A holistic review of hydrogel applications in the adsorptive removal of aqueous pollutants: Recent progress, challenges, and perspectives

Water Research

Volumn 106, Issue , 2016, Pages 259-271

  Khan, Musharib ^a   Lo, Irene M C ^a  

^a HONG KONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Hydrogels; Magnetic separation; Nanocomposites; Polymeric adsorbents; Regeneration

Indexed keywords

CHEMICALS REMOVAL (WATER TREATMENT); HEAVY METALS; MAGNETIC SEPARATION; NANOCOMPOSITES; POLLUTION; REUSABILITY; STRIPPING (DYES); WASTEWATER TREATMENT;

ADSORPTION KINETICS; DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONS; LATEST DEVELOPMENT; PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS; POLYMERIC ADSORBENT; REGENERATION; RESEARCH INTERESTS; WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENTS;

HYDROGELS;

NANOCOMPOSITE; HYDROGEL; WASTE WATER; WATER POLLUTANT;

ADSORPTION; AQUEOUS SOLUTION; GEL; HOLISTIC APPROACH; MAGNETIC METHOD; NANOPARTICLE; POLLUTANT REMOVAL; POLYMER; WASTEWATER TREATMENT;

ADSORPTION KINETICS; HYDROGEL; PARTICLE SIZE; PH; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; POLLUTANT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECYCLING; REGENERATION; REVIEW; WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT; ADSORPTION; WASTE WATER; WATER POLLUTANT;

ADSORPTION; HYDROGEL; HYDROGELS; WASTE WATER; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL;

EID: 84991721374     PISSN: 00431354     EISSN: 18792448     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.10.008     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Abdel-Halim, E.S., Preparation of starch/poly(N,N-Diethylaminoethyl methacrylate) hydrogel and its use in dye removal from aqueous solutions. React. Funct. Polym. 73:11 (2013), 1531–1536.
2. Ahmed, E.M., Hydrogel: preparation, characterization, and applications: a review. J. Adv. Res. 6:2 (2015), 105–121.
3. Ajmal, M., Siddiq, M., Aktas, N., Sahiner, N., Magnetic Co-Fe bimetallic nanoparticle containing modifiable microgels for the removal of heavy metal ions, organic dyes and herbicides from aqueous media. RSC Adv. 5:54 (2015), 43873–43884.
4. Alexandratos, S.D., Ion-exchange resins: a retrospective from industrial and engineering chemistry research. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 48:1 (2008), 388–398.
5. Ali, I., New generation adsorbents for water treatment. Chem. Rev. 112:10 (2012), 5073–5091.
6. Ambashta, R.D., Sillanpää, M., Water purification using magnetic assistance: a review. J. Hazard. Mater 180:1–3 (2010), 38–49.
7. Auffan, M., Rose, J., Wiesner, M.R., Bottero, J., Chemical stability of metallic nanoparticles: a parameter controlling their potential cellular toxicity in vitro. Environ. Pollut 157:4 (2009), 1127–1133.
8. Balmér, P., Phosphorus recovery - an overview of potentials and possibilities. Water Sci. Technol. 49:10 (2004), 185–190.
9. Barakat, M.A., Sahiner, N., Cationic hydrogels for toxic arsenate removal from aqueous environment. J. Environ. Manag. 88:4 (2008), 955–961.
10. Buwalda, S.J., Boere, K.W., Dijkstra, P.J., Feijen, J., Vermonden, T., Hennink, W.E., Hydrogels in a historical perspective: from simple networks to smart materials. J. Control Release 190 (2014), 254–273.
11. Capek, I., On inverse miniemulsion polymerization of conventional water-soluble monomers. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 156:1–2 (2010), 35–61.
12. Chatterjee, S., Lee, M.W., Woo, S.H., Influence of impregnation of chitosan beads with cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide on their structure and adsorption of Congo red from aqueous solutions. Chem. Eng. J. 155:1 (2009), 254–259.
13. Chen, J.P., Yang, L., Ng, W.J., Wang, L., Thong, S.L., Wang, L., Hung, Y.-T., Shammas, N., (eds.) Advanced Physicochemical Treatment Processes, 2006, Humana Press, 10.1007/978-1-59745-029-4.
14. Chen, Y., Chen, L., Bai, H., Li, L., Graphene oxide–chitosan composite hydrogels as broad-spectrum adsorbents for water purification. J. Mater. Chem. A 1:6 (2013), 1992–2001.
15. Christie, R., Environmental Aspects of Textile Dyeing. 2007, Woodhead publishing limited, England.
16. Crini, G., Non-conventional low-cost adsorbents for dye removal: a review. Bioresour. Technol. 97:9 (2006), 1061–1085.
17. Dong, S., Wang, Y., Characterization and adsorption properties of a lanthanum-loaded magnetic cationic hydrogel composite for fluoride removal. Water Res. 88 (2016), 852–860.
18. Dragan, E.S., Dinu, M.V., Lisa, G., Trochimczuk, A.W., Study on metal complexes of chelating resins bearing iminodiacetate groups. Eur. Polym. J. 45:7 (2009), 2119–2130.
19. El-Okr, M.M., Salem, M.A., Salim, M.S., El-Okr, R.M., Ashoush, M., Talaat, H.M., Synthesis of cobalt ferrite nano-particles and their magnetic characterization. J. Magn. Magn. Mater 323:7 (2011), 920–926.
20. Elbert, D.L., Liquid–liquid two-phase systems for the production of porous hydrogels and hydrogel microspheres for biomedical applications: a tutorial review. Acta. Biomater. 7:1 (2011), 31–56.
21. Fang, R., He, W., Xue, H., Chen, W., Synthesis and characterization of a high-capacity cationic hydrogel adsorbent and its application in the removal of Acid Black 1 from aqueous solution. React. Funct. Polym. 102 (2016), 1–10.
22. Foo, K.Y., Hameed, B.H., Insights into the modeling of adsorption isotherm systems. Chem. Eng. J. 156:1 (2010), 2–10.
23. Gómez-Pastora, J., Bringas, E., Ortiz, I., Recent progress and future challenges on the use of high performance magnetic nano-adsorbents in environmental applications. Chem. Eng. J. 256 (2014), 187–204.
24. Guin, J.P., Bhardwaj, Y.K., Varshney, L., Radiation crosslinked swellable ionic gels: equilibrium and kinetic studies of basic dye adsorption. Desalin. Water Treat. 57:9 (2016), 4090–4099.
25. Hamidi, M., Azadi, A., Rafiei, P., Hydrogel nanoparticles in drug delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 60:15 (2008), 1638–1649.
26. Hasirci, V., Yilgor, P., Endogan, T., Eke, G., Hasirci, N., Polymer fundamentals: polymer synthesis. Ducheyne, P., (eds.) Comprehensive Biomaterials, vol. 1, 2011, Elsevier, Oxford, 349–371.
27. Henry, W.D., Zhao, D., SenGupta, A.K., Lange, C., Preparation and characterization of a new class of polymeric ligand exchangers for selective removal of trace contaminants from water. React. Funct. Polym. 60 (2004), 109–120.
28. Hennink, W.E., van Nostrum, C.F., Novel crosslinking methods to design hydrogels. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 64 (2012), 223–236.
29. Horak, D., Babič, M., Mackova, H., Beneš, M.J., Preparation and properties of magnetic nano-and microsized particles for biological and environmental separations. J. Sep. Sci. 30:11 (2007), 1751–1772.
30. Hosseinzadeh, H., Synthesis of carrageenan/multi-walled carbon nanotube hybrid hydrogel nanocomposite for adsorption of crystal violet from aqueous solution. Pol. J. Chem. Technol. 17:2 (2015), 70–76.
31. Hosseinzadeh, H., Khoshnood, N., Removal of cationic dyes by poly(AA-co-AMPS)/montmorillonite nanocomposite hydrogel. Desalin. Water Treat. 57:14 (2016), 6372–6383.
32. Hu, J., Chen, G., Lo, I.M.C., Removal and recovery of Cr(VI) from wastewater by maghemite nanoparticles. Water Res. 39:18 (2005), 4528–4536.
33. Hu, J., Lo, I.M.C., Chen, G., Comparative study of various magnetic nanoparticles for Cr(VI) removal. Sep. Purif. Technol 56:3 (2007), 249–256.
34. Hua, M., Zhang, S., Pan, B., Zhang, W., Lv, L., Zhang, Q., Heavy metal removal from water/wastewater by nanosized metal oxides: a review. J. Hazard. Mater 211–212 (2012), 317–331.
35. Javadian, H., Angaji, M.T., Naushad, M., Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline/γ-alumina nanocomposite: a comparative study for the adsorption of three different anionic dyes. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 20:5 (2014), 3890–3900.
36. Jing, G., Wang, L., Yu, H., Amer, W.A., Zhang, L., Recent progress on study of hybrid hydrogels for water treatment. Colloids Surf. A. Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 416 (2013), 86–94.
37. Karadağ, E., Saraydin, D., Güven, O., Removal of some cationic dyes from aqueous solutions by acrylamide/itaconic acid hydrogels. Water Air Soil Pollut. 106:3–4 (1998), 369–378.
38. Karadaǧ, E., Üzüm, Ö.B., Saraydin, D., Swelling equilibria and dye adsorption studies of chemically crosslinked superabsorbent acrylamide/maleic acid hydrogels. Eur. Polym. J. 38:11 (2002), 2133–2141.
39. Kaşgöz, H., Özgümüş, S., Orbay, M., Modified polyacrylamide hydrogels and their application in removal of heavy metal ions. Polymer 44:6 (2003), 1785–1793.
40. 3 based magnetic cationic hydrogel: sorptive performance, magnetic separation and reusability. J. Hazard. Mater., 2016, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.01.051.
41. Ko, D.Y., Shinde, U.P., Yeon, B., Jeong, B., Recent progress of in situ formed gels for biomedical applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 38:3–4 (2013), 672–701.
42. Kono, H., Oeda, I., Nakamura, T., The preparation, swelling characteristics, and albumin adsorption and release behaviors of a novel chitosan-based polyampholyte hydrogel. React. Funct. Polym. 73:1 (2013), 97–107.
43. Kundakci, S., Üzüm, Ö.B., Karadağ, E., Swelling and dye sorption studies of acrylamide/2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid/bentonite highly swollen composite hydrogels. React. Funct. Polym. 68:2 (2008), 458–473.
44. Laurent, S., Forge, D., Port, M., Roch, A., Robic, C., Vander Elst, L., Muller, R.N., Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, stabilization, vectorization, physicochemical characterizations, and biological applications. Chem. Rev. 108:6 (2008), 2064–2110.
45. Li, S., Liu, X., Zou, T., Xiao, W., Removal of cationic dye from aqueous solution by a macroporous hydrophobically modified poly(acrylic acid-acrylamide) hydrogel with enhanced swelling and adsorption properties. Clean Soil Air Water 38:4 (2010), 378–386.
46. Li, S., Zhang, H., Feng, J., Xu, R., Liu, X., Facile preparation of poly(acrylic acid–acrylamide) hydrogels by frontal polymerization and their use in removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solution. Desalination 280:1–3 (2011), 95–102.
47. Li, M., Wang, Z., Li, B., Adsorption behaviour of Congo red by cellulose/chitosan hydrogel beads regenerated from ionic liquid. Desalin. Water Treat. 57:36 (2016), 16970–16980.
48. 4 magnetic nanoparticles with humic acid for high efficient removal of heavy metals in water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42:18 (2008), 6949–6954.
49. Liu, H., Wang, C., Gao, Q., Chen, J., Ren, B., Liu, X., Tong, Z., Facile fabrication of well-defined hydrogel beads with magnetic nanocomposite shells. Int. J. Pharm. 376:1–2 (2009), 92–98.
50. 3 nanoparticles. Acta. Biomater. 6:1 (2010), 275–281.
51. Liu, Y., Zheng, Y., Wang, A., Enhanced adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution by chitosan-g-poly (acrylic acid)/vermiculite hydrogel composites. J. Environ. Sci. 22:4 (2010), 486–493.
52. Lo, I.M.C., Yin, K., Tang, S.C.N., Combining material characterization with single and multi-oxyanion adsorption for mechanistic study of chromate removal by cationic hydrogel. J. Environ. Sci. 23:6 (2011), 1004–1010.
53. Mahmoud, G., Adsorption of copper(II), lead(II), and cadmium(II) ions from aqueous solution by using hydrogel with magnetic properties. Monatsh. Chem. 144:8 (2013), 1097–1106.
54. Merino, S., Martín, C., Kostarelos, K., Prato, M., Vázquez, E., Nanocomposite hydrogels: 3D polymer–nanoparticle synergies for on-demand drug delivery. ACS Nano 9:5 (2015), 4686–4697.
55. Mezohegyi, G., van der Zee, F.P., Font, J., Fortuny, A., Fabregat, A., Towards advanced aqueous dye removal processes: a short review on the versatile role of activated carbon. J. Environ. Manag. 102 (2012), 148–164.
56. Miao, C., Chen, X., Pelton, R., Adhesion of poly (vinylamine) microgels to wet cellulose. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 46:20 (2007), 6486–6493.
57. Ming, Z.W., Long, C.J., Cai, P.B., Xing, Z.Q., Zhang, B., Synergistic adsorption of phenol from aqueous solution onto polymeric adsorbents. J. Hazard. Mater 128:2–3 (2006), 123–129.
58. Naficy, S., Brown, H.R., Razal, J.M., Spinks, G.M., Whitten, P.G., Progress toward robust polymer hydrogels. Aust. J. Chem. 64:8 (2011), 1007–1025.
59. Nandi, B.K., Goswami, A., Purkait, M.K., Removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions by kaolin: kinetic and equilibrium studies. Appl. Clay Sci. 42:3 (2009), 583–590.
60. Ngomsik, A., Bee, A., Draye, M., Cote, G., Cabuil, V., Magnetic nano- and microparticles for metal removal and environmental applications: a review. C. R. Chim. 8:6–7 (2005), 963–970.
61. Ogata, T., Nagayoshi, K., Nagasako, T., Kurihara, S., Nonaka, T., Synthesis of hydrogel beads having phosphinic acid groups and its adsorption ability for lanthanide ions. React. Funct. Polym. 66:6 (2006), 625–633.
62. Oh, J.K., Drumright, R., Siegwart, D.J., Matyjaszewski, K., The development of microgels/nanogels for drug delivery applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 33:4 (2008), 448–477.
63. Oliveira, L.C.A., Petkowicz, D.I., Smaniotto, A., Pergher, S.B.C., Magnetic zeolites: a new adsorbent for removal of metallic contaminants from water. Water Res. 38:17 (2004), 3699–3704.
64. Ozay, O., Ekici, S., Baran, Y., Aktas, N., Sahiner, N., Removal of toxic metal ions with magnetic hydrogels. Water Res. 43:17 (2009), 4403–4411.
65. Ozay, O., Ekici, S., Baran, Y., Kubilay, S., Aktas, N., Sahiner, N., Utilization of magnetic hydrogels in the separation of toxic metal ions from aqueous environments. Desalination 260:1–3 (2010), 57–64.
66. Pal, A., Pan, S., Saha, S., Synergistically improved adsorption of anionic surfactant and crystal violet on chitosan hydrogel beads. Chem. Eng. J. 217 (2013), 426–434.
67. Pang, Y., Zeng, G., Tang, L., Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Lei, X., Li, Z., Zhang, J., Liu, Z., Xiong, Y., Preparation and application of stability enhanced magnetic nanoparticles for rapid removal of Cr(VI). Chem. Eng. J. 175 (2011), 222–227.
68. Pang, Y., Zeng, G., Tang, L., Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Lei, X., Li, Z., Zhang, J., Xie, G., PEI-grafted magnetic porous powder for highly effective adsorption of heavy metal ions. Desalination 281 (2011), 278–284.
69. Panic, V.V., Madzarevic, Z.P., Volkov-Husovic, T., Velickovic, S.J., Poly(methacrylic acid) based hydrogels as sorbents for removal of cationic dye basic yellow 28: kinetics, equilibrium study and image analysis. Chem. Eng. J. 217 (2013), 192–204.
70. Patel, Y.N., Patel, M.P., Adsorption of azo dyes from water by new poly (3-acrylamidopropyl)-trimethylammonium chloride-co-N,N-dimethylacrylamide superabsorbent hydrogel—Equilibrium and kinetic studies. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 1:4 (2013), 1368–1374.
71. Patel, Y.N., Patel, M.P., A new fast swelling poly[DAPB-co-DMAAm-co-AASS] superabsorbent hydrogel for removal of anionic dyes from water. Chin. Chem. Lett. 24:11 (2013), 1005–1007.
72. Paulino, A.T., Belfiore, L.A., Kubota, L.T., Muniz, E.C., Almeida, V.C., Tambourgi, E.B., Effect of magnetite on the adsorption behavior of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Cu(II) in chitosan-based hydrogels. Desalination 275:1–3 (2011), 187–196.
73. Pelton, R., Hoare, T., Microgels and Their Synthesis: an Introduction. Microgel Suspensions: fundamentals and applications. 2011, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany, 10.1002/9783527632992.ch1.
74. Peppas, N.A., Bures, P., Leobandung, W., Ichikawa, H., Hydrogels in pharmaceutical formulations. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 50:1 (2000), 27–46.
75. Peppas, N.A., Ottenbrite, R.M., Park, K., Okano, T., Biomedical Applications of Hydrogels Handbook. 2010, Springer Science & Business Media, New York, 10.1007/978-1-4419-5919-5.
76. Pirgalıoğlu, S., Özbelge, T.A., Özbelge, H.Ö., Bicak, N., Crosslinked polyDADMAC gels as highly selective and reusable arsenate binding materials. Chem. Eng. J. 262 (2015), 607–615.
77. Plazinski, W., Rudzinski, W., Plazinska, A., Theoretical models of sorption kinetics including a surface reaction mechanism: a review. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 152:1–2 (2009), 2–13.
78. Rao, P., Lo, I.M.C., Yin, K., Tang, S.C.N., Removal of natural organic matter by cationic hydrogel with magnetic properties. J. Environ. Manag. 92:7 (2011), 1690–1695.
79. Ramos, M.L.P., González, J.A., Albornoz, S.G., Pérez, C.J., Villanueva, M.E., Giorgieri, S.A., Copello, G.J., Chitin hydrogel reinforced with TiO2 nanoparticles as an arsenic sorbent. Chem. Eng. J. 285 (2016), 581–587.
80. Regula, C., Carretier, E., Wyart, Y., Gésan-Guiziou, G., Vincent, A., Boudot, D., Moulin, P., Chemical cleaning/disinfection and ageing of organic UF membranes: a review. Water Res. 56 (2014), 325–365.
81. Rehman, S., Siddiq, M., Al-Lohedan, H., Aktas, N., Sahiner, M., Demirci, S., Sahiner, N., Fast removal of high quantities of toxic arsenate via cationic p(APTMACl) microgels. J. Environ. Manag. 166 (2016), 217–226.
82. Ren, P., Zhao, X., Zhang, J., Shi, R., Yuan, Z., Wang, C., Synthesis of high selectivity polymeric adsorbent and its application on the separation of ginkgo flavonol glycosides and terpene lactones. React. Funct. Polym. 68:4 (2008), 899–909.
83. Saber-Samandari, S., Gulcan, H.O., Saber-Samandari, S., Gazi, M., Efficient removal of anionic and cationic dyes from an aqueous solution using pullulan-graft-polyacrylamide porous hydrogel. Water Air Soil Pollut. 225:11 (2014), 1–14.
84. Sahiner, N., Colloidal nanocomposite hydrogel particles. Colloid. Polym. Sci. 285:4 (2007), 413–421.
85. Sahiner, N., Ozay, O., Aktas, N., Blake, D.A., John, V.T., Arsenic (V) removal with modifiable bulk and nano p(4-vinylpyridine)-based hydrogels: the effect of hydrogel sizes and quarternization agents. Desalination 279:1–3 (2011), 344–352.
86. Sahiner, N., Ozay, O., Aktas, N., The removal of cyanide ions from aquatic environments by quaternizable p (4-vp) hydrogels of different dimensions. Water Air Soil Pollut. 224:1 (2013), 1–13.
87. Salvador, F., Martin-Sanchez, N., Sanchez-Hernandez, R., Sanchez-Montero, M.J., Izquierdo, C., Regeneration of carbonaceous adsorbents. Part I: thermal regeneration. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 202 (2015), 259–276.
88. Sanyang, M.L., Ghani, W.A.W.A.K., Idris, A., Ahmad, M.B., Hydrogel biochar composite for arsenic removal from wastewater. Desalin. Water Treat. 57:8 (2016), 3674–3688.
89. Sari, M., Removal of acidic indigo carmine textile dye from aqueous solutions using radiation induced cationic hydrogels. Water Sci. Technol. 61:8 (2010), 2097–2104.
90. Shen, C., Shen, Y., Wen, Y., Wang, H., Liu, W., Fast and highly efficient removal of dyes under alkaline conditions using magnetic chitosan-Fe(III) hydrogel. Water Res. 45:16 (2011), 5200–5210.
91. Shinde, U.P., Yeon, B., Jeong, B., Recent progress of in situ formed gels for biomedical applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 38:3 (2013), 672–701.
92. Shirsath, S.R., Hage, A.P., Zhou, M., Sonawane, S.H., Ashokkumar, M., Ultrasound assisted preparation of nanoclay Bentonite-FeCo nanocomposite hybrid hydrogel: a potential responsive sorbent for removal of organic pollutant from water. Desalination 281 (2011), 429–437.
93. Singh, T., Singhal, R., Kinetics and thermodynamics of cationic dye adsorption onto dry and swollen hydrogels poly(acrylic acid-sodium acrylate-acrylamide) sodium humate. Desalin. Water Treat. 53:13 (2015), 3668–3680.
94. Shukla, N.B., Madras, G., Adsorption of anionic dyes on a reversibly swelling cationic superabsorbent polymer. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 127:3 (2013), 2251–2258.
95. Şolpan, D., Şen, M., Kölge, Z., Güven, O., Adsorption of apollo reactive dyes on poly (N, N dimethylamino ethylmethacrylate) hydrogels. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 77:4 (2008), 428–433.
96. Soni, G., Yadav, K.S., Nanogels as potential nanomedicine carrier for treatment of cancer: a mini review of the state of the art. Saudi Pharm. J. 24:2 (2016), 133–139.
97. Taleb, M.F.A., El-Mohdy, H.L.A., El-Rehim, H.A.A., Radiation preparation of PVA/CMC copolymers and their application in removal of dyes. J. Hazard. Mater 168:1 (2009), 68–75.
98. Tanaka, Y., Gong, J.P., Osada, Y., Novel hydrogels with excellent mechanical performance. Prog. Polym. Sci. 30:1 (2005), 1–9.
99. Tang, S.C.N., Wang, P., Yin, K., Lo, I.M.C., Synthesis and application of magnetic hydrogel for Cr (VI) removal from contaminated water. Environ. Eng. Sci. 27:11 (2010), 947–954.
100. Tang, S.C.N., Yin, K., Lo, I.M.C., Column study of Cr (VI) removal by cationic hydrogel for in-situ remediation of contaminated groundwater and soil. J. Contam. Hydrol. 125:1 (2011), 39–46.
101. Tang, S.C.N., Lo, I.M.C., Mak, M.S.H., Comparative Study of the adsorption selectivity of Cr(VI) onto cationic hydrogels with different functional groups. Water Air Soil Pollut. 223:4 (2012), 1713–1722.
102. Tang, S.C.N., Lo, I.M.C., Magnetic nanoparticles: essential factors for sustainable environmental applications. Water Res. 47:8 (2013), 2613–2632.
103. Tang, S.C.N., Yan, D.Y.S., Lo, I.M.C., Sustainable wastewater treatment using microsized magnetic hydrogel with magnetic separation technology. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 53:40 (2014), 15718–15724.
104. Taşdelen, B., Osmanlioglu, A.E., Kam, E., Cationic dye adsorption by poly (N-isopropylacrylamide/maleic acid) copolymeric hydrogels prepared by gamma rays. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 298:3 (2013), 1469–1476.
105. Thakur, V.K., Thakur, M.K., Recent trends in hydrogels based on psyllium polysaccharide: a review. J. Clean. Prod. 82 (2014), 1–15.
106. Utech, S., Boccaccini, A., A review of hydrogel-based composites for biomedical applications: enhancement of hydrogel properties by addition of rigid inorganic fillers. J. Mater. Sci. 51:1 (2016), 271–310.
107. 2 core–shell magnetic nanomaterial as a novel adsorbent for aqueous heavy metals removal. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 349:1 (2010), 293–299.
108. Wang, W., Kang, Y., Wang, A., One-step fabrication in aqueous solution of a granular alginate-based hydrogel for fast and efficient removal of heavy metal ions. J. Polym. Res. 20:3 (2013), 1–10.
109. Wang, Y., Wang, W., Wang, A., Efficient adsorption of methylene blue on an alginate-based nanocomposite hydrogel enhanced by organo-illite/smectite clay. Chem. Eng. J. 228 (2013), 132–139.
110. Wang, X., Liu, Z., Ye, X., Hu, K., Zhong, H., Yu, J., Jin, M., Guo, Z., A facile one-step approach to functionalized graphene oxide-based hydrogels used as effective adsorbents toward anionic dyes. Appl. Surf. Sci. 308 (2014), 82–90.
111. Wołowicz, A., Hubicki, Z., Effect of matrix and structure types of ion exchangers on palladium(II) sorption from acidic medium. Chem. Eng. J. 160:2 (2010), 660–670.
112. Wu, N., Li, Z., Synthesis and characterization of poly(HEA/MALA) hydrogel and its application in removal of heavy metal ions from water. Chem. Eng. J. 215–216 (2013), 894–902.
113. Wu, B., Yan, D., Khan, M., Zhang, Z., Lo, I.M.C., Application of magnetic hydrogel for anionic pollutants removal from wastewater with adsorbent regeneration and reuse. J. Hazard. Toxic. Radioact. Waste, 2016, 10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153–5515.0000325.
114. Yagub, M.T., Sen, T.K., Afroze, S., Ang, H.M., Dye and its removal from aqueous solution by adsorption: a review. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 209 (2014), 172–184.
115. Yan, L., Shuai, Q., Gong, X., Gu, Q., Yu, H., Synthesis of microporous cationic hydrogel of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and its application on anionic dye removal. Clean Soil Air Water 37:4–5 (2009), 392–398.
116. Yang, X., Ni, L., Synthesis of hybrid hydrogel of poly(AM co DADMAC)/silica sol and removal of methyl orange from aqueous solutions. Chem. Eng. J. 209 (2012), 194–200.
117. Yantasee, W., Warner, C.L., Sangvanich, T., Addleman, R.S., Carter, T.G., Wiacek, R.J., Fryxell, G.E., Timchalk, C., Warner, M.G., Removal of heavy metals from aqueous systems with thiol functionalized superparamagnetic nanoparticles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41:14 (2007), 5114–5119.
118. Young, R.J., Lovell, P.A., Introduction to Polymers. third ed., 2011, Taylor & Francis, FL, U.S.
119. Zheng, Y., Zhu, Y., Wang, A., Highly efficient and selective adsorption of malachite green onto granular composite hydrogel. Chem. Eng. J. 257 (2014), 66–73.
120. Zhou, G., Luo, J., Liu, C., Chu, L., Ma, J., Tang, Y., Zeng, Z., Luo, S., A highly efficient polyampholyte hydrogel sorbent based fixed-bed process for heavy metal removal in actual industrial effluent. Water Res. 89 (2016), 151–160.
121. 2+. Chem. Eng. J. 284 (2016), 422–430.