Thinking about Competitive Balance

Journal of Sports Economics

Volumn 4, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 255-279

  Sanderson, Allen R ^a   Siegfried, John J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^b VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

baseball economics; competitive balance; inequality; supply and demand

Indexed keywords

EID: 84990338810     PISSN: 15270025     EISSN: 15527794     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1527002503257321     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Akerlof, G. (1976). The economics of caste and of the rat race and other woeful tales. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 90(4), 599-617.
2. Baade, R. A., & Sanderson, A. R. (1997). Cities under siege. In W. Hendricks (Ed.), Advances in the economics of sport, Vol. 2 (pp. 77-114). Stamford, CT: JAI Press.
3. Barra, A. (2002a). Clearing the bases. New York: St. Martin's Press.
4. Barra, A. (2002b, August 30). Imbalanced logic. Wall Street Journal, p. W5.
5. Becker, G. S. (1973). A theory of marriage. Journal of Political Economy, Part I, 81, 813-846.
6. Bloom, M. (1999). The performance effects of pay dispersion on individuals and organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 42(1), 25-40.
7. Brown, C. (1999, April 8). Winner of Masters must show toughness and keep his head. New York Times, p. D1.
8. Chatterjee, S., & Wiseman, F. (2002). Team payroll and team performance in Major League Baseball: Are we headed for a suicide squeeze? Unpublished manuscript.
9. Coase, R. H. (1960). The problem of social cost. Journal of Law and Economics, 3, 1-44.
10. Costas, B. (2000). Fair ball: A fan's case for baseball. New York: Broadway Books.
11. Daly, G., & Moore, W. J. (1981). Externalities, property rights, and the allocation of resources in Major League Baseball. Economic Inquiry, 19, 77-94.
12. Depken, C. A., II. (1999). Free-agency and the competitiveness of Major League Baseball. Review of Industrial Organization, 14, 205-217.
13. Dobson, S., & Goddard, J. (2001). The economics of football. New York: Cambridge University Press.
14. Eckard, E. W. (1998). The NCAA cartel and competitive balance in college football. Review of Industrial Organization, 13(3), 347-369.
15. Eckard, E. W. (2001a). Baseball's Blue Ribbon Report: Solutions in search of a problem. Journal of Sports Economics, 2(3), 213-227.
16. Eckard, E. W. (2001b). Free agency, competitive balance, and diminishing returns to pennant contention. Economic Inquiry, 39(3), 430-443.
17. Eckard, E. W. (2003). The ANOVA-based competitive balance measure: A defense. Journal of Sports Economics, 4(1), 74-80.
18. El-Hodiri, M., & Quirk, J. (1971). An economic model of a professional sports league. Journal of Political Economy, 79, 1302-1319.
19. Fort, R. (2003). Sports economics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
20. Fort, R., & Quirk, J. (1995). Cross-subsidization, incentives, and outcomes in professional team sports leagues. Journal of Economic Literature, 33, 1265-1299.
21. Frank, R. H., & Cook, P. J. (1995). The winner-take-all society. New York: The Free Press.
22. Guryan, J. (2001). Estimating peer effects in the workplace: Evidence from random pairings in professional golf tournaments. Manuscript in preparation.
23. Hausman, J. A., & Leonard, G. K. (1997). Superstars in the National Basketball Association: Economic value and policy. Journal of Labor Economics, 15(4), 586-624.
24. Horowitz, I. (1997). “The increasing competitive balance in Major League Baseball. Review of Industrial Organization, 12, 373-387.
25. Humphreys, B. R. (2002). Alternative measures of competitive balance in sports leagues. Journal of Sports Economics, 3(2), 133-148.
26. Humphreys, B. R. (2003). The ANOVA-based competitive balance measure: A reply. Journal of Sports Economics, 4(1), 81-82.
27. Hunt, J. W., & Lewis, K. A. (1976). Dominance, recontracting, and the reserve clause: Major League Baseball. American Economic Review, 66, 936-943.
28. Hylan, T. R., Lage, M. J., & Treglia, M. (1996). The Coase theorem, free agency, and Major League Baseball: A panel study of pitcher mobility from 1961 to 1992. Southern Economic Journal, 62, 1029-1042.
29. Idson, T. L., & Kahane, L. H. (2000). Team effects on compensation: An application to salary determination in the National Hockey League. Economic Inquiry, 38(2), 345-357.
30. Idson, T. L., & Kahane, L. H. (2002). Teammate effects on pay in professional sports. Manuscript in preparation.
31. Kesenne, S. (2000). Revenue sharing and competitive balance in professional team sports. Journal of Sports Economics, 1(1), 56-65.
32. Koopmans, T. C., & Beckman, M. (1957). Assignment problems and the location of economic activities. Econometrica, 25, 53-76.
33. Krautmann, A. C., & Oppenheimer, M. (1994). Free agency and the allocation of labor in Major League Baseball. Managerial and Decision Economics, 15, 459-469.
34. Kremer, M. (1993). The O-ring theory of economic development. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108, 551-575.
35. La Croix, S. J., & Kawaura, A. (1999). Rule changes and competitive balance in Japanese baseball. Economic Inquiry, 37(2), 353-368.
36. Lazear, E., & Rosen, S. (1981). Rank-order tournaments as optimum labor contracts. Journal of Political Economy, 89, 841-864.
37. Lee, Y. H., & Fort, R. (2002). Time series analysis of structural change: Competitive balance in Major League Baseball. Unpublished manuscript.
38. Levin, R. C., Mitchell, G. J., Volcker, P. A., & Will, G. F. (2000). The report of the Independent Members of the Commissioner's Blue Ribbon Panel on baseball economics. New York: Major League Baseball.
39. Marburger, D. (1997). Gate revenue sharing and luxury taxes in professional sports. Contemporary Economic Policy, XV(2), 114-123.
40. Moores, J. (1999, April 5). Bring competition back to baseball. Wall Street Journal, p. A18.
41. Neale, W. C. (1964). The peculiar economics of professional sports: A contribution to the theory of the firm in sporting competition. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 78, 1-14.
42. Noll, R. G. (2002). The economics of promotion and relegation in sports leagues. Journal of Sports Economics, 3(2), 169-203.
43. Pappas, D. (2001, April). Competitive balance better than ever. Boston Baseball.
44. Porter, P. K. (1992). The role of the fan in professional baseball. In P. M. Sommers (Ed.), Diamonds are forever: The business of baseball (pp. 63-76). Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press.
45. Quirk, J., & Fort, R. (1992). Pay dirt: The business of professional team sports. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
46. Quirk, J., & Fort, R. (1999). Hard ball: The abuse of power in pro team sports. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
47. Rogers, P. (2001, December 18). Baseball's flaw: Lack of competitive balance. Chicago Tribune, pp. 1, 6.
48. Rogers, P. (2002, October 13). Wins don't translate to playoffs. Chicago Tribune, Sec. 3, p. 2.
49. Rosen, S., & Sanderson, A. (2001). Labour markets in professional sports. The Economic Journal, 111(469), F47-F68.
50. Ross, S. F. (1989). Monopoly sports leagues. Minnesota Law Review, 73(3), 643-761.
51. Ross, S. F. (2002). Light, less-filling, it's blue-ribbon. Cardozo Law Review, 23(5), 1675-1704.
52. Rottenberg, S. (1956). The baseball players’ labor market. Journal of Political Economy, 64, 242-.cit
53. Rottenberg, S. (2000). Resource allocation and income distribution in professional team sports. Journal of Sports Economics, 1(1), 11-20.
54. Rovell, D. (2002, August 14). Owner's luxury tax no guarantee of competitive balance. Retrieved February 13, 2003, from www.ESPN.com
55. Saint-Paul, G. (2001). On the distribution of income and worker assignment under intrafirm spillovers, with an application to ideals and networks. Journal of Political Economy, 109, 1-35.
56. Sanderson, A. R. (2002). The many dimensions of competitive balance. Journal of Sports Economics, 3(2), 204-228.
57. Sanderson, A. R., & Siegfried, J. J. (1997). The implications of athlete freedom to contract: Lessons from North America. Economic Affairs, 17, 7-12.
58. Schmidt, M. B., & Berri, D. J. (2001). Competitive balance and attendance: The case of Major League Baseball. Journal of Sports Economics, 2(2), 145-167.
59. Schmidt, M. B., & Berri, D. J. (2002). Competitive balance and market size in Major League Baseball: A response to baseball's Blue Ribbon Panel. Review of Industrial Organization, 21, 41-54.
60. Scully, G. W. (1974). Pay and performance in Major League Baseball. American Economic Review, 64(5), 915-930.
61. Scully, G. W. (1989). The business of Major League Baseball. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
62. Scully, G. W. (1995). The market structure of sports. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
63. Siegfried, J. J. (1995). Sports player drafts and reserve systems. Cato Journal, 14(3), 443-452.
64. Siegfried, J. J., & Peterson, T. (2000). Who is sitting in the stands? The income levels of sports fans. In W. S. Kern (Ed.), The economics of sports (chap. 3, pp. 51-73). Kalamazoo, MI: UpJohn.
65. Szymanski, S. (2001). Income inequality, competitive balance, and the attractiveness of team sports: Some evidence and a natural experiment from English soccer. The Economic Journal, 111(469), F69-F84.
66. Szymanski, S. (in press). The economic design of sporting contests: A review. Journal of Economic Literature.
67. Utt, J., & Fort, R. (2002). Pitfalls to measuring competitive balance with Gini coefficients. Journal of Sports Economics, 3(4), 367-373.
68. Vrooman, J. (1995). A general theory of sports leagues. Southern Economic Journal, 61(4), 971-990.
69. Vrooman, J. (2000). The economics of American sports leagues. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 17, 364-398.
70. Walker, S. (2002, November 1). Hockey's vision in lycra. Wall Street Journal, p. W4.
71. Whitney, J. D. (1993). Bidding till bankrupt: Destructive competition in professional team sports. Economic Inquiry, XXXI, 100-115.
72. Zimbalist, A. (1992a). Baseball and billions. New York: Basic Books.
73. Zimbalist, A. (1992b). Salaries and performance: Beyond the Scully model. In P. M. Sommers (Ed.), Diamonds are forever (pp. 109-133). Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
74. Zimbalist, A. (2001). Competitive balance in Major League Baseball. The Milken Institute Review, 3(1), 54-64.
75. Zimbalist, A. (Guest Ed.). (2002). Symposium: Competitive balance in sports leagues. Journal of Sports Economics, 3(2), 111-228.
76. Zimbalist, A. (2003). May the best team win. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press.