Lexical dynamics for low-frequency complex words: A regression study across tasks and modalities

Mental Lexicon

Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 313-357

  Baayen, R Harald ^a   Wurm, Lee H ^b   Aycock, Joanna ^b  

^a RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN   (Netherlands)

^b WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84989392118     PISSN: 18711340     EISSN: 18711375     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1075/ml.2.3.06baa     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Alegre, M., & Gordon, P. (1999). Frequency effects and the representational status of regular inflections. Journal of Memory and Language, 40, 41-61.
2. Baayen, R. H. (1991). A stochastic process for word frequency distributions. Proceedings of the 29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 271-278.
3. Baayen, R. H. (1994). Productivity in language production. Language and Cognitive Processes, 9, 447-469.
4. Baayen, R. H. (2001). Word frequency distributions. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
5. Baayen, R. H. (2005). Data mining at the intersection of psychology and linguistics. In A. Cutler (Ed.), Twenty-first century psycholinguistics: Four cornerstones (pp. 69-83). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
6. Baayen, R. H., Dijkstra, T., & Schreuder, R. (1997). Singulars and plurals in Dutch: Evidence for a parallel dual-route model. Journal of Memory and Language, 37, 94-117.
7. Baayen, R. H., Feldman, L. B., & Schreuder, R. (2006). Morphological influences on the recognition of monosyllabic monomorphemic words. Journal of Memory and Language, 55, 290-313.
8. Baayen, R. H., McQueen, J. M., Dijkstra, T., & Schreuder, R. (2003). Frequency effects in regular inflectional morphology: Revisiting Dutch plurals. In R. H. Baayen, & R. Schreuder (Eds.), Morphological structure in language processing (pp. 355-390). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
9. Baayen, R. H., Piepenbrock, R., & Gullikers, L. (1995). The CELEX lexical database [CD-ROM]. Linguistic Data Consortium. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
10. Baayen, H., & Renouf, A. (1996). Chronicling the times: Productive lexical innovations in an English newspaper. Language, 72, 69-96.
11. Baayen, R. H., Schreuder, R., de Jong, N. H., & Krott, A. (2002). Dutch inflection: The rules that prove the exception. In S. Nooteboom, F. Weerman, & F. Wijnen (Eds.), Storage and computation in the language faculty (pp. 61-92). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
12. Baayen, R. H., Tweedie, F. J., & Schreuder, R. (2002). The subjects as a simple random effect fallacy: Subject variability and morphological family effects in the mental lexicon. Brain and Language, 84, 55-65.
13. Balota, D. A., Cortese, M. J., Hutchison, K. A., Neely, J. H., Nelson, D., Simpson, G. B., Trei-man, R. (2002). The English Lexicon Project: A web-based repository of descriptive and behavioral measures for 40, 481 English words and nonwords. http://elexicon.wustl.edu/, Washington University.
14. Balota, D. A., Cortese, M. J., Sergent-Marshall, S. D., Spieler, D. H., & Yap, M. J. (2004). Visual word recognition of single-syllable words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133, 283-316.
15. Bates, D. M. (2005). Fitting linear mixed models in R. R News, 5, 27-30.
16. Bates, D. M., & Sarkar, D. (2005). The lme4 library. http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/R/CRAN/.
17. Bates, E., Devescovi, A., Pizzamiglio, L., & DAmico, S. (1995). Gender and lexical access in Italian. Perception and Psychophysics, 57, 847-862.
18. Bates, E., & Liu, H. (1996). Cued shadowing. Language and Cognitive Processes, 11, 577-581.
19. Beckwith, R., Fellbaum, C., Gross, D., & Miller, G. (1991). WordNet: A lexical database organized on psycholinguistics principles. In U. Zernik (Ed.), Lexical acquisition: Exploiting online resources to build a lexicon (pp. 211-232). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
20. Belsley, D. A., Kuh, E., & Welsch, R. E. (1980). Regression diagnostics: Identifying influential data and sources of collinearity. New York: Wiley.
21. Bergman, M. W., Hudson, P. T. W., & Eling, P. A. T. M. (1988). How simple complex words can be: Morphological processing and word representations. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 40A, 41-72.
22. Bertram, R., Baayen, R. H., & Schreuder, R. (2000). Effects of family size for complex words. Journal of Memory and Language, 42, 390-405.
23. Bertram, R. & Hyona, J. (2003). The length of a complex word modifies the role of morphological structure: Evidence from eye movements when reading short and long Finnish compounds. Journal of Memory and Language, 48, 615-634.
24. Bertram, R., Schreuder, R., & Baayen, R. H. (2000). The balance of storage and computation in morphological processing: The role of word formation type, affixal homonymy, and productivity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Congition, 26, 489-511.
25. Bowers, J. S., Davis, C. J., & Hanley, D. A. (2005). Automatic semantic activation of embedded words: Is there a “hat” in “that”? Journal of Memory and Language, 52, 131-143.
26. Brysbaert, M., Lange, M., & Wijnendaele, I. V. (2000). The effects of age-of-acquisition and frequency-of-occurrence in visual word recognition: Further evidence from the Dutch language. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 12, 65-85.
27. Caramazza, A., Laudanna, A., & Romani, C. (1988). Lexical access and inflectional morphology. Cognition, 28, 297-332.
28. Carroll, J. B., White, M. N. (1973). Word frequency and age of acquisition as determiners of picture-naming latency. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 25, 85-95.
29. Coltheart, M., Davelaar, E., Jonasson, J. T., & Besner, D. (1977). Access to the internal lexicon. In S. Dornic (Ed.), Attention and performance (vol. VI, pp. 535-555). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
30. Davis, M. H., Marslen-Wilson, W. D., & Gaskell, M. G. (2002). Leading up the lexical garden-path: Segmentation and ambiguity in spoken word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28, 218-244.
31. de Jong, N. H., Feldman, L. B., Schreuder, R., Pastizzo, M., & Baayen, R. H. (2002). The processing and representation of Dutch and English compounds: Peripheral morphological and central orthographic effects. Brain and Language, 81, 555-567.
32. de Jong, N. H., Schreuder, R., & Baayen, R. H. (2003). Morphological resonance in the mental lexicon. In R. H. Baayen & R. Schreuder (Eds.), Morphological structure in language processing (pp. 65-88). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
33. de Saussure, F. (1916/1966). Course in general linguistics. New York: McGraw.
34. de Vaan, L. W. M., Schreuder, R., & Baayen, R. H. (2006). Regular morphologically complex neologisms leave detectable traces in the mental lexicon. Manuscript submitted for publication.
35. Diependaele, K., Sandra, D., & Grainger, J. (2005). Masked cross-modal morphological priming: Unravelling morpho-orthographic and morpho-semantic influences in early word recognition. Language and Cognitive Processes, 20, 75-114.
36. Dijkstra, T., Moscoso del Prado Martín, F., Schulpen, B., Schreuder, R., & Baayen, R. H. (2005). A roommate in cream: Morphological family size effects on interlingual homograph recognition. Language and Cognitive Processes, 20, 7-41.
37. Ellis, A. W, & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2000). Age of acquisition effects in adult lexical processing reflect loss of plasticity in maturing systems: Insights from connectionist networks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 1103-1123.
38. Ernestus, M., Lahey, F., Verhees, F., & Baayen, R. H. (2006). Lexical frequency and voice assimilation. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 120, 1040-1051.
39. Faraway, J. J. (2006). Extending linear models with R: Generalized linear, mixed effects, and nonparametric regression models. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
40. Feldman, L. B. (2000). Are morphological effects distinguishable from the effects of shared meaning and shared form? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 1431-1444.
41. Fellbaum, C. E. (1998). WordNet: An electronic database. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
42. Ford, M. A., Marslen-Wilson, W. D., & Davis, M. H. (2003). Morphology and frequency: Contrasting methodologies. In R. H. Baayen & R. Schreuder (Eds.), Morphological structure in language processing (pp. 89-124). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
43. Gerhand, S., & Barry, C. (1999). Age-of-acquisition and frequency effects is speeded word recognition. Cognition, 73, 27-36.
44. Giraudo, H., & Grainger, J. (2001). Priming complex words: Evidence for supralexical representation of morphology. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8, 127-131.
45. Giraudo, H., & Grainger, J. (2003). On the role of derivational affixes in recognizing complex words: Evidence from masked priming. In R. H. Baayen & R. Schreuder (Eds.), Morphological structure in language processing (pp. 209-232). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
46. Gonnerman, L. (1999). Morphology and the lexicon: Exploring the semantics-phonology interface. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Southern California.
47. Gonnerman, L., & Andersen, E. (2002). Graded semantic and phonological similarity effects in morphologically complex words. In S. Bendjaballah, W. U. Dressler, O. Pfeiffer, & M. D. Voeikova (Eds.), Morphology 2000: Selected papers from the 9th Morphology Meeting, Vienna, 24-28 February 2000 (pp.137-148). John Benjamins.
48. Gordon, P., & Alegre, M. (1999). Is there a dual system for regular inflections? Brain and Language, 68, 212-217.
49. Grainger, J., Diependaele, K., Spinelli, E., Ferrand, L., & Farioli, F. (2003). Masked repetition and phonological priming within and across modalities. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29, 1256-69.
50. Harm, M. W., & Seidenberg, M. S. (2004). Computing the meanings of words in reading: cooperative division of labor between visual and phonological processes. Psychological Review, 111, 662-720.
51. Harrell, F. E. (2001). Regression modeling strategies. New York: Springer.
52. Hay, J. B., & Baayen, R. H. (2002). Parsing and productivity. In G. E. Booij, & J. Van Marle (Eds.), Yearbook of morphology 2001 (pp. 203-235). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
53. Hay, J. B., & Baayen, R. H. (2005). Shifting paradigms: Gradient structure in morphology. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 342-348.
54. Joanisse, M., & Seidenberg, M. S. (1999). Impairments in verb morphology following brain injury: A connectionist model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96, 7592-7597.
55. Johnson, N. F., & Pugh, K. R. (1994). A cohort model of visual word recognition. Cognitive Psychology, 26, 240-346.
56. Kemps, R., Ernestus, M., Schreuder, R., & Baayen, R. (2005). Prosodic cues for morphological complexity: The case of Dutch noun plurals. Memory and Cognition, 33, 430-446.
57. Kemps, R., Wurm, L. H., Ernestus, M., Schreuder, R., & Baayen, R. H. (2005). Prosodic cues for morphological complexity: Comparatives and agent nouns in Dutch and English. Language and Cognitive Processes, 20, 43-73.
58. Kuperman, V., Bertram, R., & Baayen, R. H. (2007). Morphemes as opportunities for the processing of trimorphemic Finnish compounds. Manuscript submitted for publication.
59. Kuperman, V., Schreuder, R., Bertram, R., & Baayen, R. H. (2007). Reading of multimorphemic Dutch compounds: towards a multiple route model of lexical processing. Manuscript submitted for publication.
60. Laudanna, A., Cermele, A., & Caramazza, A. (1997). Morpho-lexical representations in naming. Language and Cognitive Processes, 12, 49-66.
61. Lorch, R. R., & Myers, J. L. (1990). Regression analyses of repeated measures data in cognitive research. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 149-157.
62. Luce, P. A., & Cluff, M. S. (1998). Delayed commitment in spoken word recognition: Evidence from cross-modal priming. Perception & Psychophysics, 60, 484-490.
63. Luce, P. A., & Lyons, E. A. (1999). Processing lexically embedded spoken words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 25, 174-183.
64. Marslen-Wilson, W D. (1984). Function and process in spoken word recognition. In H. Bouma & D. G. Bouwhuis (Eds.), Attention and performance: Control of language processes (vol. X, pp. 125-150). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
65. Marslen-Wilson, W (1989). Access and integration: Projecting sound onto meaning. In W Marslen-Wilson (Ed.), Lexical representation and processing (pp. 3-24). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
66. Marslen-Wilson, W D., Tyler, L. K., Waksler, R., & Older, L. (1994). Morphology and meaning in the English mental lexicon. Psychological Review, 101, 3-33.
67. Marslen-Wilson, W, & Welsh, A. (1978). Processing interactions and lexical access during word recognition in continuous speech. Cognitive Psychology, 10, 29-63.
68. McQueen, J. M., Norris, D., & Cutler, A. (1994). Competition in spoken word recognition: Spotting words in other words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 621-638.
69. Miellet, S., & Sparrow, L. (2004). Phonological codes are assembled before word fixation: evidence from boundary paradigm in sentence reading. Brain and Language, 90, 299-310.
70. Miller, G. A. (1990). WordNet: An on-line lexical database. International Journal of Lexicography, 3, 235-312.
71. Morrison, C. M., & Ellis, A. W (2000). Real age of acquisition effects in word naming and lexical decision. British Journal of Psychology, 91, 167-180.
72. Moscoso del Prado Martín, F., Bertram, R., Haikio, T., Schreuder, R., & Baayen, R. H. (2004). Morphological family size in a morphologically rich language: The case of Finnish compared to Dutch and Hebrew. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30, 1271-1278.
73. Moscoso del Prado Martín, F., Kostic, A., & Baayen, R. H. (2004). Putting the bits together: An information theoretical perspective on morphological processing. Cognition, 94, 1-18.
74. New, B., Brysbaert, M., Segui, F. L., & Rastle, K. (2004). The processing of singular and plural nouns in French and English. Journal of Memory and Language, 51, 568-585.
75. New, B., Ferrand, L., Pallier, C., & Brysbaert, M., (2006). Reexamining the word length effect in visual word recognition: New evidence from the English Lexicon Project. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13, 45-52.
76. Newman, R. L., & Connolly, J. F. (2004). Determining the role of phonology in silent reading using event-related brain potentials. Cognitive Brain Research, 21, 94-105.
77. Norris, D., McQueen, J. M., & Cutler, A. (1995). Competition and segmentation in spoken-word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 1209-1228.
78. Pinheiro, J. C., & Bates, D. M. (2000). Mixed-effects models in S and S-PLUS. New York: Springer.
79. Pinker, S. (1999). Words and rules: The ingredients of language. London: Weidenfeld and Nicol-son.
80. Pitt, M. (1994). Lexical competition: The case of embedded words. Paper presented at the 85th Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Washington, DC.
81. Pluymaekers, M., Ernestus, M., & Baayen, R. H. (2005). Frequency and acoustic length: The case of derivational affixes in Dutch. Manuscript submitted for publication.
82. Prather, P., & Swinney, D. (1977). Some effects of syntactic context upon lexical access. Paper presented at the 85th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA.
83. Radeau, M., Mousty, P., & Bertelson, P. (1989). The effect of the uniqueness point in spoken-word recognition. Psychological Research, 51, 123-128.
84. Rastle, K., Davis, M. H., & New, B. (2004). The broth in my brother’s brothel: Morpho-ortho-graphic segmentation in visual word recognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 11, 1090-1098.
85. Salverda, A., Dahan, D., & McQueen, J. (2003). The role of prosodic boundaries in the resolution of lexical embedding in speech comprehension. Cognition, 90, 51-89.
86. Sanders, A. F. (1998). Elements of human performance: Reaction processes and attention in human skill. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
87. Schreuder, R., & Baayen, R. H. (1995). Modeling morphological processing. In L. B. Feldman (Ed.), Morphological aspects of language processing (pp. 131-154). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
88. Schreuder, R., & Baayen, R. H. (1997). How complex simplex words can be. Journal of Memory and Language, 37, 118-139.
89. Shillcock, R. (1990). Lexical hypotheses in continuous speech. In G. T. M. Altmann (Ed.), Cognitive models of speech processing: Psycholinguistic and computational perspectives (pp. 24-49). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
90. Seidenberg, M. S., & Gonnerman, L. (2000). Explaining derivational morphology as the convergence of codes. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 353-361.
91. Sereno, J., & Jongman, A. (1997). Processing of English inflectional morphology. Memory and Cognition 25, 425-437.
92. Stanners, R. F., Neiser, J. J., Hernon, W. P, & Hall, R. (1979). Memory representation for morphologically related words. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 18, 399-412.
93. Tabak, W., Schreuder, R., & Baayen, R. H. (2005). Lexical statistics and lexical processing: Semantic density, information complexity, sex, and irregularity in Dutch. In S. Kepser & M. Reis (Eds.), Linguistic evidence: Empirical, theoretical, and computational perspectives (pp.529-555). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
94. Taft, M. (1979). Recognition of affixed words and the word frequency effect. Memory and Cognition, 7, 263-272.
95. Taft, M. (1994). Interactive-activation as a framework for understanding morphological processing. Language and Cognitive Processes, 9, 271-294.
96. Taft, M. (2004). Morphological decomposition and the reverse base frequency effect. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 57A, 745-765.
97. Taft, M., & Forster, K. I. (1975). Lexical storage and retrieval of prefixed words. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 14, 638-647.
98. Taylor, T. E., & Lupker, S. J. (2001). Sequential effects in naming: A time-criterion account. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27, 117-138.
99. Ullman, M. (2004). Contributions of memory circuits to language: the declarative/procedural model. Cognition, 92, 231-270.
100. Vroomen, J., & de Gelder, B. (1997). Activation of embedded words in spoken word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 23, 710-720.
101. Wurm, L. H. (1997). Auditory processing of prefixed English words is both continuous and decompositional. Journal of Memory and Language, 37, 438-461.
102. Wurm, L. H. (2000). Auditory processing of polymorphemic pseudowords. Journal of Memory and Language, 42, 255-271.
103. Wurm, L. H., Ernestus, M., Schreuder, R., & Baayen, R. H. (2006). Dynamics of the auditory comprehension of prefixed words: Cohort entropies and Conditional Root Uniqueness Points. The Mental Lexicon, 1, 125-146.
104. Wurm, L. H., & Ross, S. E. (2001). Conditional root uniqueness points: Psychological validity and perceptual consequence. Journal of Memory and Language, 45, 39-57.
105. Zwitserlood, P. (1989). The locus of the effects of sentential-semantic context in spoken-word processing. Cognition, 32, 25-64.