“The Whole City Is Our Laboratory”: Harland Bartholomew and the Production of Urban Knowledge

Journal of Planning History

Volumn 4, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 322-355

  Heathcott, Joseph ^a  

^a SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

city planning; land use; St. Louis; urban knowledge

Indexed keywords

EID: 84992785622     PISSN: 15385132     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1538513205282131     Document Type: Article

References (148)

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2. M. Christine Boyer, Dreaming the Rational City: The Myth of American City Planning (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1983).
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4. Eldridge Lovelace's professional vitae, Harland Bartholomew: His Contributions to American Urban Planning (Urbana: Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Illinois, 1993), 21-26.
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7. Norman J. Johnston, “Harland Bartholomew: His Comprehensive Plans and Science of Planning” (Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1964), 15-19.
8. Alan Lessoff, “Harland Bartholomew and Corpus Christi: The Faltering Pursuit of Comprehensive Planning in South Texas,” Planning Perspectives 18, no. 2 (April 2003): 197-232.
9. Daniel Serda, “Planning Community and Renewal: Harland Bartholomew Associates and the 1951 Armordale Redevelopment Plan” (Master's thesis, MIT, 1996).
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11. Mark Abbott, “The Master Plan: The Life and Death of an Idea” (Ph.D. diss., Purdue University, 1985).
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23. Benjamin Clarke Marsh, “An Introduction to City Planning: Democracy's Challenge to the American City, Chapter VII” (Publisher unknown, 1909).
24. Harland Bartholomew, “Publicity and the City Plan,” American City 11, no. 5 (November 1914): 380.
25. Harland Bartholomew, The Problems of St. Louis, Being a Description, from the City Planning Standpoint, of Past and Present Tendencies of Growth, with General Suggestions for Impending Issues and Necessary Future Improvements (St. Louis: Nixon-Jones Printing, 1917).
26. E. F. Porter, Harland Bartholomew (St. Louis, MO: Saint Louis Public Library and Landmarks Association of St. Louis, 1990), 7-8.
27. Alexander Scot McConachie, “The Big Cinch: A Business Elite in the Life of a City, Saint Louis, 1895-1915” (Ph.D. diss., Washington University, 1976).
28. Civic League Yearbook, yearly volumes for 1903, 1904, and 1906 to 1917.
29. Thomas Spencer's excellent book, The St. Louis Veiled Prophet Celebration: Power on Parade, 1877-1995 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2000).
30. Porter, Harland Bartholomew, 6-10.
31. Sandweiss, St. Louis, 215-16.
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33. C. M. R., “The City Plan Report of St. Louis,” Charities and Commons XIX (February 1, 1908): 1542-45.
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40. Marilyn Thornton Williams, Washing the Great Unwashed: Public Baths in Urban America, 1840-1920 (Columbus: Ohio State University, 1991).
41. K. Austin Kerr, Organized for Prohibition: A New History of the Anti-Saloon League (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1985).
42. Dominick Cavallo, Muscles and Morals: Organized Playgrounds and Urban Reform, 1880-1920 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981).
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44. Paul Boyer, Urban Masses and Moral Order in America, 1820-1920 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978).
45. Sandweiss, St. Louis, 204-12.
46. Harland Bartholomew, “Reduction of Street Traffic Congestion by Proper Street Design: How St. Louis is Meeting Its Problem,” Annals of the American Academy of Social and Political Science 116 (November 1924): 244-46.
47. Brownell, “The Commercial-Civic Elite,” 339-68.
48. Harland Bartholomew, “The Prevention of Economic Waste by City Planning,” Journal of Land and Public Utility Economics, January 1925.
49. Harland Bartholomew, “Non-Conforming Uses Destroy the Neighborhood,” Journal of Land and Public Utility Economics, February 1939, 96-97.
50. Bartholomew, Problems of St. Louis, iii, xv.
51. Harland Bartholomew, Zoning for St. Louis: A Fundamental Part of the City Plan (St. Louis, MO: City Plan Commission, 1918).
52. Lawson Purdy, Harland Bartholomew, Edward M. Bassett, Andrew Wright Crawford, and Herbert S. Swan, Zoning as an Element in City Planning, and for Protection of Property Values, Public Safety, and Public Health (Washington, DC: American Civic Association, 1920).
53. City Plan Commission, A Major Street Plan for St. Louis (St. Louis, MO: Nixon-Jones Printing, 1917).
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57. St. Louis Star: Civic and Industrial Progress Edition, “$40,000,000 of City's Bond Issue Funds Spent,” October 31, 1928.
58. City Plan Commission, Plan Commission Annual Report, 1944-1945 (City of St. Louis, 1946), 24 [hereafter PCAR].
59. “Bond Issue Election Results, 1923-1955,” file 850, LWV Records, WHMC 530.
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61. William Leckie, “Moral Reform in the Burckhardtian City,” Journal of Urban History 27 (March 2001).
62. Johnson, “Regional Planning,” 136-39.
63. City Plan Commission, Urban Land Policy (City of St. Louis, 1936), plate 2.
64. City Plan Commission, Urban Land Policy, 12-16.
65. City Plan Commission, St. Louis after World War II (City of St. Louis, 1942), plate 4.
66. Bartholomew, “The Prevention of Economic Waste,” 83-88.
67. Sandweiss, “Construction and Community,” 92-93.
68. City Plan Commission, Problems of St. Louis, 65-66.
69. Christopher Silver, “The Racial Origins of Zoning: Southern Cities from 1910-1940,” Planning Perspectives 6 (May 1991): 189-205.
70. Barbara Flint, “Zoning and Residential Segregation: A Social and Physical History, 1910-1940” (Ph.D. thesis, University of Chicago, 1977).
71. Michael Bernstein, “Why the Great Depression Was Great: Toward a New Understanding of the Interwar Economic Crisis in the United States,” in The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930-1980, ed. Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989), 32-54.
72. Robert S. McElvaine, The Great Depression: America, 1929-1941 (New York: Random House, 1984), 25-50.
73. Bureau for Homeless Men, Street Begging in St. Louis, Including a Report of a Fact-finding Survey of Street Begging Made during November and December, 1936 (St. Louis, MO: Author, 1937).
74. Johnson, “Regional Planning,” 188-89.
75. Harland Bartholomew, “The Trend of Modern City Planning,” American Civic Annual 4 (1932): 180.
76. Bonnie Fox Schwartz, The Civil Works Administration: The Business of Emergency Employment in the New Deal (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986).
77. Elizabeth Seaton, “Federal Prints and Democratic Culture: The Graphic Arts Division of the Works Progress Administration Federal Art Project, 1935-1943” (Ph.D. thesis, Northwestern University, 2000).
78. Bruce Bustard, A New Deal for the Arts (Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration, 1997).
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80. Jerre Mangione, The Dream and the Deal: The Federal Writers' Project, 1935-1943 (New York: Avon, 1972).
81. Fairfield, Mysteries of the Great City, 228-231.
82. John Hancock, “The New Deal and American Planning in the 1930s,” in Two Centuries of American Planning, ed. Daniel Schaffer (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988), 198-206.
83. Greg Hise's excellent first chapter on “Modern Community Planning,” in Magnetic Los Angeles: Planning the Twentieth Century Metropolis (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 14-56.
84. President's Conference on Home Building and Home Ownership, Planning for Residential Districts (Washington DC: U.S. Government Publications Office, 1932).
85. Johnson, “Regional Planning,” 176.
86. John Maynard Keynes, The End of Laissez-Faire (Dubuque, IA: William C. Brown Reprint Library, 1927).
87. George Soule, A Planned Society (New York, 1932).
88. Stuart Chase, The Economy of Abundance (New York: Macmillan, 1934).
89. Frederic A. Delano to Miss Jeanne Blythe, president of the League of Women Voters of St. Louis, December 17, 1937, file 1336, LWV Records, WHMC 530.
90. Rexford Tugwell, The Industrial Discipline and the Governmental Arts (New York: Columbia University Press, 1933).
91. Lewis Corey, The Decline of American Capitalism (New York: Covici-Friede, 1934).
92. Richard Hurd, Principles of City Land Values (New York: The Record and Guide, 1903).
93. Nelson P. Lewis, The Planning of the Modern City: A Review of the Principles Governing City Planning (New York: John Wiley, 1916).
94. Walter D. Moody, What of the City? America's Greatest Issue—City Planning, What It Is and How to Go About It to Achieve Success (Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1919).
95. Robert Murray Haig, Some Probable Effects of the Exemption of Improvements from Taxation in the City of New York (New York: C. S. Nathan, 1915).
96. Robert Murray Haig's contribution to the New York regional plan, Major Economic Factors in Metropolitan Growth and Arrangement; A Study of Trends and Tendencies in the Economic Activities within the Region of New York and Its Environs (New York: Regional Plan of New York, 1927).
97. City Plan Commission, Problems of St. Louis.
98. City Plan Commission, St. Louis after the War.
99. Harland Bartholomew, Urban Land Uses. Amounts of Land Used and Needed for Various Purposes by Typical American Cities. An Aid to Scientific Zoning Practice, vol. 4 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard City Planning Studies Series, Harvard University Press, 1932), preface.
100. Bartholomew, Urban Land Uses, 77-78.
101. Sandweiss, St. Louis, 216-17.
102. Bartholomew's book, with updated tables and charts, published under the title Land Uses in American Cities (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1955).
103. Amos Hawley of the University of Michigan, American Sociological Review 21, no. 1 (February 1956): 106-7.
104. Charles H. Trout, “The New Deal and the Cities,” in Fifty Years Later: The New Deal Evaluated, ed. Harvard Sitkoff (New York: Knopf, 1985), 133-53.
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108. Lawrence Friedman, Government and Slum Housing: A Century of Frustration (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1968), 88-90, 94-116.
109. Urbanism Committee of the National Resource Planning Board, Our Cities: Their Role in the National Economy (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1937).
110. Schwartz, Civil Works Administration; and Hancock, “New Deal and American Planning,” 206-8.
111. Arthur Meyers to Mrs. Ralph Thayer, January 17, 1940, file 752, LWV Records, WHMC 530.
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114. Philip Funigiello, “City Planning in World War II: The Experience of the National Resources Planning Board,” Social Science Quarterly 53 (June 1972): 91-104.
115. PCAR, 1934-1935, 9.
116. PCAR, 1935-1936, 6.
117. Exhibit B, WPA [Works Progress Administration] Expenditures in the 15 Largest U.S. Cities, July 1938, file 752, LWV Records, WHMC 530.
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127. PCAR, 1937-1938, 35-36.
128. PCAR, 1939-1940, 29-31.
129. PCAR, 1940-1941, 30-31.
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131. W. Arthur Mehrhoff, The GatewayArch: Fact and Symbol (Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green University Popular Press, 1992), 65-81.
132. PCAR, 1939-1940, 35.
133. PCAR, 1940-1941, 36
134. PCAR, 1942-1943, 24.
135. “Summary of Achievements under WPA Project No. 69,” unpublished manuscript transmitted from Bartholomew to Mayor Darst, City Plan Commission file, 1949-1951, Series One—Box 23, Records of the Mayoral Administrations of St. Louis, Raymond Tucker Papers, Washington University Special Collections.
136. “Summary of Achievements under WPA Project No. 69” and PCAR, 1942-1943, 28.
137. PCAR, 1937-1938, 101.
138. PCAR, 1940-1941, 31-32, 42.
139. PCAR, 1944-1945, 21-23.
140. PCAR, 1943-1944, 5.
141. PCAR, 1939-1940, 31.
142. PCAR, 1939-1940, 31.
143. PCAR, 1941-1942, 32.
144. PCAR, 1944-1945, 5.
145. Betty Burnette, St. Louis at War: The Story of a City, 1941-1945 (St. Louis, MO: Patrice Press, 1987), 8-54.
146. T. Michael Ruddy, Mobilizing for War: St. Louis and the Middle Mississippi during World War II (St. Louis, MO: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1983).
147. PCAR, 1946-1947, 5.
148. PCAR, 1943-1944, 5.