Negative emotions in veterans relate to suicide risk through feelings of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness

Journal of Affective Disorders

Volumn 208, Issue , 2017, Pages 15-21

  Rogers, Megan L ^a   Kelliher Rabon, Jessica ^b   Hagan, Christopher R ^a   Hirsch, Jameson K ^b   Joiner, Thomas E ^a  

^a FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b EAST TENNESSEE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ANGER; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR THEORY; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; EMOTION; FEMALE; GUILT; HOSTILITY; HUMAN; INTERPERSONAL THEORY OF SUICIDE; MALE; PERCEIVED BURDENSOMENESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SELF DIRECTED HOSTILITY; SELF REPORT; SHAME; SUICIDE; THWARTED BELONGINGNESS; VETERAN; AUTOMUTILATION; HUMAN RELATION; PSYCHOLOGY; SELF CONCEPT; SUICIDAL IDEATION; YOUNG ADULT;

ANGER; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; EMOTIONS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; MALE; SELF CONCEPT; SELF-INJURIOUS BEHAVIOR; SHAME; SUICIDAL IDEATION; SUICIDE; VETERANS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84991706730     PISSN: 01650327     EISSN: 15732517     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.038     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Akande, D.W., A data-based analysis of the psychometric performance of the differential emotions scale. Educ. Stud. 28 (2002), 123–131, 10.1080/03055690220124560.
2. Ashrafioun, L., Pigeon, W.R., Conner, K.R., Leong, S.H., Oslin, D.W., Prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among veterans in primary care referred for a mental health evaluation. J. Affect. Disord., 2016, 0, 10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.014.
3. Baron, K.G., Smith, T.W., Butner, J., Nealey-Moore, J., Hawkins, M.W., Uchino, B.N., Hostility, anger, and marital adjustment: concurrent and prospective associations with psychosocial vulnerability. J. Behav. Med. 30 (2006), 1–10, 10.1007/s10865-006-9086-z.
4. Barrett, L.F., Gross, J., Christensen, T.C., Benvenuto, M., Knowing what you're feeling and knowing what to do about it: mapping the relation between emotion differentiation and emotion regulation. Cogn. Emot. 15 (2001), 713–724, 10.1080/02699930143000239.
5. Baumeister, R.F., Stillwell, A.M., Heatherton, T.F., Guilt: an interpersonal approach. Psychol. Bull. 115 (1994), 243–267.
6. Beckham, J.C., Moore, S.D., Reynolds, V., Interpersonal hostility and violence in vietnam combat veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: a review of theoretical models and empirical evidence. Aggress. Violent Behav. 5 (2000), 451–466, 10.1016/S1359-1789(98)00018-4.
7. Blum, A., Shame and guilt, misconceptions and controversies: a critical review of the literature. Traumatology 14 (2008), 91–102, 10.1177/1534765608321070.
8. Blumberg, S.H., Izard, C.E., Affective and cognitive characteristics of depression in 10- and 11-year-old children. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 49 (1985), 194–202, 10.1037/0022-3514.49.1.194.
9. Boulanger, G., Violence and vietnam veterans. Boulanger, G., Kadushin, C., (eds.) The Vietnam Veteran Redefined: Fact and Fiction, 1986, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, N.J, 79–90.
10. Bryan, C.J., Morrow, C.E., Anestis, M.D., Joiner, T.E., A preliminary test of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior in a military sample. Pers. Individ. Differ. 48 (2010), 347–350, 10.1016/j.paid.2009.10.023.
11. Bryan, C.J., Morrow, C.E., Etienne, N., Ray-Sannerud, B., Guilt, shame, and suicidal ideation in a military outpatient clinical sample. Depress. Anxiety 30 (2013), 55–60, 10.1002/da.22002.
12. Bryan, C.J., Ray-Sannerud, B., Morrow, C.E., Etienne, N., Shame, pride, and suicidal ideation in a military clinical sample. J. Affect. Disord. 147 (2013), 212–216, 10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.006.
13. Bryan, C.J., Roberge, E., Bryan, A.O., Ray-Sannerud, B., Morrow, C.E., Etienne, N., Guilt as a mediator of the relationship between depression and posttraumatic stress with suicide ideation in two samples of military personnel and veterans. Int. J. Cogn. Ther. 8 (2015), 143–155, 10.1521/ijct.2015.8.2.143.
14. Bryan, C.J., Griffith, J.H., Pace, B.T., Hinkson, K., Bryan, A.O., Clemans, T.A., Imel, Z.E., Combat exposure and risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors among military personnel and veterans: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Suicide Life. Threat. Behav. n/a–n/a, 2015, 10.1111/sltb.12163.
15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015. WISQARS: Web-Based Inquiry Statistics Query and Reporting System.
16. Chen, C., Hewitt, P.L., Flett, G.L., Preoccupied attachment, need to belong, shame, and interpersonal perfectionism: an investigation of the Perfectionism Social Disconnection Model. Personal. Individ. Differ. 76 (2015), 177–182, 10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.001.
17. Chu, C., Buchman-Schmitt, J.M., Michaels, M.S., Ribeiro, J.D., Joiner, T., Discussing disgust: the role of disgust with life in suicide. Int. J. Cogn. Ther. 6 (2013), 235–247, 10.1521/ijct.2013.6.3.235.
18. Conner, K.R., Bossarte, R.M., He, H., Arora, J., Lu, N., Tu, X.M., Katz, I.R., Posttraumatic stress disorder and suicide in 5.9 million individuals receiving care in the veterans health administration health system. J. Affect. Disord. 166 (2014), 1–5, 10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.067.
19. Cougle, J.R., Fitch, K.E., Fincham, F.D., Riccardi, C.J., Keough, M.E., Timpano, K.R., Excessive reassurance seeking and anxiety pathology: tests of incremental associations and directionality. J. Anxiety Disord. 26 (2012), 117–125, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.10.001.
20. Demers, A., When veterans return: the role of community in reintegration. J. Loss Trauma 16 (2011), 160–179, 10.1080/15325024.2010.519281.
21. Department of Defense, 2010. The challenge and the promise: Strengthening the force, preventing suicide, and saving lives. Final Report of the Department of Defense Task Force on the Prevention of Suicide by Members of the Armed Forces.
22. Elbogen, E.B., Wagner, H.R., Calhoun, P.S., Fuller, S.R., Kinneer, P.M., Beckham, J.C., Correlates of anger and hostility among iraq and afghanistan war veterans. Am. J. Psychiatry 167 (2010), 1051–1058, 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09050739.
23. Forbes, D., Creamer, M., Hawthorne, G., Allen, N., McHugh, T., Comorbidity as a predictor of symptom change after treatment in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 191 (2003), 93–99, 10.1097/01.NMD.0000051903.60517.98.
24. Frueh, B.C., Turner, S.M., Beidel, D.C., Cahill, S.P., Assessment of social functioning in combat veterans with ptsd.. Aggress. Violent Behav. 6 (2001), 79–90, 10.1016/S1359-1789(99)00012-9.
25. Gaudet, C.M., Sowers, K.M., Nugent, W.R., Boriskin, J.A., A review of PTSD and shame in military veterans. J. Hum. Behav. Soc. Environ. 26 (2016), 56–68, 10.1080/10911359.2015.1059168.
26. Gibbons, R.D., Brown, C.H., Hur, K., Is the rate of suicide among veterans elevated?. Am. J. Public Health 102 (2012), S17–S19, 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300491.
27. Hagan, C.R., Podlogar, M.C., Chu, C., Joiner, T.E., Testing the interpersonal theory of suicide: the moderating role of hopelessness. Int. J. Cogn. Ther. 8 (2015), 99–113, 10.1521/ijct.2015.8.2.99.
28. Harmon-Jones, E., Peterson, C., Gable, P.A., Harmon-Jones, C., Anger and Approach-avoidance Motivation, in: Handbook of Approach and Avoidance Motivation. 2008, Psychology Press, New York, NY, US, 399–413.
29. Hathaway, L.M., Boals, A., Banks, J.B., PTSD symptoms and dominant emotional response to a traumatic event: an examination of DSM-IV Criterion A2. Anxiety Stress Coping 23 (2010), 119–126, 10.1080/10615800902818771.
30. Hawkins, K.A., Cougle, J.R., A test of the unique and interactive roles of anger experience and expression in suicidality: findings from a population-based study. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 201 (2013), 959–963, 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000041.
31. Hawkins, K.A., Hames, J.L., Ribeiro, J.D., Silva, C., Joiner, T.E., Cougle, J.R., An examination of the relationship between anger and suicide risk through the lens of the interpersonal theory of suicide. J. Psychiatr. Res. 50 (2014), 59–65, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.12.005.
32. Henning, K.R., Frueh, B.C., Combat guilt and its relationship to PTSD symptoms. J. Clin. Psychol. 53 (1997), 801–808.
33. Hill, R.M., Rey, Y., Marin, C.E., Sharp, C., Green, K.L., Pettit, J.W., Evaluating the interpersonal needs questionnaire: comparison of the reliability, factor structure, and predictive validity across five versions. Suicide Life Threat. Behav. 45 (2015), 302–314, 10.1111/sltb.12129.
34. Hogan, B.E., Linden, W., Anger response styles and blood pressure: at least don't ruminate about it!. Ann. Behav. Med. Publ. Soc. Behav. Med. 27 (2004), 38–49, 10.1207/s15324796abm2701_6.
35. Horesh, N., Rolnick, T., Iancut, I., Dannon, P., Lepkifker, E., Apter, A., Kotler, M., Anger, impulsivity and suicide risk. Psychother. Psychosom. 66 (1997), 92–96, 10.1159/000289115.
36. Hu, L., Bentler, P.M., Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct. Equ. Model. Multidiscip. J. 6 (1999), 1–55, 10.1080/10705519909540118.
37. Izard, C.E., Human Emotions, 1977, Plenum Press, New York, NY.
38. Izard, C.E., 1989. The structure and functions of emotions: Implications for cognition, motivation, and personality, in: The G. Stanley Hall Lecture Series, Vol. 9, The G. Stanley Hall Lecture Series. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, US, pp. 39–73.
39. Izard, C.E., Libero, D.Z., Putnam, P., Maurice, O., Stability of emotion experiences and their relations to traits of personality. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 64 (1993), 847–860, 10.1037/0022-3514.64.5.847.
40. Jakupcak, M., Conybeare, D., Phelps, L., Hunt, S., Holmes, H.A., Felker, B., Klevens, M., McFall, M.E., Anger, hostility, and aggression among Iraq and Afghanistan War veterans reporting PTSD and subthreshold PTSD. J. Trauma. Stress 20 (2007), 945–954, 10.1002/jts.20258.
41. Joiner, T.E., Why People Die by Suicide, 2005, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
42. Joiner, T.E., Metalsky, G.I., Katz, J., Beach, S.R.H., Depression and excessive reassurance-seeking. Psychol. Inq. 10 (1999), 269–278, 10.1207/S15327965PLI1004_1.
43. Joiner, T.E., Van Orden, K.A., Witte, T.K., Selby, E.A., Ribeiro, J.D., Lewis, R., Rudd, M.D., Main predictions of the interpersonal–psychological theory of suicidal behavior: empirical tests in two samples of young adults. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 118 (2009), 634–646, 10.1037/a0016500.
44. Kalat, J.W., Shiota, Emotion, 1st ed, 2007, Thomson Wadsworth.
45. Kang, H.K., Bullman, T.A., Risk of suicide among US veterans after returning from the Iraq or Afghanistan war zones. JAMA 300 (2008), 652–653, 10.1001/jama.300.6.652.
46. Keltner, D., Haidt, J., Social functions of emotions at four levels of analysis. Cogn. Emot. 13 (1999), 505–521, 10.1080/026999399379168.
47. KempJ.E.BossarteR.M., 2012. Suicide Data Report. Department of Veterans Affairs, Mental Health Services, Suicide Prevention Program.
48. Kim, P.Y., Britt, T.W., Klocko, R.P., Riviere, L.A., Adler, A.B., Stigma, negative attitudes about treatment, and utilization of mental health care among soldiers. Mil. Psychol. 23 (2011), 65–81, 10.1080/08995605.2011.534415.
49. Kim, S., Thibodeau, R., Jorgensen, R.S., Shame, guilt, and depressive symptoms: a meta-analytic review. Psychol. Bull. 137 (2011), 68–96, 10.1037/a0021466.
50. King, L.A., King, D.W., Fairbank, J.A., Keane, T.M., Adams, G.A., Resilience-recovery factors in post-traumatic stress disorder among female and male Vietnam veterans: hardiness, postwar social support, and additional stressful life events. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 74 (1998), 420–434.
51. Lasko, N.B., Gurvits, T.V., Kuhne, A.A., Orr, S.P., Pitman, R.K., Aggression and its correlates in Vietnam veterans with and without chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Compr. Psychiatry 35 (1994), 373–381.
52. Laufer, K.S.Yager, T.Frey-Wouters, E.Donnellan, J., 1981. Legacies of Vietnam: Comparative adjustment of veterans and their peers: Post-war trauma: Social and psychological problems of Vietnam veterans in the aftermath of the Vietnam war. Center for Policy Research, New York, NY.
53. Lehavot, K., Der-Martirosian, C., Simpson, T.L., Shipherd, J.C., Washington, D.L., The role of military social support in understanding the relationship between PTSD, physical health, and healthcare utilization in women veterans. J. Trauma. Stress 26 (2013), 772–775, 10.1002/jts.21859.
54. Linehan, M.M., Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder, 1993, Guilford Press, New York, NY, US.
55. Linehan, M.M., DBT Skills Training Manual. Second edition, 2014, Guilford Press, New York, NY.
56. Litz, B.T., Stein, N., Delaney, E., Lebowitz, L., Nash, W.P., Silva, C., Maguen, S., Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: a preliminary model and intervention strategy. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 29 (2009), 695–706, 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.07.003.
57. May, A.M., Klonsky, E.D., What distinguishes suicide attempters from suicide ideators? A meta-analysis of potential factors. Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract. n/a–n/a, 2016, 10.1111/cpsp.12136.
58. McFall, M., Fontana, A., Raskind, M., Rosenheck, R., Analysis of violent behavior in Vietnam combat veteran psychiatric inpatients with posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Trauma. Stress 12 (1999), 501–517, 10.1023/A:1024771121189.
59. Mental Health Advisory Team, 2008a. Operation Enduring Freedom 8: Afghanistan.
60. Mental Health Advisory Team, 2008b. Operation Iraqi Freedom 06-08: Iraq.
61. Monteith, L.L., Menefee, D.S., Pettit, J.W., Leopoulos, W.L., Vincent, J.P., Examining the interpersonal–psychological theory of suicide in an inpatient veteran sample. Suicide Life Threat. Behav. 43 (2013), 418–428.
62. Morris, M.W., Keltner, D., How emotions work: the social functions of emotional expression in negotiations. Res. Organ. Behav. 22 (2000), 1–50, 10.1016/S0191-3085(00)22002-9.
63. Nock, M.K., Deming, C.A., Fullerton, C.S., Gilman, S.E., Goldenberg, M., Kessler, R.C., McCarroll, J.E., McLaughlin, K.A., Peterson, C., Schoenbaum, M., Stanley, B., Ursano, R.J., Suicide among soldiers: a review of psychosocial risk and protective factors. Psychiatry Interpers. Biol. Process 76 (2013), 97–125, 10.1521/psyc.2013.76.2.97.
64. Novaco, R.W., Swanson, R.D., Gonzalez, O.I., Gahm, G.A., Reger, M.D., Anger and postcombat mental health: validation of a brief anger measure with U.S. Soldiers postdeployed from Iraq and Afghanistan. Psychol. Assess. 24 (2012), 661–675, 10.1037/a0026636.
65. Osman, A., Bagge, C.L., Gutierrez, P.M., Konick, L.C., Kopper, B.A., Barrios, F.X., The Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R): validation with clinical and nonclinical samples. Assessment 8 (2001), 443–454, 10.1177/107319110100800409.
66. Ozbay, F., Johnson, D.C., Dimoulas, E., Morgan, C.A., Charney, D., Southwick, S., Social Support and Resilience to Stress. Psychiatry Edgmont 4 (2007), 35–40.
67. Ramírez, J.M., Andreu, J.M., Aggression, and some related psychological constructs (anger, hostility, and impulsivity); some comments from a research project. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 30 (2006), 276–291, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.04.015.
68. Ray, R.D., Webster, R., Group interpersonal psychotherapy for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: a pilot study. Int. J. Group Psychother. 60 (2010), 131–140, 10.1521/ijgp.2010.60.1.131.
69. Renshaw, K.D., Kiddie, N.S., Internal anger and external expressions of aggression in OEF/OIF veterans. Mil. Psychol. 24 (2012), 221–235, 10.1080/08995605.2012.678197.
70. RogersM.L.ChuC.SmithC.E.BodellL.P.RibeiroJ.D.JoinerT.E., In preparation. Disgust with life and suicidal ideation: The mediating roles of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness.
71. Schreiber, J.B., Nora, A., Stage, F.K., Barlow, E.A., King, J., Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: a review. J. Educ. Res. 99 (2006), 323–338, 10.3200/JOER.99.6.323-338.
72. Seidlitz, L., Conwell, Y., Duberstein, P., Cox, C., Denning, D., Emotion traits in older suicide attempters and non-attempters. J. Affect. Disord. 66 (2001), 123–131, 10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00300-1.
73. Selby, E.A., Anestis, M.D., Bender, T.W., Ribeiro, J.D., Nock, M.K., Rudd, M.D., Bryan, C.J., Lim, I.C., Baker, M.T., Gutierrez, P.M., Joiner, T.E., Overcoming the fear of lethal injury: evaluating suicidal behavior in the military through the lens of the interpersonal–psychological theory of suicide. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 30 (2010), 298–307, 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.12.004.
74. Siemer, M., Mauss, I., Gross, J.J., Same situation–different emotions: how appraisals shape our emotions. Emotion 7 (2007), 592–600.
75. Silva, C., Hagan, C.R., Rogers, M.L., Chiurliza, B., Podlogar, M.C., Hom, M.A., Tzoneva, M., LimI, C., Joiner, T.E., Evidence for the propositions of the interpersonal theory of suicide in a military sample. J. Clin. Psychol., 2016.
76. Tafrate, R.C., Kassinove, H., Dundin, L., Anger episodes in high- and low-trait-anger community adults. J. Clin. Psychol. 58 (2002), 1573–1590, 10.1002/jclp.10076.
77. Tangney, J.P., Recent advances in the empirical study of shame and guilt. Am. Behav. Sci. 38 (1995), 1132–1145, 10.1177/0002764295038008008.
78. Tangney, J.P., Dearing, L., Shame and Guilt, 2002, Guilford Press, New York, NY.
79. Van Orden, K.A., Cukrowicz, K.C., Witte, T.K., Joiner, T.E.J., Thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness: construct validity and psychometric properties of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire. Psychol. Assess. 24 (2012), 197–215, 10.1037/a0025358.
80. Van Orden, K.A., Witte, T.K., Gordon, K.H., Bender, T.W., Joiner, T.E.J., Suicidal desire and the capability for suicide: tests of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior among adults. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol., Spec. Sect.: Suicide Nonsuicidal Self-Inj. 76 (2008), 72–83, 10.1037/0022-006X.76.1.72.
81. Van Orden, K.A., Witte, T.K., Cukrowicz, K.C., Braithwaite, S.R., Selby, E.A., Joiner, T.E.J., The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychol. Rev. 117 (2010), 575–600, 10.1037/a0018697.
82. Weathers, F.W., Litz, B.T., Keane, T.M., Herman, D.S., Steinberg, H.R., Huska, J.A., Kraemer, H.C., The utility of the SCL-90 for the diagnosis of war-zone-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Trauma. Stress 9 (1996), 111–128, 10.1002/jts.2490090110.
83. You, S., Talbot, N.L., He, H., Conner, K.R., Emotions and suicidal ideation among depressed women with childhood sexual abuse histories. Suicide Life Threat. Behav. 42 (2012), 244–254, 10.1111/j.1943-278X.2012.00086.x.