in International Relations Theory’ International Organization (Vol. 41, No. 3, 1987), pp. 335-70.
90. Stuart Hall, ‘The Toad in the Garden: Thatcherism Among the Theorists’ in Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg (eds.), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture (Uibana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1988), pp. 35-73.
91. Alexander Wendt, ‘Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics’ International Organization (Vol. 46, No. 2, 1992), pp. 391-425.
92. Weldes, Constructing National Interests, The Discursive Mind.
93. Stebbins, The Cuban Threat, pp. 292-93.
94. John F. Kennedy, ‘Senator John F. Kennedy on the Cuban Situation: Presidential Campaign of 1960’ 18 October 1960, Inter-American Economic Affairs (Vol. 15, No. 3, 1961), pp. 79-95.
95. Stebbins, The Cuban Threat, p. 294.
96. US Department of State, ‘Department Reports on Cuban Threats to the Western Hemisphere: Summary’ Department of State Bulletin, 22 January 1962, pp. 129-30.
97. Stebbins, The Cuban Threat, p, 305.
98. Adlai Stevenson, ‘Statement of April 17’ Statement to the UN General Assembly, 17 April 1961, reprinted in Department of State Bulletin, 8 May 1961, pp. 668-75.
99. Stebbins, The Cuban Threat, pp. 314 and 331.
100. Eisenhower, Public Papers of the Presidents: Dwight D. Eisenhower, pp. 567-68.
101. Adolf A. Berle, ‘The Inter-American System and The Program for Economic and Social Progress’ Address to The Association of the Bar of the City of New York, 12 April 1961, reprinted in Department of State Bulletin, 1 May 1961, pp. 617-21.
102. Robert McNamara, quoted in US Senate, ‘Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders’ Cuba versus CIA, p. 157.
103. Weldes, Constructing National Interests, The Discursive Mind.
104. Senator Mike Mansfield, ‘New Horizons for the Americas’ Speech delivered to the Special Session of Congress, 8 August 1960, reprinted in Inter-American Economic Affairs (Vol. 14, No. 2, 1960), p. 93.
105. Mansfield, Language and Political Understanding: The Politics of Discursive Practices, p. 93.
106. US Department of State, Cuba versus CIA, p. 34.
107. George F. Kennan, Moscow Embassy Telegram No. 511 (‘The Long Telegram’), 22 February 1946.
108. Thomas H. Etzold and John Lewis Gaddis (eds.), Containment: Documents on American Policy and Strategy, 1945-50 (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1978), p. 58.
109. Dwight D. Eisenhower, ‘Message of the President on the Mutual Security Program for Fiscal Year 1960’, 13 March 1959.
110. Paul E. Zinner, Documents on American Foreign Relations, 1959 (New York, NY: Harper and Brothers, for the Council on Foreign Relations, 1960), p. 95.
111. US Department of State, Cultures of Insecurity: States, Communities, and the Production of Danger, p. 130.
112. Adlai Stevenson, ‘UN Security Council Hears US Charges of Soviet Military Buildup in Cuba’. Speech to the UN Security Council, 23 October 1962, Department of State Bulletin, 12 November 1962, p. 730-31.
113. Dean Rusk, ‘American Republics Act to Halt Soviet Threat to Hemisphere’, Statement to the Council of the Organization of American States, 23 October 1962, reprinted in Department of State Bulletin, 12 November 1962, p. 721.
114. Eisenhower, Public Papers of the Presidents: Dwight D. Eisenhower, p, 567.
115. Berle, Signs, p. 618.
116. Kennedy, Cuba versus CIA, p. 91.
117. ‘Summary of Editorial Comment on United States Break in Relations with Cuba’ New York Times, 5 January 1961, p. 10.
118. US Department of State, Cuba versus CIA, p. 25.
119. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), p. 772.
120. ‘Cuba's Latin Goal behind US Break’ New York Times, 4 January 1961, p. 6.
121. Robbins, Cuba versus CIA, p. 3.
122. Weldes, Constructing National Interests, The Discursive Mind.
123. C.P. Cabell, ‘The Nature of the Communist Threat’ Address to the National Security Commission, Meeting of the American Legion, Minneapolis, MN, 21 August 1959, reprinted in Vital Speeches (Vol. 25, No. 4, 1959), p. 751.
124. Robert J. Alexander, ‘Cuba and the Sugar Quota’ The New Leader, 21 March 1960, pp. 4-5.
125. US Information Agency, ‘United States Information Agency's Estimate of the Latin American Situation’ 28 March 1961, reprinted in Inter-American Economic Affairs (Vol. 15, No. 2, 1961), pp. 88-91.
126. William J. Fulbright, ‘Senator Fulbright's Defense of HR 6518’ reprinted in Inter-American Economic Affairs (Vol, 15, No. 1, 1961), pp. 72-78.
127. US Information Agency, Creating the Second Cold War, p. 90.
128. Schlesinger, Jr., The Politics of Representation: Writing Practices in Biography, Photography and Policy Analysis, p. 760.
129. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., quoted in Thomas G. Paterson, ‘Fixation with Cuba: The Bay of Pigs, Missile Crisis, and Covert War Against Castro’, in Thomas G. Paterson (ed.), Kennedy's Quest for Victoty: American Foreign Policy, 1961-1963 (New York, NY and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 127.
130. Schlesinger, Jr., The Politics of Representation: Writing Practices in Biography, Photography and Policy Analysis, pp. 783-84.
131. US National Security Council, ‘NSC 68: United States Objectives and Programs for National Security’, 14 April 1950, reprinted in Etzold and Gaddis (eds.), Documents on American Foreign Relations, 1960, p. 390.
132. Mansfield, Language and Political Understanding: The Politics of Discursive Practices, p. 96.
133. Stevenson, Political Geography Quarterly, p. 728.
134. Douglas Dillon, ‘Statement at a Special Meeting of the Economic and Social Council of the OAS’ Punte del Este, 7 August 1961, reprinted in Department of State Bulletin, 28 August 1961, p. 356.
135. Pérez, Cuba and the United States: Ties of Singular Intimacy, pp. 78-81.
136. Diana Saco, Voices from the Distance: Radio Marti and the (Pen) Insular Construction of Cuban Identity (MA dissertation, Florida Atlantic University, 1992), pp. 86-100.
137. Hans Morgenthau ‘Negotiations or War?’ The New Republic, 3 November 1962, p. 9.
138. Zbigniew Brzezinski, ‘Cuba in Soviet Strategy’, The New Republic, 3 November 1962, p. 7.
139. John F. Kennedy, ‘Excerpts from Kennedy Talk on Cuba’, 6 October, reprinted in New York Times, 7 October 1960, p. 20.
140. US Department of State, ‘Hie Land Problem in the Americas’, Department of State Publication 7112, Inter-American Series 62 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1960), p. 3.
141. John F. Kennedy, Inter-American Economic Affairs, p. 20.
142. Richard P. Stebbins (ed.), Documents on American Foreign Relations, 1959 (New York, NY: Harper and Brothers, 1960), pp. 206-207.
143. US National Security Council, ‘NSC 68: United States Objectives and Programs for National Security’ 14 April 1950, reprinted in Etzold and Gaddis (eds.), Alternatives, p. 392.
144. Dwight D. Eisenhower, ‘Statement by the President Restating United States Policy toward Cuba’ 26 January 1960, in Eisenhower, Public Papers of the Presidents: Dwight D. Eisenhower, pp. 135-36.
145. Dwight D. Eisenhower, ‘Statement by the President on Terminating Diplomatic Relations with Cuba’, 3 January 1961, in Eisenhower, Public Papers of the Presidents: Dwight D. Eisenhower, p. 891.
146. Lansdale, Cuba versus CIA, p. 23.
147. Dean Rusk, ‘Secretary Discusses Cuban Situation on “News and Comment” Program’, 30 September 1962, Department of State Bulletin, 22 October 1962, p. 597.
148. Kennedy, Inter-American Economic Affairs, pp. 14-15.
149. Lansdale, Cuba versus CIA, p. 23.
150. Perez, Cuba and the United States: Ties of Singular Intimacy, p. 248.
151. Kennedy, Department of State Bulletin, p. 14.
152. US Department of State, Cuba versus CIA, p.1.
153. Stevenson, Constructing National Interests: The Logic of US National Security in the Postwar Era, p.670.
154. ‘Text of UN-Cuban Notes’, Cuba versus CIA, p.31.
155. Mansfield, Language and Political Understanding: The Politics of Discursive Practices, p. 99.
156. Richard N. Goodwin, quoted in Paterson, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, p. 125.
157. Ronald Reagan, Reagan on Cuba: Selected Statements by the President (Washington, DC: Cuban-American National Foundation, 1986), pp. 22-23.
158. Perez, Cuba and the United States: Ties of Singular Intimacy, pp. 257-263.
159. Jorge I. Dominguez, ‘US-Cuban Relations in the mid-1980s’ in Irving L. Horowitz (ed.), Cuban Communism, Sixth Edition (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1987), pp. 473-88.
160. Reagan, Documents on American Foreign Relations, 1959, pp. 28 and 45-46.
161. ‘National Bipartisan Commission on Central America (Kissinger Commission) Report’ (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1984), pp. 107-108.
162. George Bush, Bush on Cuba: Selected Statements by the President (Washington, DC: Cuban American National Foundation, 1991), p. 23.
163. Roberto Valero, RMP, 2 July 1991.
164. Public Broadcasting Service, 21 January 1992.
165. Public Broadcasting Service, 11 February 1992.
166. RMP, 2 July 1991.
167. Commentary, RMP, 12 July 1991.
168. Voices of Liberty, RMP, 2 July 1991.
169. RMP, 1 July 1991.
170. Bush, Public Papers of the Presidents: George Bush, 1991, p.1233.
171. Bush, Voices of Liberty., in note 119, p. 64.
172. George Bush, ‘Statement on the 90th Anniversary of Cuban Independence’, 20 May 1992, reprinted in Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 25 May 1992, p. 905.
173. US Senate, Cuban Democracy Act o f 1992.
174. Robert G. Torricelli, ‘How to Bring About Change in Cuba’, New York Times, 10 August 1992, p. A16.
175. David Clark Scott, ‘Plan to Stiffen Cuba Ban Annoys US Trading Allies’, Christian Science Monitor, 23 June 1992, p. 1.
176. Julie Wolf, ‘Cuba Embargo Angers EC’, The Guardian, 9 October 1992, p. 15.
177. Stanley Meisler, ‘U.N. Rebuffs US on Cuba Embargo’, Los Angeles Times, 25 November 1992, p. A1).
178. ‘Castro Dons Civies for Latin Conference’, New York Times, 6 June 1994, p. A3.
179. ‘Canada is Restoring Aid to Cuban Regime’, Plain Dealer, 21 June 1994, p. 6A.
180. Juan J. Waite, ‘One-two Punch Hits Russian Aid Plan’, USA Today, 10 February 1995, p. 4A.
181. Bush, USA Today, in note 131.
182. George Bush, ‘Statement on Actions to Support Democracy in Cuba’, 18 April 1992, reprinted in Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 27 April 1992, p. 676.
183. Enfoque [‘Focus’], RMP, 1 July 1991.
184. Samuel Huntington, interview on Enfoque, RMP, 1 July 1991.
185. Bush, RMP, in note 136, p. 676.
186. Mimi Whitefield, ‘Cuba Not Seen as Clinton Priority: Some Say Administration Might Work to Improve Ties’, Miami Herald, 12 January 1993, p. 6A.
187. Bill Clinton, March 1993 interview, rebroadcast on This Morning, Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), 4 November 1993.
188. ‘Remarks on Cuban Independence Day’, 20 May 1993, reprinted in Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents,. 24 May 1993, pp. 916-17.
189. Wairen Christopher, Public address given at Ted Maim Concert Hall, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 27 May 1993.
190. Weldes, Constructing National Inte rests, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, in note 57, pp. 532-535.
191. Branch and Crile, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, in The Cuban Treat.
192. James Nathan, ‘The Missile Crisis: His Finest Hour Now’, World Politics (Vol. 27, No. 2, 1975), pp. 256-81.
193. Carla Anne Robbins, ‘Dateline Washington: Cuban-American Clout’, Foreign Policy (Vol. 88, 1992) p. 163.
194. John S. Nichols, ‘When Nobody Listens: Assessing the Political Success of Radio Marti’, Communication Research (Vol. 11, No. 2, 1984), pp. 281-304.
195. Robbins, Communication Research., in christian science moniter, p. 173.
196. (Nichols, Communication Research., p. 389).
197. Nichols, Communication Research, in communication research, p. 389.
198. Hitchens, ‘Minority Report’, The Nation, 8 June 1992, p. 774).
199. Saco, The Nation, in Department of state bulletin.