Immigration, statecraft and public health: The 1920 Aliens order, medical examinations and the limitations of the state in England

Social History of Medicine

Volumn 29, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 1512-1533

  Taylor, Becky ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Aliens; Governance; Immigration; Public health; State

Indexed keywords

EID: 84990061032     PISSN: 0951631X     EISSN: 14774666     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/shm/hkv139     Document Type: Review

References (78)

1. Quoted in Thomas Roche, The Key in the Lock. Immigration Control in England from 1066 to the Present Day (London: J. Murray, 1969), 92;
2. Harold Laski, 'Discretionary Power', Politica, 1933, 3, 274;
3. David Cesarani, 'Anti-Alienism in England after the First World War', Immigrants and Minorities, 1987, 6, 5-29;
4. Dallal Stevens, UK Asylum Law and Policy: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives (London: Sweet and Maxwell, 2004).
5. Stevens, UK Asylum Law and Policy, 55, quoting Quentin Hogg, HC Debates vol. 776 (22 Jan. 2969), col. 504;
6. Alison Bashford and Jane McAdam, 'The Right to Asylum: Britain's 1905 Aliens Act and the Evolution of Refugee Law', Law and History Review, 2014, 32, 309-50.
7. For an introduction to the longer history of immigration legislation see Dallal Stevens, UK Asylum Law and Policy: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives (London: Sweet and Maxwell, 2004).
8. See also Bridget Anderson, Us and Them? The Dangerous Politics of Immigration Control (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013).
9. On the 1905 Act see Bernard Gainer, The Alien Invasion-The Origins of the Aliens Act of 1905 (New York: Crance Russak, 1972);
10. John Garrard, The English and Immigration, 1880-1910 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971);
11. David Glover, Literature, Immigration, and Diaspora in Fin-de-Siècle England: A Cultural History of the 1905 Aliens Act (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012);
12. Jill Pellew, 'The Home Office and the Aliens Act 1905', The Historical Journal, 1989, 32, 369-85;
13. David Feldman, 'The Importance of Being English', in David Feldman and Gareth Stedman Jones, eds, Metropolis London-Histories and Representations since 1800 (London and New York: Routledge, 1989);
14. Helena Wray, 'The Aliens Act and the Immigration Dilemma', Journal of Law and Society, 2006, 33, 302-23.
15. Laura Tabili, 'The Construction of Racial Difference in Twentieth-Century Britain: The Special Restriction (Coloured Alien Seamen) Order, 1925', Journal of British Studies, 1994, 33, 54-98.
16. See Krista Maglen, The English System: Quarantine, Immigration and the Making of a Port Sanitary Zone (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2014).
17. More generally Peter Baldwin, Contagion and the State in Europe, 1830-1930 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999);
18. and Anne Hardy, 'Public Health and the Expert: London Medical Officers of Health, 1856-1900', in Roy MacLeod, ed., Government and Expertise-Specialists, Administrators and Professionals, 1860-1919 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 128-42, 135.
19. John Welshman, 'Compulsion, Localism, and Pragmatism: The Micro-Politics of Tuberculosis Screening in the United Kingdom, 1950-1965', Social History of Medicine, 2006, 16, 295-312.
20. Maglen, The English System, 193.
21. Alan Kraut, Silent Travelers: Germs, Genes and the 'Immigrant Menace' (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), ch. 3;
22. Alison Bashford, Imperial Hygiene. A Critical History of Colonialism, Nationalism and Public Health 2nd edn (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014);
23. Howard Markel, Quarantine! East European Jewish Immigrants and the New York City Epidemics of 1892 (Baltimore: JHU Press, 1999);
24. Lara Marks and Michael Worboys, eds, Migrants, Minorities and Health: Historical and Contemporary Studies (London: Routledge, 1997).
25. Christine Bellamy, Administering Central-Local Relations, 1871-1919: The Local Government Board in its Fiscal and Cultural Context (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988);
26. Anne Hardy, The Epidemic Streets: Infectious Disease and the Rise of Preventive Medicine, 1856-1900 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993);
27. Roy McLeod, 'The Frustrations of State Medicine', Medical History, 1967, 11, 15-40.
28. Alysa Levene, Martin Powell, John Stewart and Becky Taylor, Cradle to Grave: Municipal Medicine in Inter-war England and Wales. (Berne and Oxford: Peter Lang AG, 2011);
29. Jane Lewis, What Price Community Medicine? The Philosophy, Practice and Politics of Public Health since 1919 (Brighton: Wheatsheaf Books, 1986);
30. Charles Webster, 'Conflict and Consensus: Explaining the British Health Service', Twentieth Century British History, 1990, 1, 115-51;
31. John Welshman, Municipal Medicine. Public Health in Twentieth-Century Britain (Berne and Oxford: Peter Lang AG, 2000);
32. Martin Gorsky, 'Local Leadership in Public Health: The Role of the Medical Officer of Health in Britain, 1872-1974', Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2007, 61, 468-72.
33. Becky Taylor, John Stewart and Martin Powell, 'Central and Local Government and the Provision of Municipal Medicine, 1919-39', English Historical Review, 2007, 122, 397-426;
34. John Welshman, 'The Medical Officer of Health in England and Wales, 1900-1974: Watchdog or Lapdog?', Journal of Public Health, 1997, 19, 443-50.
35. Pellew, 'The Home Office and the Aliens Act, 1905';
36. and David Feldman, 'Was the Nineteenth Century a Golden Age for Immigrants?', in Andreas Fahrmeir et al., eds, Migration Control in the North Atlantic World: The Evolution of State Practices in Europe and the United States from the French Revolution to the Inter-War Period (New York, Oxford: Berghahn, 2003), 167-77.
37. David Feldman, 'L'immigration, immigrés et l'Etat en Grande Bretagne aux xix et xx siècles', Le mouvement sociale, 1999, 43-60
38. and his 'History of Immigration and Border Controls', History and Policy: Home Office Seminar Series, 12 November 2014, , accessed 12 September 2015.
39. See Kraut, Silent Travelers, ch. 3.
40. Baldwin, Contagion and the State;
41. Krista Maglen, 'The First Line of Defence', Social History of Medicine, 2002, 15, 413-28;
42. and Paul Weindling, 'American Foundations and the Internationalizing of Public Health', in Susan Gross Solomon, Lion Murard and Patrick Zylberman, eds, Shifting Boundaries of Public Health: Europe in the Twentieth Century (Rochester: Rochester University Press, 2008), 63-86, 64.
43. Susan Gross Solomon, Lion Murard and Patrick Zylberman, 'Introduction', in Susan Gross Solomon et al., eds, Shifting Boundaries of Public Health (Rochester: Rochester University Press, 2008), 1-20
44. Paul Weindling, International Health Organisations and Movements, 1918-1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995);
45. and Anne Sealey, 'Globalizing the 1926 International Sanitary Convention', Journal of Global History, 2011, 6, 431-55.
46. Bashford, Imperial Hygiene;
47. Marks and Worboys, Migrants, Minorities and Health.
48. Kraut, Silent Travelers;
49. Markel, Quarantine!.
50. Maglen, The English System, 157.
51. For alternate perspectives see Bernard Harris, 'Anti-Alienism, Health and Social Reform in Late Victorian and Edwardian Britain', Patterns of Prejudice, 1997, 31, 3-34;
52. Edward Hope, Health at the Gateway; Problems and International Obligations of a Seaport City (Cambridge: The University Press, 1931).
53. David Cesarani, 'Anti-Alienism in England after the First World War', Immigrants and Minorities, 1987, 6, 5-29, 6.
54. David French, 'Spy Fever in Britain, 1900-1915', The Historical Journal, 1978, 21, 355-70;
55. Colin Holmes, John Bull's Island: Immigration and British Society, 1871-1971 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1988);
56. and Paniyos Panayi, Immigration, Ethnicity and Racism in Britain, 1815-1945 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994).
57. See Rodney Lowe, The Official History of the British Civil Service: Reforming the Civil Service, Volume I: The Fulton Years, 1966-81 (London: Routledge, 2011) for an overview of the expansion of the post-1918 state.
58. Kenneth Morgan, Consensus and Disunity: The Lloyd George Coalition Government, 1918-22 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), 82 and 84.
59. 9; George Peden, 'The Treasury as the Central Department of Government, 1919-1939', Public Administration, 1983, 61, 371-85;
60. Charles Webster, 'Conflict and Consensus: Explaining the British Health Service', Twentieth Century British History, 1990, 1, 142-7.
61. Taylor et al., 'Central and Local Government';
62. Levene et al., Cradle to Grave, ch. 4.
63. Rodney Lowe, 'The Ministry of Labour, 1916-1924: A Graveyard of Social Reform?', Public Administration, 1974, 52, 415-35
64. Rodney Lowe, 'Bureaucracy Triumphant or Denied? The Expansion of the British Civil Service, 1919-1939', Public Administration, 1984, 62, 291-310
65. Michel Foucault, 'Naissance de la biopolitique-resume du cours au College de France', in Annuaire du College de France, 79e annee, Histoire des systemes de pensee, annee 1978-1979;
66. Dit et ecrits. Vol. III. (Gallimard, 1979)
67. BobJessop, 'From Micro-Powers to Governmentality: Foucault's Work on Statehood, State Formation, Statecraft and State Power', Political Geography, 2006, 26, 34-40
68. See for example Thomas Wilson and Hastings Donnan, eds, Border Identities: Nation and State at International Frontiers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
69. See Taylor et al., 'Central and Local Government'.
70. Jill Pellew, The Home Office, 1848-1914: From Clerks to Bureaucrats (London: Heinemann Educational, 1982);
71. Roche, The Key in the Lock, 92.
72. O. P. Arya and J. B. Plumb, 'Seamen's Dispensary, Liverpool 1924-1991', Genitourinary Medicine, 1992, 68, 84-9.
73. , accessed 16 December 2014.
74. TNA, MH55/852, Memorandum prepared by Dr Willoughby, 'Examination of Aliens: Port of London', October 1920.
75. Report of the Medical Officer of Health for Port of London, 1930, 35.
76. Report of the Medical Officer of Health for Port of London, 1930, 72.
77. Kushner and Knox, Refugees in the Age of Genocide, ch. 3.
78. Alison Bashford, Medicine at the Border: Disease, Globalization and Security, 1850 to the Present (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006).