The Effects of Tai Chi and Neck Exercises in the Treatment of Chronic Nonspecific Neck Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Journal of Pain

Volumn 17, Issue 9, 2016, Pages 1013-1027

  Lauche, Romy ^a,b   Stumpe, Christoph ^a   Fehr, Johannes ^a   Cramer, Holger ^a,b   Cheng, Ying Wu ^c   Wayne, Peter M ^d   Rampp, Thomas ^a   Langhorst, Jost ^a   Dobos, Gustav ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DUISBURG ESSEN   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SYDNEY   (Australia)

^c SHANGHAI UNIVERSITY OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE   (China)

^d BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

chronic pain; efficacy; neck exercises; Neck pain; randomized controlled trial; spinal exercises; Tai Chi

Indexed keywords

ANALGESIC AGENT;

ACHILLES TENDON; ADULT; ANALGESIA; APPENDICITIS; ARTICLE; AWARENESS; BODY POSTURE; CHRONIC PAIN; CLINICAL OUTCOME; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISABILITY; EXERCISE; FEMALE; FUNCTIONAL DISABILITY; FUNCTIONAL DISEASE; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HUMAN; INTEROCEPTIVE AWARENESS; KNEE PAIN; LOW DRUG DOSE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MIGRAINE; MONONUCLEOSIS; MOVEMENT (PHYSIOLOGY); MYALGIA; NECK; NECK PAIN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PAIN INTENSITY; PARALLEL DESIGN; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PATIENT SAFETY; PATIENT SATISFACTION; PERCEIVED STRESS SCALE; PERCEPTION DEAFNESS; POSTURAL AWARENESS; PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SHORT FORM 36; TAI CHI; THERAPY EFFECT; TOOTH INFECTION; TOOTH ROOT; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; VERTIGO; VISUAL ANALOG SCALE; FOLLOW UP; KINESIOTHERAPY; PHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOLOGY; QUESTIONNAIRE;

ADULT; AWARENESS; CHRONIC PAIN; EXERCISE THERAPY; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MOVEMENT; NECK; NECK PAIN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES; TAI JI; VISUAL ANALOG SCALE;

EID: 84991380462     PISSN: 15265900     EISSN: 15288447     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2016.06.004     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. 1 Amano, S., Nocera, J.R., Vallabhajosula, S., Juncos, J.L., Gregor, R.J., Waddell, D.E., Wolf, S.L., Hass, C.J., The effect of Tai Chi exercise on gait initiation and gait performance in persons with Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 19 (2013), 955–960.
2. 2 Binder, A., The diagnosis and treatment of nonspecific neck pain and whiplash. Eura Medicophys 43 (2007), 79–89.
3. 3 Birdee, G.S., Wayne, P.M., Davis, R.B., Phillips, R.S., Yeh, G.Y., T'ai chi and qigong for health: Patterns of use in the United States. J Altern Complement Med 15 (2009), 969–973.
4. 4 Bornemann, B., Herbert, B.M., Mehling, W.E., Singer, T., Differential changes in self-reported aspects of interoceptive awareness through 3 months of contemplative training. Front Psychol, 5, 2014, 1504.
5. 5 Brismee, J.M., Paige, R.L., Chyu, M.C., Boatright, J.D., Hagar, J.M., McCaleb, J.A., Quintela, M.M., Feng, D., Xu, K.T., Shen, C.L., Group and home-based tai chi in elderly subjects with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 21 (2007), 99–111.
6. 6 Bullinger, M., Kirchberger, I., SF-36. Questionnaire on health status [in German]. 1998, Hogrefe, Göttingen.
7. 7 Büssing, A., Recchia, D.R., Spiritual and non-spiritual needs among German soldiers and their relation to stress perception, PTSD symptoms, and life satisfaction: Results from a structural equation modeling approach. J Relig Health 55 (2015), 747–764.
8. 8 Chen, W.W., Sun, W.Y., Tai chi chuan, an alternative form of exercise for health promotion and disease prevention for older adults in the community. Int Q Community Health Educ 16 (1996), 333–339.
9. 9 Chia, M., Li, J., The Inner Structure of Tai Chi: Mastering the Classic Forms of Tai Chi Chi Kung. 2005, Destiny Books, Rochester, VT.
10. 10 Christensen, U., Schmidt, L., Budtz-Jorgensen, E., Avlund, K., Group cohesion and social support in exercise classes: Results from a Danish intervention study. Health Educ Behav 33 (2006), 677–689.
11. 11 Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., Mermelstein, R., A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav 24 (1983), 385–396.
12. 12 Corcos, D.M., Comella, C.L., Goetz, C.G., Tai chi for patients with Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 366 (2012), 1737–1738 author reply: 1738.
13. 13 Cote, P., Cassidy, J.D., Carroll, L., The Saskatchewan Health and Back Pain Survey. The prevalence of neck pain and related disability in Saskatchewan adults. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 23 (1998), 1689–1698.
14. 14 Cote, P., Hogg-Johnson, S., Cassidy, J.D., Carroll, L., Frank, J.W., The association between neck pain intensity, physical functioning, depressive symptomatology and time-to-claim-closure after whiplash. J Clin Epidemiol 54 (2001), 275–286.
15. 15 Cote, P., van der Velde, G., Cassidy, J.D., Carroll, L.J., Hogg-Johnson, S., Holm, L.W., Carragee, E.J., Haldeman, S., Nordin, M., Hurwitz, E.L., Guzman, J., Peloso, P.M., Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders. The burden and determinants of neck pain in workers: Results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 33 (2008), S60–S74.
16. 16 Cramer, H., Lauche, R., Hohmann, C., Lüdtke, R., Haller, H., Michalsen, A., Langhorst, J., Dobos, G., Randomized-controlled trial comparing yoga and home-based exercise for chronic neck pain. Clin J Pain 29 (2013), 216–223.
17. 17 Cramer, H., Lauche, R., Langhorst, J., Dobos, G.J., Michalsen, A., Validation of the German version of the Neck Disability Index (NDI). BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 15, 2014, 91.
18. 18 Dmitrienko, A., Tamhane, A.C., Wang, X., Chen, X., Stepwise gatekeeping procedures in clinical trial applications. Biom J 48 (2006), 984–991.
19. 19 Dworkin, R.H., Turk, D.C., Farrar, J.T., Haythornthwaite, J.A., Jensen, M.P., Katz, N.P., Kerns, R.D., Stucki, G., Allen, R.R., Bellamy, N., Carr, D.B., Chandler, J., Cowan, P., Dionne, R., Galer, B.S., Hertz, S., Jadad, A.R., Kramer, L.D., Manning, D.C., Martin, S., McCormick, C.G., McDermott, M.P., McGrath, P., Quessy, S., Rappaport, B.A., Robbins, W., Robinson, J.P., Rothman, M., Royal, M.A., Simon, L., Stauffer, J.W., Stein, W., Tollett, J., Wernicke, J., Witter, J., Core outcome measures for chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. Pain 113 (2005), 9–19.
20. 20 Edwards, I.R., Biriell, C., Harmonisation in pharmacovigilance. Drug Saf 10 (1994), 93–102.
21. 21 Feise, R.J., Do multiple outcome measures require p-value adjustment?. BMC Med Res Methodol, 2, 2002, 8.
22. 22 Fejer, R., Kyvik, K.O., Hartvigsen, J., The prevalence of neck pain in the world population: A systematic critical review of the literature. Eur Spine J 15 (2006), 834–848.
23. 23 Gillespie, L.D., Robertson, M.C., Gillespie, W.J., Sherrington, C., Gates, S., Clemson, L.M., Lamb, S.E., Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2012, CD007146.
24. 24 Gross, A., Kay, T.M., Paquin, J.P., Blanchette, S., Lalonde, P., Christie, T., Dupont, G., Graham, N., Burnie, S.J., Gelley, G., Goldsmith, C.H., Forget, M., Hoving, J.L., Bronfort, G., Santaguida, P.L., Exercises for mechanical neck disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2015, CD004250.
25. 25 Hackney, M.E., Wolf, S.L., Impact of Tai Chi Chu'an practice on balance and mobility in older adults: an integrative review of 20 years of research. J Geriatr Phys Ther 37 (2014), 127–135.
26. 26 Hall, A.M., Maher, C.G., Lam, P., Ferreira, M., Latimer, J., Tai chi exercise for treatment of pain and disability in people with persistent low back pain: A randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 63 (2011), 1576–1583.
27. 27 Holmberg, C., Rappenecker, J., Karner, J.J., Witt, C.M., The perspectives of older women with chronic neck pain on perceived effects of qigong and exercise therapy on aging: A qualitative interview study. Clin Interv Aging 9 (2014), 403–410.
28. 28 Hong, Y., Li, J.X., Robinson, P.D., Balance control, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory fitness among older Tai Chi practitioners. Br J Sports Med 34 (2000), 29–34.
29. 29 Hurwitz, E.L., Carragee, E.J., van der Velde, G., Carroll, L.J., Nordin, M., Guzman, J., Peloso, P.M., Holm, L.W., Cote, P., Hogg-Johnson, S., Cassidy, J.D., Haldeman, S., Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders. Treatment of neck pain: Noninvasive interventions: Results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 33 (2008), S123–S152.
30. 30 Jacobson, B.H., Chen, H.C., Cashel, C., Guerrero, L., The effect of T'ai Chi Chuan training on balance, kinesthetic sense, and strength. Percept Mot Skills 84 (1997), 27–33.
31. 31 Jensen, M.P., Chen, C., Brugger, A.M., Interpretation of visual analog scale ratings and change scores: A reanalysis of two clinical trials of postoperative pain. J Pain 4 (2003), 407–414.
32. 32 Jones, K.D., Sherman, C.A., Mist, S.D., Carson, J.W., Bennett, R.M., Li, F., A randomized controlled trial of 8-form Tai chi improves symptoms and functional mobility in fibromyalgia patients. Clin Rheumatol 31 (2012), 1205–1214.
33. 33 Kay, T.M., Gross, A., Goldsmith, C.H., Rutherford, S., Voth, S., Hoving, J.L., Bronfort, G., Santaguida, P.L., Exercises for mechanical neck disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2012, CD004250.
34. 34 Kolip, P., Schmidt, B., Questionnaire on physical well-being (FEW16). Construction and first validation [in German]. Z Gesundheitspsych 7 (1999), 77–87.
35. 35 Korb, J., Pfingsten, M., The German pain questionnaire - implemented psychometrics [in German]. Schmerz, 17, 2003, S47.
36. 36 Lan, C., Lai, J.S., Chen, S.Y., Wong, M.K., 12-Month Tai Chi training in the elderly: Its effect on health fitness. Med Sci Sports Exerc 30 (1998), 345–351.
37. 37 Lansinger, B., Larsson, E., Persson, L.C., Carlsson, J.Y., Qigong and exercise therapy in patients with long-term neck pain: A prospective randomized trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 32 (2007), 2415–2422.
38. 38 Lauche, R., Cramer, H., Langhorst, J., Michalsen, A., Dobos, G.J., Reliability and validity of the Pain On Movement Questionnaire (POM) in chronic neck pain. Pain Med 15 (2014), 1850–1856.
39. 39 Lauche, R., Langhorst, J., Dobos, G., Cramer, H., A systematic review and meta-analysis of Tai Chi for osteoarthritis of the knee. Complement Ther Med 21 (2013), 396–406.
40. 40 Lauche, R., Wayne, P., Dobos, G., Cramer, H., Prevalence, patterns, and predictors of Tai Chi and Qigong use in the US: Results from a nationally representative survey. J Altern Complement Med 22 (2016), 336–342.
41. 41 Mehling, W.E., Price, C., Daubenmier, J.J., Acree, M., Bartmess, E., Stewart, A., The Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA). PLoS One, 7, 2012, e48230.
42. 42 Michalsen, A., Traitteur, H., Ludtke, R., Brunnhuber, S., Meier, L., Jeitler, M., Bussing, A., Kessler, C., Yoga for chronic neck pain: A pilot randomized controlled clinical trial. J Pain 13 (2012), 1122–1130.
43. 43 Moseley, G.L., Graded motor imagery for pathologic pain: A randomized controlled trial. Neurology 67 (2006), 2129–2134.
44. 44 Pfingsten M, Nagel B, Emrich O, Seemann H, Lindena G, Korb J: German pain questionnaire. Manual [in German]. Available at: http://www.dgss.org/fileadmin/pdf/12_DSF_Manual_2012.2.pdf. 2007.
45. 45 Philadelphia Panel. Philadelphia Panel evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on selected rehabilitation interventions for neck pain. Phys Ther 81 (2001), 1701–1717.
46. 46 Province, M.A., Hadley, E.C., Hornbrook, M.C., Lipsitz, L.A., Miller, J.P., Mulrow, C.D., Ory, M.G., Sattin, R.W., Tinetti, M.E., Wolf, S.L., The effects of exercise on falls in elderly patients. A preplanned meta-analysis of the FICSIT Trials. Frailty and Injuries: Cooperative Studies of Intervention Techniques. JAMA 273 (1995), 1341–1347.
47. 47 Rendant, D., Pach, D., Ludtke, R., Reisshauer, A., Mietzner, A., Willich, S.N., Witt, C.M., Qigong versus exercise versus no therapy for patients with chronic neck pain: a randomized controlled trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 36 (2011), 419–427.
48. 48 Sherman, K.J., Cherkin, D.C., Erro, J., Miglioretti, D.L., Deyo, R.A., Comparing yoga, exercise, and a self-care book for chronic low back pain: A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 143 (2005), 849–856.
49. 49 Taylor-Piliae, R.E., Hoke, T.M., Hepworth, J.T., Latt, L.D., Najafi, B., Coull, B.M., Effect of Tai Chi on physical function, fall rates and quality of life among older stroke survivors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 95 (2014), 816–824.
50. 50 Tse, S.K., Bailey, D.M., T'ai chi and postural control in the well elderly. Am J Occup Ther 46 (1992), 295–300.
51. 51 Uhlig, T., Fongen, C., Steen, E., Christie, A., Odegard, S., Exploring Tai Chi in rheumatoid arthritis: A quantitative and qualitative study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 11, 2010, 43.
52. 52 Vernon, H., Mior, S., The Neck Disability Index: A study of reliability and validity. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 14 (1991), 409–415.
53. 53 von Trott, P., Wiedemann, A.M., Ludtke, R., Reishauer, A., Willich, S.N., Witt, C.M., Qigong and exercise therapy for elderly patients with chronic neck pain (QIBANE): A randomized controlled study. J Pain 10 (2009), 501–508.
54. 54 Vos, T., Flaxman, A.D., Naghavi, M., Lozano, R., Michaud, C., Ezzati, M., Shibuya, K., Salomon, J.A., Abdalla, S., Aboyans, V., Abraham, J., Ackerman, I., Aggarwal, R., Ahn, S.Y., Ali, M.K., Alvarado, M., Anderson, H.R., Anderson, L.M., Andrews, K.G., Atkinson, C., Baddour, L.M., Bahalim, A.N., Barker-Collo, S., Barrero, L.H., Bartels, D.H., Basáñez, M.G., Baxter, A., Bell, M.L., Benjamin, E.J., Bennett, D., Bernabé, E., Bhalla, K., Bhandari, B., Bikbov, B., Bin Abdulhak, A., Birbeck, G., Black, J.A., Blencowe, H., Blore, J.D., Blyth, F., Bolliger, I., Bonaventure, A., Boufous, S., Bourne, R., Boussinesq, M., Braithwaite, T., Brayne, C., Bridgett, L., Brooker, S., Brooks, P., Brugha, T.S., Bryan-Hancock, C., Bucello, C., Buchbinder, R., Buckle, G., Budke, C.M., Burch, M., Burney, P., Burstein, R., Calabria, B., Campbell, B., Canter, C.E., Carabin, H., Carapetis, J., Carmona, L., Cella, C., Charlson, F., Chen, H., Cheng, A.T., Chou, D., Chugh, S.S., Coffeng, L.E., Colan, S.D., Colquhoun, S., Colson, K.E., Condon, J., Connor, M.D., Cooper, L.T., Corriere, M., Cortinovis, M., de Vaccaro, K.C., Couser, W., Cowie, B.C., Criqui, M.H., Cross, M., Dabhadkar, K.C., Dahiya, M., Dahodwala, N., Damsere-Derry, J., Danaei, G., Davis, A., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Dellavalle, R., Delossantos, A., Denenberg, J., Derrett, S., Des Jarlais, D.C., Dharmaratne, S.D., Dherani, M., Diaz-Torne, C., Dolk, H., Dorsey, E.R., Driscoll, T., Duber, H., Ebel, B., Edmond, K., Elbaz, A., Ali, S.E., Erskine, H., Erwin, P.J., Espindola, P., Ewoigbokhan, S.E., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Felson, D.T., Ferrari, A., Ferri, C.P., Fèvre, E.M., Finucane, M.M., Flaxman, S., Flood, L., Foreman, K., Forouzanfar, M.H., Fowkes, F.G., Franklin, R., Fransen, M., Freeman, M.K., Gabbe, B.J., Gabriel, S.E., Gakidou, E., Ganatra, H.A., Garcia, B., Gaspari, F., Gillum, R.F., Gmel, G., Gosselin, R., Grainger, R., Groeger, J., Guillemin, F., Gunnell, D., Gupta, R., Haagsma, J., Hagan, H., Halasa, Y.A., Hall, W., Haring, D., Haro, J.M., Harrison, J.E., Havmoeller, R., Hay, R.J., Higashi, H., Hill, C., Hoen, B., Hoffman, H., Hotez, P.J., Hoy, D., Huang, J.J., Ibeanusi, S.E., Jacobsen, K.H., James, S.L., Jarvis, D., Jasrasaria, R., Jayaraman, S., Johns, N., Jonas, J.B., Karthikeyan, G., Kassebaum, N., Kawakami, N., Keren, A., Khoo, J.P., King, C.H., Knowlton, L.M., Kobusingye, O., Koranteng, A., Krishnamurthi, R., Lalloo, R., Laslett, L.L., Lathlean, T., Leasher, J.L., Lee, Y.Y., Leigh, J., Lim, S.S., Limb, E., Lin, J.K., Lipnick, M., Lipshultz, S.E., Liu, W., Loane, M., Ohno, S.L., Lyons, R., Ma, J., Mabweijano, J., MacIntyre, M.F., Malekzadeh, R., Mallinger, L., Manivannan, S., Marcenes, W., March, L., Margolis, D.J., Marks, G.B., Marks, R., Matsumori, A., Matzopoulos, R., Mayosi, B.M., McAnulty, J.H., McDermott, M.M., McGill, N., McGrath, J., Medina-Mora, M.E., Meltzer, M., Mensah, G.A., Merriman, T.R., Meyer, A.C., Miglioli, V., Miller, M., Miller, T.R., Mitchell, P.B., Mocumbi, A.O., Moffitt, T.E., Mokdad, A.A., Monasta, L., Montico, M., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Moran, A., Morawska, L., Mori, R., Murdoch, M.E., Mwaniki, M.K., Naidoo, K., Nair, M.N., Naldi, L., Narayan, K.M., Nelson, P.K., Nelson, R.G., Nevitt, M.C., Newton, C.R., Nolte, S., Norman, P., Norman, R., O'Donnell, M., O'Hanlon, S., Olives, C., Omer, S.B., Ortblad, K., Osborne, R., Ozgediz, D., Page, A., Pahari, B., Pandian, J.D., Rivero, A.P., Patten, S.B., Pearce, N., Padilla, R.P., Perez-Ruiz, F., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Phillips, D., Phillips, M.R., Pierce, K., Pion, S., Polanczyk, G.V., Polinder, S., Pope, C.A. 3rd, Popova, S., Porrini, E., Pourmalek, F., Prince, M., Pullan, R.L., Ramaiah, K.D., Ranganathan, D., Razavi, H., Regan, M., Rehm, J.T., Rein, D.B., Remuzzi, G., Richardson, K., Rivara, F.P., Roberts, T., Robinson, C., De Leòn, F.R., Ronfani, L., Room, R., Rosenfeld, L.C., Rushton, L., Sacco, R.L., Saha, S., Sampson, U., Sanchez-Riera, L., Sanman, E., Schwebel, D.C., Scott, J.G., Segui-Gomez, M., Shahraz, S., Shepard, D.S., Shin, H., Shivakoti, R., Singh, D., Singh, G.M., Singh, J.A., Singleton, J., Sleet, D.A., Sliwa, K., Smith, E., Smith, J.L., Stapelberg, N.J., Steer, A., Steiner, T., Stolk, W.A., Stovner, L.J., Sudfeld, C., Syed, S., Tamburlini, G., Tavakkoli, M., Taylor, H.R., Taylor, J.A., Taylor, W.J., Thomas, B., Thomson, W.M., Thurston, G.D., Tleyjeh, I.M., Tonelli, M., Towbin, J.A., Truelsen, T., Tsilimbaris, M.K., Ubeda, C., Undurraga, E.A., van der Werf, M.J., van Os, J., Vavilala, M.S., Venketasubramanian, N., Wang, M., Wang, W., Watt, K., Weatherall, D.J., Weinstock, M.A., Weintraub, R., Weisskopf, M.G., Weissman, M.M., White, R.A., Whiteford, H., Wiersma, S.T., Wilkinson, J.D., Williams, H.C., Williams, S.R., Witt, E., Wolfe, F., Woolf, A.D., Wulf, S., Yeh, P.H., Zaidi, A.K., Zheng, Z.J., Zonies, D., Lopez, A.D., Murray, C.J., AlMazroa, M.A., Memish, Z.A., Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380 (2012), 2163–2196.
55. 55 Waite-Jones, J.M., Hale, C.A., Lee, H.Y., Psychosocial effects of Tai Chi exercise on people with rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Nurs 22 (2013), 3053–3061.
56. 56 Wang, C., Tai Chi improves pain and functional status in adults with rheumatoid arthritis: Results of a pilot single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Med Sport Sci 52 (2008), 218–229.
57. 57 Wang, C., Schmid, C.H., Hibberd, P.L., Kalish, R., Roubenoff, R., Rones, R., McAlindon, T., Tai Chi is effective in treating knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 61 (2009), 1545–1553.
58. 58 Wang, C., Schmid, C.H., Rones, R., Kalish, R., Yinh, J., Goldenberg, D.L., Lee, Y., McAlindon, T., A randomized trial of tai chi for fibromyalgia. N Engl J Med 363 (2010), 743–754.
59. 59 Wang, F., Lee, E.K., Wu, T., Benson, H., Fricchione, G., Wang, W., Yeung, A.S., The effects of tai chi on depression, anxiety, and psychological well-being: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Behav Med 21 (2014), 605–617.
60. 60 Wayne, P.M., Berkowitz, D.L., Litrownik, D.E., Buring, J.E., Yeh, G.Y., What do we really know about the safety of tai chi?: A systematic review of adverse event reports in randomized trials. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 95 (2014), 2470–2483.
61. 61 Wayne, P.M., Kaptchuk, T.J., Challenges inherent to t'ai chi research: Part I–t'ai chi as a complex multicomponent intervention. J Altern Complement Med 14 (2008), 95–102.
62. 62 Wayne, P.M., Kaptchuk, T.J., Challenges inherent to t'ai chi research: Part II-defining the intervention and optimal study design. J Altern Complement Med 14 (2008), 191–197.
63. 63 WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology: Guidelines for ATC classification and DDD assignment 2010. Oslo, World Health Organization, 2009.
64. 64 Wolfson, L., Whipple, R., Derby, C., Judge, J., King, M., Amerman, P., Schmidt, J., Smyers, D., Balance and strength training in older adults: Intervention gains and Tai Chi maintenance. J Am Geriatr Soc 44 (1996), 498–506.
65. 65 Xu, F., Letendre, J., Bekke, J., Beebe, N., Mahler, L., Lofgren, I.E., Delmonico, M.J., Impact of a program of Tai Chi plus behaviorally based dietary weight loss on physical functioning and coronary heart disease risk factors: A community-based study in obese older women. J Nutr Gerontol Geriatr 34 (2015), 50–65.
66. 66 Yang, G.Y., Wang, L.Q., Ren, J., Zhang, Y., Li, M.L., Zhu, Y.T., Luo, J., Cheng, Y.J., Li, W.Y., Wayne, P.M., Liu, J.P., Evidence base of clinical studies on Tai Chi: A bibliometric analysis. PLoS One, 10, 2015, e0120655.
67. 67 Zhang, J., Quan, H., Ng, J., Stepanavage, M.E., Some statistical methods for multiple endpoints in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials 18 (1997), 204–221.
68. 68 Zhang, T.Y., Hu, Y., Nie, Z.Y., Jin, R.X., Chen, F., Guan, Q., Hu, B., Gu, C.Y., Zhu, L., Jin, L.J., Effects of Tai Chi and multimodal exercise training on movement and balance function in mild to moderate idiopathic Parkinson disease. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 94 (2015), 921–929.