‘so hard a text’? images of charles i, 1612–1700

Historical Journal

Volumn 43, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 383-405

  Sharpe, Kevin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 84991268423     PISSN: 0018246X     EISSN: 14695103     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X99001132     Document Type: Article

References (151)

1. See especially D. Starkey, ed., The English court from the Wars of the Roses to the Civil War (London, 1987).
2. For example, R. Ollard The image of the king (London, 1979). Tom Corns's volume of essays on Charles I is also titled The royal image, though the subtitle and contents address ‘representations’ of Charles I.
3. See now T. Corns, ed., The royal image: representations of Charles I (Cambridge, 1999).
4. H. Love, Scribal publication in seventeenth-century England (Oxford, 1993), p. 141.
5. See my ‘ Representations and negotiations: text, image and authority in early modern England’, in K. Sharpe, Remapping early modern England (Cambridge, 2000), ch. 12
6. R. Chartier, On the edge of the cliff: history, language and practices (Baltimore, 1997), ch. 7.
7. See my Reading revolutions: the politics of reading in early modern England (New Haven and London, 2000), ch. 1.
8. R. Strong, Henry prince of Wales and England's lost Renaissance (London, 1986).
9. James I, The works of the most high and mighty Prince James (1616), dedication to Prince Charles.
10. R. Dallington, Aphorisms, civil and militarie (1613), ‘To the High and Mightie Charles, Prince of Great Britaine’.
11. Huntington Library, California: Richard Bull Granger (a collection of engraved portraits), vol. 4/43; the Van Somer in the National Gallery of Scotland has the features of Charles but ‘the armour is that made by William Pickering of Greenwich for Prince Henry’.
12. See the dedication to Charles in J. Bingham, The tactickes of Aelian (1616).
13. See Epithamalia Oxoniensia in auspisatissimum potentissimi monarchae Caroli Magnae Britanniae… cum Henrietta Maria (Oxford, 1625), sigs, A3V, E1, and passim.
14. K. Sharpe, The personal rule of Charles I (New Haven and London, 1992), pp. 46–52.
15. J. Raymond, ‘Popular representations of Charles I’, in Corns, ed., Royal image, p. 51.
16. T. Corns, ‘Duke, prince and king’, in Corns, ed., Royal image, p. 19.
17. Coronae Carolinae quadratura…(Oxford, 1636), sigs. a ivv, Aiv; p. 132, and passim.
18. K. Sharpe, Criticism and compliment: the politics of literature in the England of Charles I (Cambridge, 1987), ch. 6.
19. Albion s triumph 11, 404–5, in S. Orgel and R. Strong, Inigo Jones: the theatre of the Stuart court (2 vols., Los Angeles, 1973), 11, p. 457.
20. T. Carew, Coelum Britannicum, in Inigo Jones: the theatre of the Stuart court, 11, p. 576.
21. H. Hexham, An historical relation of the famous siege of the busse (1630), list at end.
22. S. Achinstein, ‘Milton and King Charles’, in Corns, ed., Royal image, pp. 141–161
23. Cf. R. Anselment, ‘Clarendon and the Caroline myth of peace’, Journal of British Studies, 23 (1984), pp. 33–54.
24. Sharpe, Criticism and compliment, pp. 145–8, 173–7. I would now place more emphasis on this tension.
25. M. Butler, ‘Politics and the masque: Salmacida Spolia’, in T. Healy and J. Sawday, eds., Literature and the English Civil War (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 59–74.
26. Orgel and Strong, Inigo Jones, 11, pp. 421, 601.
27. Inigo Jones, 11, p. 604.
28. Carew, Coelum, Inigo Jones, 11, pp. 458, 572.
29. See Milton, Eikonoklastes, in W. H. Haller, ed., The works of John Milton V (New York, 1932), pp. 251, 305.
30. Cf. J. Loxley, Royalism and poetry in the English Civil Wars (Houndmills, 1997), pp. 63–67.
31. K. Sharpe, ‘ The king's writ: royal authors and royal authority in early modern England’, in K. Sharpe and P. Lake, eds., Culture and politics in early Stuart England (Houndmills, 1994), pp. 117–138.
32. Raymond, ‘Popular representations of Charles I’, in Corns, ed., Royal image, p. 54.
33. H. Parker, Observations upon some of his majesties late answers (1642) in H. Erskine Hill and G. Storey, Revolutionary prose of the English Civil War (Cambridge, 1983), p. 49.
34. A true relation of the king's reception … at Lincoln (1642), [Thomason Collection] E108/27; cf. The king s entertainment at York (1642), 66gf3/63; Whitehall: apoem (1643), E91/33, sig. B2; To the king's most excellent majesty (1643), E90/6, pp. 1–3. See K. Sharpe ‘ ’‘An image doting rabble ”: the failure of republican culture in seventeenth-century England’, in K. Sharpe and S. Zwicker, eds., Refiguring revolutions: aesthetics and politics from the English Revolution to the Romantic Revolution (Berkeley, 1998), pp. 25–56.
35. See The king's cabinet opened (1645), E292/27, pp. A3-A3V;
36. cf. Mercurius AntiBritannicus or part of the kings cabinet vindicated (1645), E295/9;
37. A letter in which the arguments … upon their majesties letters are examined (1645), E296/15.
38. A letter, p. 7.
39. His majesties complaint occasioned by his late sufferings (1647), E393/38, p. 4.
40. His majesties complaint occasioned by his late sufferings, p. 3. The ‘they’ is as vague as the Eikon was to be on the identity of persecutors and enemies.
41. E. Symmons, A vindication of King Charles (1647), E414/17, preface, pp. 15, 83, 92–6. This was also the year the image of Charles circulated widely in engravings and popular woodcuts.
42. See the excellent catalogue by Jane Roberts, The king’ head: Charles I, king andmartyr (London, 1999), p. 28 fig. 33.
43. See K. Sharpe, ‘Private conscience and public duty in the writings of Charles I’, Historical Journal, 40 (1997), pp. 659–661.
44. E. Skerpan Wheeler, ‘ Eikon Basilike and the rhetoric of self representation’, in Corns, ed., Royal image, pp. 122–140
45. S. Zwicker, Lines of authority: politics and English literary culture, 1649–1689 (Ithaca, 1993), ch. 2.
46. Eikonoklastes, pp. 68, 70, 103, 143
47. see Eikon Alethine: the portraiture of truth's most scared majesty…(1649), E569/16.
48. Potter, ‘The royal martyr in the Restoration’, in Corns, ed., Royal image, p. 243.
49. See P. Crawford, “‘ Charles Stuart, that man of blood ”’, Journal of British Studies, 16 (1977), pp. 41–61.
50. Eikon Basilike, ch. 8.
51. An elegie and epitaph consecrated to the ever sacred memory of… Charles I (1649), E554/1, pp. 1–3.
52. The royal legacies (1649), E557/1, p. 82
53. Vox veritatis (1650), E616/6, pp. 4, 17
54. The rebels looking glass (1649), E554/23, pp. 1–4.
55. A miracle of miracles wrought by the blood of King Charles the first…(1649), E563/2 ; The confession of Richard Brandon, the hangman … (1649), E561/14.
56. See, for example, The downfall of Dagon (1652), E804/20.
57. The life and reign of King Charles or the pseudo martyr discovered (1652), E1338/2, pp. 148–149.
58. Eikonoklastes, p. 309.
59. See Roberts, The kings head, p. 46, items 1 35–7.
60. Monarchy or no monarchy in England (1651), E638/17, pp. 118–119.
61. For example, Witty apothegms of James Iand Charles I (1657), E1892/1
62. The faithful yet imperfect character of a glorious king (1659), Ei 799/1
63. Bibliotheca regia (1659), E1718/1
64. L. Wood, The life and reign of King Charles (1659), E1760/2.
65. Skerpan Wheeler, ‘Eikon Basilike’, p. 136.
66. D. Lloyd, Eikon Basilike or the true portraicture of his sacred majesty Charles II (1660), E1922/2, epistle dedicatory.
67. T. Ford, Virtus redeviva: apanegyrick on our late Charles I (1660), E1806, p. 24.
68. Veritas inconcussa or a most certain truth asserted… (1661), E1925/2, p. 237.
69. M. Dzelzainis, “‘Incendiaries of the state”: Charles I and tyranny’, in Corns, ed., Royal image, p. 75
70. see for the trial of the regicides, The speeches and prayers of major-general Harrison, Mr John Carew etc…. (1660), E1053/1.
71. Potter, ‘The royal martyr in the Restoration’, p. 244.
72. Virtus redeviva, p. 26.
73. There has been no systematic or satisfactory study of 30 January sermons. See H. Randell, ‘The rise and fall of a martyrology: sermons on Charles the First’, Huntington Library Quarterly, 10 (1946–1947), pp. 135–167
74. B. S. Stewart, ‘The cult of the royal martyr’, Church History, 38 (1969), pp. 175–187
75. G. Watson, ‘The Augustan Civil War’, Review of English Studies, 36 (1985), pp. 321–337.
76. See too J. Spurr, The Restoration Church of England, 1646–1689 (New Haven and London, 1991), pp. 240–242.
77. The figure of 3,000 was mentioned by Francis Turner in 1685. See F. Turner, A sermon preached before the king… Jan. 30th 1685 (1685), p. 26.
78. Aform of common prayer used upon the thirtieth of January (1661), E1057/5, sig. E3.
79. H. King, A sermon preached the 30th January at Whitehall, 1664 (1665), p. 26.
80. A sermon preached the 30th January at Whitehall, p. 49.
81. J. Glanville, A legal tear dropt on the vault of our late martyred sovereign (1667), pp. 3, 23.
82. T. L., The sad memorials of the royal martyr (1670), p. 5.
83. R. Meggott, A sermon preached before the lord mayor at Guildhall Chapel Jan 30th 1673/4. (1674), p. 47.
84. A sermon preached before the lord mayor at Guildhall Chapel Jan 30th 1673/4, pp. 37, 42.
85. R. Conold, A sermon preached before the mayor of the city of Norwich (1675), pp. 2, 3, 4.
86. Cf. The countermine or a short but true discovery of the dangerous principles of the dissenting party (1677) which makes much of Charles I (pp. 64, 142).
87. J. March, A sermon preached before the mayor… of Newcastle 30th January (1677), pp. 10, 27.
88. E. Pelling, A sermon preached on 30th January 1678/9 (1679), pp. 3, 19 and passim.
89. The disloyal forty and forty one (1680)
90. T. May, A breviary of the history of the parliament of England (1680); Rushworth published the second part of his Historical collections and Trial of Strafford in 1680. 1681 saw the publication of N. Crouch, The wars in England, Scotland, and Ireland and an edition of the Eikon Basilike, with an engraved frontispiece of Charles by R. White. See too Arbitrary government displayed to the life (1682) which reprints a Civil War engraving of Charles defending religion. J. Nalson's Impartial collection of the great affairs of state was also published in 1682, as a rebuttal of Rushworth. Its frontispiece depicts Britannia forlorn at the death of Charles I.
91. S. Crossman, Two sermons preached in the cathedral church at Bristol (30 and 31 Jan.) (1681), pp. 30, 39.
92. G. Burnet, A sermon preached before the aldermen of London January 30th 1681 (1681).
93. No popery but the Protestant religion (1682), p. 4.
94. Skerpan Wheeler, ‘Eikon Basilike’, p. 135.
95. G. Hickes, The harmony of divinity and law in a discourse about non resisting (1684), preface.
96. For a volume of popular ballads see Bodleian Library, Oxford: Wood 417.
97. F. Turner, A sermon preached before the king 31 January 1681 (1681), pp. 41–42.
98. T. Wilson, A sermon on the martyrdom of King Charles I (1682), passim.
99. H. Maurice, A sermon preached before the king at Whitehall January 30th 1682 (1682), pp. 34, 35.
100. J. Watson, Memoirs of the family of the Stuarts… (1683), preface.
101. The rebels doom (1684), p. 77.
102. T. Long, Moses and the royal martyr (preached 30 Jan. 1684) (1684), p. 14.
103. M. Taubman, A heroic poem to the duke of York (1682), p. ii.
104. J. Miller, James II: a study in kingship (London, 1977), pp. 16–17, 50–1.
105. A. L. Salls, ed., Memoirs of James II: his campaigns while duke of York, 1652–60 (London, 1962).
106. G. Davis, ed., Papers of devotion of James II (Oxford, 1925).
107. James II, Imago regis, or The true portraiture of his sacred majesty in his solitude and sufferings (1692).
108. E. Pelling, A sermon preached 30th January 1684 (1685), p. 21.
109. B. Woodruffe, A sermon preached January 30th 1684/5 (1685), preface to James II and pp. 2, 23–7 and passim.
110. S. Rich, A sermon preached at Chard June 21, 1685 (1685).
111. T. Manningham, A solemn humiliation for the murder of King Charles I (1686), pp. 10, 28 and passim.
112. See, for example, A choice collection of 180 loyal songs (1685). Similar volumes appeared during the Exclusion crisis, and appealed to the memory of Charles I.
113. Pelling, A sermon preached 30th January 1684, p. 21.
114. The works of Charles I with his life and martyrdom (1687), engraved frontispiece by Hertochs of Charles I held aloft by angels.
115. The Protestant martyrs or the bloody assizes… (1685). The tract points out how Monmouth on the scaffold avowed his allegiance to the Church of England (p. 7).
116. Though see J. P. Kenyon, Revolution principles: the politics of party, 1689–1720 (Cambridge, 1977).
117. See too Watson, ‘Augustan Civil War’, pp. 325–327.
118. L. Knoppers, ‘Reviving the martyr king: Charles I as Jacobite icon’, in Corns, ed., Royal image, p. 263.
119. See too J. P. Kenyon, Revolution principles, ch. 6.
120. See my Remapping early modern England, ch. 1.
121. See Sharpe, Reading revolutions, ch. 1.
122. The advantages of the present settlement and the great danger of a relapse (1689) spoke of the ‘false opinion of government being iure divino’ (p. 19)
123. urged obedience to the new status quo. G. Burnet, A sermon preached in the chapel at St. James's… 23 December 1688 (1689), p. 1.
124. M. Mead, The vision of the wheel seen by the prophet Ezekiel, sermon preached 31 Jan. 1689, ‘being the day of solemn thanks giving to God for the great delivery of this kingdom from popery and slavery’
125. J. Tillotson, A sermon preached at Lincoln's Inn Chapel on 31 January (1689)
126. G. Burnet, A sermon preached before the House of Commons on 31 January 1689 (1689), all quotations from full titles.
127. G. Burnet, The royal martyr lamented in a sermon preached at the Savoy (1689), pp. 6, 11–17, 32.
128. Cf Burnet, The royal martyr and the dutiful subject (1689).
129. Burnet, Royal martyr lamented, p. 34.
130. W. Stainforth, A sermon preached in the cathedral of St. Peter, York January 30th 1689 (1689), p. 28.
131. A sermon preached in the cathedral of St. Peter, York January 30th 1689, p. 28. The praise of Charles I is extravagant (p. 9).
132. An epitome of English history wherein arbitrary government is displayed to the life (1690), pp. 7, 40, 41, and passim.
133. An epitome of English history wherein arbitrary government is displayed to the life, p. 207.
134. For a likely 1640s version, see Huntington Library: Bull Granger 6/25.
135. Epitome, full title and p. 3.
136. G. Tullie, A sermon preached October 19, 1690 (1690), pp. 4, 20.
137. See Potter,‘ The royal martyr in the Restoration’, p. 254.
138. See the pamphlet collection on this controversy: Bodleian Library: Wood 363
139. F. F. Madan, A new bibliography of the Eikon Basilike (London, 1950), pp. 126–133.
140. T. Long, Dr. Walker's account of the author of the Eikon Basilike (1693), epistle dedicatory.
141. R. Hollingworth, Dr. Hollingworth's defence of King Charles the First's holy… book (1692); A defence of King Charles I (1692) was dedicated to William and Mary.
142. Hollingworth, Dr. Hollingworth 's defence, to the reader.
143. Hollingworth, Defence of King Charles, epistle dedicated to king and queen.
144. W. Sherlock, A sermon preached before the House of Commons January 30th 1692 (1692), quotations pp. 18, 22, 27, and see passim.
145. Long, Dr. Walker's account, pp. iii, 56–7.
146. Knoppers, ‘Reviving the martyr king’, p. 270.
147. For an example of the tensions that persisted, compare William Stephens's extreme whig attack on monarchy in his sermon of 30 January 1700 with Humfrey Michel's sermon for 30 January 1702, a tory denunciation of ‘so many republicarian notions, and justifications of rebellion’ and of Locke. I am grateful to Mark Goldie for bringing these sermons to my attention. They are published in Mark Goldie, ed., The reception of Locke' s politics (6 vols., London, 1999), 1, pp. 301–18, 355–60.
148. Huntington Library: Bull Granger 23/1, 4, 5, 5V.
149. See G. Holmes, The trial of Doctor Sacheverell (London, 1973).
150. The engraving is Huntington Library: Bull Granger 23/61.
151. Reliquiae sacrae Carolinae or the works of that great monarch and glorious martyr King Charles I, p. 353.