메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 15, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 99-154

On the origins of african american vernacular english — a creolist perspective part II: Linguistic features

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 84989390024     PISSN: 01764225     EISSN: 15699714     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1075/dia.15.1.05win     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (68)

References (116)
  • 3
    • 0010658957 scopus 로고
    • Toward a New Perspective in Negro English Dialectology
    • Bailey, Beryl. 1965. “Toward a New Perspective in Negro English Dialectology”. American Speech 40.171-177.
    • (1965) American Speech , vol.40 , pp. 171-177
    • Bailey, B.1
  • 4
    • 0040556938 scopus 로고
    • Invariant Be in the Lower South
    • Michael B. Montgomery & Guy Bailey, Tuscaloosa: Univ. of Alabama Press
    • Bailey, Guy & Marvin Basset. 1986. “Invariant Be in the Lower South”. Language Variety in the South: Perspectives in back and white ed. by Michael B. Montgomery & Guy Bailey, 158-79. Tuscaloosa: Univ. of Alabama Press.
    • (1986) Language Variety in the South: Perspectives in Back and White , pp. 158-179
    • Bailey, G.1    Basset, M.2
  • 7
    • 84872867077 scopus 로고
    • Steady: Progressive aspect in Black Vernacular English
    • Baugh, John. 1984. “Steady: Progressive aspect in Black Vernacular English”. American Speech 59.3-12.
    • (1984) American Speech , vol.59 , pp. 3-12
    • Baugh, J.1
  • 8
    • 84855253198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Creole-Like Features in the Verb System of an Afro-Brazilian Variety of Portuguese
    • Arthur Spears & Donald Winford, Amsterdam & Philadelpia: John Benjamins
    • Baxter, Alan N. 1997. “Creole-Like Features in the Verb System of an Afro-Brazilian Variety of Portuguese”. The Structure and Status of Pidgins and Creoles ed. by Arthur Spears & Donald Winford, 265-288. Amsterdam & Philadelpia: John Benjamins.
    • (1997) The Structure and Status of Pidgins and Creoles , pp. 265-288
    • Baxter, A.N.1
  • 9
    • 84928838191 scopus 로고
    • A Variant of the ‘invariant
    • Bernstein, Cynthia. 1988. “A Variant of the ‘invariant’ be”. American Speech 63.119-124.
    • (1988) American Speech , vol.63 , pp. 119-124
    • Bernstein, C.1
  • 10
    • 0038003640 scopus 로고
    • Inherent Variability and Variable Rules
    • Bickerton, Derek. 1971. “Inherent Variability and Variable Rules”. Foundations of Language 7.457-492.
    • (1971) Foundations of Language , vol.7 , pp. 457-492
    • Bickerton, D.1
  • 12
    • 1542755693 scopus 로고
    • Decreolization and the Creole Continuum
    • Albert Valdman & Andrew Highfield, New York: Academic Press
    • Bickerton, Derek 1980. “Decreolization and the Creole Continuum”. Theoretical Orientations in Creole Studies ed. by Albert Valdman & Andrew Highfield, 109-128. New York: Academic Press.
    • (1980) Theoretical Orientations in Creole Studies , pp. 109-128
    • Bickerton, D.1
  • 13
  • 16
    • 0346114445 scopus 로고
    • Durative Marker or Hypercorrection? The case of -s in the WPA ex-slave narratives
    • Michael Montgomery & Guy Bailey, Tuscaloosa: Univ. of Alabama Press
    • Brewer, Jeutonne P. 1986. “Durative Marker or Hypercorrection? The case of -s in the WPA ex-slave narratives”. Language Variety in the South: Perspectives in black and white ed. by Michael Montgomery & Guy Bailey, 131-148. Tuscaloosa: Univ. of Alabama Press.
    • (1986) Language Variety in the South: Perspectives in Black and White , pp. 131-148
    • Brewer, J.P.1
  • 17
    • 84871700495 scopus 로고
    • A Spanish-Speaking Adolescents Acquisition of English Syntax”
    • E. M. Hatch, Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House
    • Butterworth, Guy & Evelyn M. Hatch. 1978. “A Spanish-Speaking Adolescent’s Acquisition of English Syntax”. Second Language Acquisition: A book of readings ed. by E. M. Hatch, 231-45. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
    • (1978) Second Language Acquisition: A Book of Readings , pp. 231-245
    • Butterworth, G.1    Hatch, E.M.2
  • 18
    • 84929062809 scopus 로고
    • The Creation of Tense and Aspect Systems in the Languages of the World
    • Bybee, Joan L. & Òsten Dahl. 1989. “The Creation of Tense and Aspect Systems in the Languages of the World”. Studies in Language 13:1.51-103.
    • (1989) Studies in Language , vol.13 , Issue.1 , pp. 51-103
    • Bybee, J.L.1    Dahl, Ò.2
  • 20
    • 85065945981 scopus 로고
    • Variation in the Use of ain't in an Urban British English Dialect
    • Peter Trudgill & John K. Chambers, London & New York: Longman
    • Cheshire, Jenny. 1991. “Variation in the Use of ain't in an Urban British English Dialect”. Dialects of English: Studies in grammatical variation ed. by Peter Trudgill & John K. Chambers, 54-73. London & New York: Longman.
    • (1991) Dialects of English: Studies in Grammatical Variation , pp. 54-73
    • Cheshire, J.1
  • 22
    • 0039812315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grammaticalization in AAVE
    • Jocelyn Ahlers, Leda Bilmes, Joshua S. Guenter, Barbara A. Kaiser & Ju Namkung, Univ. of California, Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistic Society
    • Cukor-Avila, Patricia & Guy Bailey. 1996. “Grammaticalization in AAVE”. Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistic Society ed. by Jocelyn Ahlers, Leda Bilmes, Joshua S. Guenter, Barbara A. Kaiser & Ju Namkung, 401-413. Univ. of California, Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistic Society.
    • (1996) Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistic Society , pp. 401-413
    • Cukor-Avila, P.1    Bailey, G.2
  • 24
    • 84989403268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethnic Identity and Grammatical Restructuring: Be(s) in Lumbee English
    • Dannenberg, Clare & Walt Wolfram. To appear. “Ethnic Identity and Grammatical Restructuring: Be(s) in Lumbee English. American Speech.
    • American Speech.
    • Dannenberg, C.1    Wolfram, W.2
  • 26
    • 85043427661 scopus 로고
    • Issues in the Analysis of Nonstandard Negro English: A review of J. L. Dillards Black English: Its history and usage in the United States”
    • D’Eloia, Sarah G. 1973. “Issues in the Analysis of Nonstandard Negro English: A review of J. L. Dillard’s Black English: Its history and usage in the United States”. Journal of English Linguistics 7.87-106.
    • (1973) Journal of English Linguistics , vol.7 , pp. 87-106
    • D’eloia, S.G.1
  • 27
    • 84919654746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shaba Swahili: Partial creolization due to second language learning and substrate pressure
    • Arthur Spears & Donald Winford, Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins
    • de Rooij, Vincent A. 1997. “Shaba Swahili: Partial creolization due to second language learning and substrate pressure”. The Structure and Status of Pidgins and Creoles ed. by Arthur Spears & Donald Winford, 309-339. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
    • (1997) The Structure and Status of Pidgins and Creoles , pp. 309-339
    • Rooij, D.1    Vincent, A.2
  • 28
    • 85065090861 scopus 로고
    • Copula Auxiliarization: How and why?
    • Martin Harris & Paolo Ramat, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
    • Dik, Simon S. 1987. “Copula Auxiliarization: How and why?”. Historical Development of Auxiliaries ed. by Martin Harris & Paolo Ramat, 53-84. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
    • (1987) Historical Development of Auxiliaries , pp. 53-84
    • Dik, S.S.1
  • 29
    • 84989373691 scopus 로고
    • Some Methodological Problems in Recent Investigation of the 0 Copula and Invariant be
    • David L. Shores & Carole P. Hines, University, Ala.: Alabama Univ. Press
    • Dunlap, Howard. 1977. “Some Methodological Problems in Recent Investigation of the 0 Copula and Invariant be”. Papers in Language Variation: SAMLA-ADS collection ed. by David L. Shores & Carole P. Hines, 151-159. University, Ala.: Alabama Univ. Press.
    • (1977) Papers in Language Variation: SAMLA-ADS Collection , pp. 151-159
    • Dunlap, H.1
  • 33
    • 84989391835 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge: Chadwyck-Healey
    • English Poetry Full-Text Database (CD-ROM). 1994. Cambridge: Chadwyck-Healey.
    • (1994)
  • 35
    • 84889490802 scopus 로고
    • The Relation between Black and White Speech in the South
    • Fasold, Ralph W. 1981. “The Relation between Black and White Speech in the South”. American Speech 56:3.163-189.
    • (1981) American Speech , vol.56 , Issue.3 , pp. 163-189
    • Fasold, R.W.1
  • 36
    • 0002870727 scopus 로고
    • Some Linguistic Features of Negro Dialect
    • R. W. Fasold & Roger W. Shuy, Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics
    • Fasold, Ralph W. & Walt Wolfram. 1970. “Some Linguistic Features of Negro Dialect”. Teaching Standard English in the Inner City ed. by R. W. Fasold & Roger W. Shuy, 41-86. Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics.
    • (1970) Teaching Standard English in the Inner City , pp. 41-86
    • Fasold, R.W.1    Wolfram, W.2
  • 38
    • 84911560292 scopus 로고
    • Southern White in the English Language Community
    • Harold B. Allen & Michael D. Linn, Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press
    • Feagin, Crawford 1986. “Southern White in the English Language Community”. Dialect and Language Variation ed. by Harold B. Allen & Michael D. Linn, 259-283. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press.
    • (1986) Dialect and Language Variation , pp. 259-283
    • Feagin, C.1
  • 39
    • 85065940363 scopus 로고
    • Preverbal done in Southern States English
    • Peter Trudgill & J. K. Chambers, London: Longman
    • Feagin, Crawford 1991. “Preverbal done in Southern States English”. Dialects of English: Studies in grammatical variation ed. by Peter Trudgill & J. K. Chambers, 161-189. London: Longman.
    • (1991) Dialects of English: Studies in Grammatical Variation , pp. 161-189
    • Feagin, C.1
  • 40
    • 84989395119 scopus 로고
    • A Unified Account of Auxiliaries in African American English
    • Katharine Beals, Jeanette Denton, Robert Knippen, Lynette Melnar, Hisami Suzuki & Erica Zeinfeld, Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society
    • Green, Lisa. 1994. “A Unified Account of Auxiliaries in African American English”. Papers from the 30th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Societyyol.il: The Parasession on Variation in Linguistic Theory ed. by Katharine Beals, Jeanette Denton, Robert Knippen, Lynette Melnar, Hisami Suzuki & Erica Zeinfeld, 116-132. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
    • (1994) Papers from The 30Th Regional Meeting of The Chicago Linguistic Societyyol.Il: The Parasession on Variation in Linguistic Theory , pp. 116-132
    • Green, L.1
  • 41
    • 84989390784 scopus 로고
    • Ph.D. Qualifying Paper, Dept, of Linguistics, Stanford Univ
    • Hannah, Dawn. 1995. “Copula Absence in Samana English”. Ph.D. Qualifying Paper, Dept, of Linguistics, Stanford Univ.
    • (1995) Copula Absence in Samana English
    • Hannah, D.1
  • 42
    • 84971151369 scopus 로고
    • Gullah and Barbadian: Origins and relationships
    • Hancock, Ian. 1980. “Gullah and Barbadian: Origins and relationships”. American Speech 55.17-35
    • (1980) American Speech , vol.55 , pp. 17-35
    • Hancock, I.1
  • 43
    • 84969460803 scopus 로고
    • Expanding the Superstrate: Habitual markers in Atlantic Englishes
    • Harris, John. 1986. “Expanding the Superstrate: Habitual markers in Atlantic Englishes”. English World-Wide 7:2.171-199.
    • (1986) English World-Wide 7:2.171-199
    • Harris, J.1
  • 44
    • 84927456991 scopus 로고
    • Variability of the Copula in Black English and Its Creole Kin
    • (Revised version of a paper presented at the First Biennial Conference of the Society for Caribbean Linguistics, Guyana, 1976.)
    • Holm, John. 1984. “Variability of the Copula in Black English and Its Creole Kin”. American Speech 59.291-309. (Revised version of a paper presented at the First Biennial Conference of the Society for Caribbean Linguistics, Guyana, 1976.)
    • (1984) American Speech , vol.59 , pp. 291-309
    • Holm, J.1
  • 46
    • 84873748019 scopus 로고
    • Hoodoo—Conjuration—Witchcraft—Root-work: Beliefs accepted by many negroes and other persons
    • vols. Hannibal, Mo.: Elgin Hyatt Foundation
    • Hyatt, Harry M., ed. 1970-1978. Hoodoo—Conjuration—Witchcraft—Root-work: Beliefs accepted by many negroes and other persons. These being orally recorded among Blacks and Whites. 5 vols. Hannibal, Mo.: Elgin Hyatt Foundation.
    • (1970) These Being Orally Recorded among Blacks and Whites , vol.5
    • Hyatt, H.M.1
  • 48
    • 84969479791 scopus 로고
    • Tense and Aspect in Irish English
    • Kallen, Jeffrey K. 1989. “Tense and Aspect in Irish English”. English WorldWide 10:1.1-39.
    • (1989) English Worldwide , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-39
    • Kallen, J.K.1
  • 50
    • 84928302201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Note on the Use of Data from Non-Standard Varieties of English in Linguistic Argumentation
    • Raymond Hickey & Stanislaw Puppel, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
    • Klemola, Juhani. 1997. “A Note on the Use of Data from Non-Standard Varieties of English in Linguistic Argumentation”. Language History and Linguistic Modelling: A festschrift for Jacek Fisiak on his 60th birthday ed. by Raymond Hickey & Stanislaw Puppel, 959-967. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
    • (1997) Language History and Linguistic Modelling: A Festschrift for Jacek Fisiak on His 60Th Birthday , pp. 959-967
    • Klemola, J.1
  • 52
    • 85050833954 scopus 로고
    • Negative Attraction and Negative Concord in English Grammar
    • Labov, William 1972b. “Negative Attraction and Negative Concord in English Grammar”. Language 48.773-818.
    • (1972) Language , vol.48 , pp. 773-818
    • Labov, W.1
  • 53
    • 0002526035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Co-Existent Systems in African-American English
    • Salikoko Mufwene, John Rickford, Guy Bailey & John Baugh. London: Routledge
    • Labov, William To appear. “Co-Existent Systems in African-American English. African American English: Structure, history, use ed. by Salikoko Mufwene, John Rickford, Guy Bailey & John Baugh. London: Routledge.
    • African American English: Structure, History, Use
    • Labov, W.1
  • 56
    • 1542459661 scopus 로고
    • Grammatical Differences in the North Central States
    • McDavid, Raven I. Jr. & Virginia G. McDavid. 1960. “Grammatical Differences in the North Central States”. American Speech 35.5-19.
    • (1960) American Speech , vol.35 , pp. 5-19
    • Mc David, R.I.1    Mc David, V.G.2
  • 58
    • 84989398339 scopus 로고
    • The Social Distribution of Selected Verb Forms in the Linguistic Atlas of the North Central States
    • Harold B. Allen & Michael D. Linn, Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press
    • McDavid, Virginia 1986. “The Social Distribution of Selected Verb Forms in the Linguistic Atlas of the North Central States”. Dialect and Language Variation ed. by Harold B. Allen & Michael D. Linn, 239-246. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press.
    • (1986) Dialect and Language Variation , pp. 239-246
    • Mc David, V.1
  • 59
    • 84969475348 scopus 로고
    • Sisters under the Skin: A case for genetic relationship between the Atlantic English-based creoles
    • McWhorter, John. 1995. “Sisters under the Skin: A case for genetic relationship between the Atlantic English-based creoles”. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 10:2.289-333.
    • (1995) Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages , vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp. 289-333
    • Mc Whorter, J.1
  • 61
    • 84989396793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Origin of the Habitual Verb be in American Black English: Irish or English or What?
    • Montgomery, Michael & John M. Kirk. To appear. “The Origin of the Habitual Verb be in American Black English: Irish or English or What?”. Belfast Working Papers in Linguistics.
    • Belfast Working Papers in Linguistics.
    • Montgomery, M.1    Kirk, J.M.2
  • 62
    • 84989396778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • He bes took up with a Yankee girl and moved up there to New York: The verb bes in the Carolinas and its history
    • Montgomery, Michael & Margaret Mishoe. To appear. “He bes took up with a Yankee girl and moved up there to New York: The verb bes in the Carolinas and its history”. American Speech.
    • American Speech.
    • Montgomery, M.1    Mishoe, M.2
  • 63
    • 85050421645 scopus 로고
    • Ideology and Facts on African American English
    • Mufwene, Salikoko. 1992. “Ideology and Facts on African American English”. Pragmatics 2.141-166.
    • (1992) Pragmatics , vol.2 , pp. 141-166
    • Mufwene, S.1
  • 64
    • 0348005637 scopus 로고
    • On Decreolization: The case of Gullah
    • Marcyliena Morgan, Los Angeles: UCLA Center for African-American Studies
    • Mufwene, Salikoko. 1994. “On Decreolization: The case of Gullah”. Language and the Social Construction of Identity in Creole Situations ed. by Marcyliena Morgan, 63-99. Los Angeles: UCLA Center for African-American Studies.
    • (1994) Language and the Social Construction of Identity in Creole Situations , pp. 63-99
    • Mufwene, S.1
  • 65
    • 84909374724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • African-American English
    • Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
    • Mufwene, Salikoko. To appear. “African-American English”. Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol VI: History of American English. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
    • Cambridge History of the English Language , vol.4
    • Mufwene, S.1
  • 68
    • 84937295694 scopus 로고
    • The Use of Features of Present-Day AAVE in the ExSlave Recordings
    • Myhill, John. 1995. “The Use of Features of Present-Day AAVE in the ExSlave Recordings”. American Speech 70:2.115-147.
    • (1995) American Speech , vol.70 , Issue.2 , pp. 115-147
    • Myhill, J.1
  • 72
    • 84928462801 scopus 로고
    • The Philadelphia Story in the Spanish Caribbean
    • Poplack, Shana & David Sankoff. 1987. “The Philadelphia Story in the Spanish Caribbean”. American Speech 62:4.291-314.
    • (1987) American Speech , vol.62 , Issue.4 , pp. 291-314
    • Poplack, S.1    Sankoff, D.2
  • 73
    • 84972029526 scopus 로고
    • African American English in the Diaspora: Evidence from old line Nova Scotians
    • Poplack, Shana & Sali Tagliamonte. 1991. “African American English in the Diaspora: Evidence from old line Nova Scotians”. Language Variation and Change 3.301-339.
    • (1991) Language Variation and Change , vol.3 , pp. 301-339
    • Poplack, S.1    Tagliamonte, S.2
  • 74
    • 84969479784 scopus 로고
    • The Particle en in Jamaican Creole: A discourse related account
    • Pollard, Velma. 1989. “The Particle en in Jamaican Creole: A discourse related account”. English World-Wide 10:1.55-68.
    • (1989) English World-Wide , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 55-68
    • Pollard, V.1
  • 75
    • 0347145928 scopus 로고
    • Unpublished Ms., Univ. of Pennsylvania
    • Rickford, John. 1973. “Been in Black English”. Unpublished Ms., Univ. of Pennsylvania.
    • (1973) Been in Black English
    • Rickford, J.1
  • 76
    • 0040404836 scopus 로고
    • The Insights of the Mesolect
    • David DeCamp & Ian F. Hancock, Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ. Press
    • Rickford, John 1974. “The Insights of the Mesolect”. Pidgins and Creoles: Current trends and prospects ed. by David DeCamp & Ian F. Hancock, 92-117. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ. Press.
    • (1974) Pidgins and Creoles: Current Trends and Prospects , pp. 92-117
    • Rickford, J.1
  • 77
    • 0348005668 scopus 로고
    • Carrying the New Wave into Syntax: The case of Black English BIN
    • Ralph Fasold & Roger Shuy, Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ. Press
    • Rickford, John 1975. “Carrying the New Wave into Syntax: The case of Black English BIN”. Analyzing Variation in Language ed. by Ralph Fasold & Roger Shuy, 162-183. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ. Press.
    • (1975) Analyzing Variation in Language , pp. 162-183
    • Rickford, J.1
  • 78
    • 0010742480 scopus 로고
    • The Question of Prior Creolization of Black English
    • Albert Valdman, Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press
    • Rickford, John 1977. “The Question of Prior Creolization of Black English”. Pidgin and Creole Linguistics ed. by Albert Valdman, 190-221. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press.
    • (1977) Pidgin and Creole Linguistics , pp. 190-221
    • Rickford, J.1
  • 79
    • 84928447936 scopus 로고
    • Social Contact and Linguistic Diffusion: Hibemo English and New World Black English
    • Rickford, John 1986. “Social Contact and Linguistic Diffusion: Hibemo English and New World Black English”. Language 62:1.245-289.
    • (1986) Language , vol.62 , Issue.1 , pp. 245-289
    • Rickford, J.1
  • 80
    • 84989397110 scopus 로고
    • Variation in the Jamaican Creole Copula: New data and analysis
    • American Anthropology Association Meeting, Chicago
    • Rickford, John 1991a. “Variation in the Jamaican Creole Copula: New data and analysis”. Paper presented at the Beryl Bailey symposium, American Anthropology Association Meeting, Chicago.
    • (1991) Paper Presented at the Beryl Bailey Symposium
    • Rickford, J.1
  • 81
    • 85065682667 scopus 로고
    • Grammatical Variation and Divergence in Vernacular Black English
    • Marinel Gerritsen & Dieter Stein, Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter
    • Rickford, John 1991b. “Grammatical Variation and Divergence in Vernacular Black English”. Internal and External Factors in Syntactic Change ed. by Marinel Gerritsen & Dieter Stein, 175-200. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
    • (1991) Internal and External Factors in Syntactic Change , pp. 175-200
    • Rickford, J.1
  • 82
    • 84881683787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Copula Variability in Jamaican Creole and African American Vernacular English: A reanalysis of DeCamps texts”
    • Gregory R. Guy, Crawford Feagin, Deborah Schiffrin & John Baugh, Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins
    • Rickford, John 1996. “Copula Variability in Jamaican Creole and African American Vernacular English: A reanalysis of DeCamp’s texts”. Towards a Social Science of Language, Vol I: Variation and Change in Language and Society ed. by Gregory R. Guy, Crawford Feagin, Deborah Schiffrin & John Baugh, 357-372. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
    • (1996) Towards a Social Science of Language , vol.1 , pp. 357-372
    • Rickford, J.1
  • 83
    • 0012867322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Creole Origins of African-American Vernacular English: Evidence from copula absence
    • Salikoko Mufwene, John Rickford, Guy Bailey & John Baugh. London: Routledge
    • Rickford, John 1998. “The Creole Origins of African-American Vernacular English: Evidence from copula absence”. African American English: Structure, history, use ed. by Salikoko Mufwene, John Rickford, Guy Bailey & John Baugh. London: Routledge.
    • (1998) African American English: Structure, History, Use
    • Rickford, J.1
  • 84
    • 55549085117 scopus 로고
    • Copula Contraction and Absence in Barbadian English, Samana English and Vernacular Black English
    • Katherine Lee Hall et al., Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society
    • Rickford, John & Renee Blake. 1990. “Copula Contraction and Absence in Barbadian English, Samana English and Vernacular Black English”. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society ed. by Katherine Lee Hall et al., 257-268. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society.
    • (1990) Proceedings of the 16Th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society , pp. 257-268
    • Rickford, J.1    Blake, R.2
  • 85
    • 84989403614 scopus 로고
    • Preterite had in the narratives of African American preadolescents
    • Rickford, John & Christine Theberge Rafal. 1972. “Preterite had in the narratives of African American preadolescents”. American Speech 11221-254.
    • (1972) American Speech , vol.11 , pp. 221-254
    • Rickford, J.1    Rafal, C.T.2
  • 86
    • 0040630062 scopus 로고
    • Salient and Substantive Pidginization
    • Dell Hymes, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
    • Samarin, William. 1971. “Salient and Substantive Pidginization”. Pidginiza-tion and Creolization of Languages ed. by Dell Hymes, 117-140. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
    • (1971) Pidginiza-Tion and Creolization of Languages , pp. 117-140
    • Samarin, W.1
  • 88
    • 84925201770 scopus 로고
    • Africanisms in the Grammar of Afro-American Language Varieties: Weighing the evidence
    • Salikoko Mufwene, Athens: Univ. of Georgia Press
    • Schneider, Edgar W. 1993. “Africanisms in the Grammar of Afro-American Language Varieties: Weighing the evidence”. Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties ed. by Salikoko Mufwene, 209-221. Athens: Univ. of Georgia Press.
    • (1993) Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties , pp. 209-221
    • Schneider, E.W.1
  • 89
    • 10044258889 scopus 로고
    • The Non-Learning of English: Case study of an adult
    • Evelyn M. Hatch, Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House
    • Shapira, Rina G. 1978. “The Non-Learning of English: Case study of an adult”. Second Language Acquisition: A book of readings ed. by Evelyn M. Hatch, 246-255. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
    • (1978) Second Language Acquisition: A Book of Readings , pp. 246-255
    • Shapira, R.G.1
  • 90
    • 0040093091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mixing, Leveling and Pidgin/Creole Development
    • Arthur Spears & Donald Winford, Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins
    • Siegel, Jeff. 1997. “Mixing, Leveling and Pidgin/Creole Development”. The Structure and Status of Pidgins and Creoles ed. by Arthur Spears & Donald Winford, 111-149. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
    • (1997) The Structure and Status of Pidgins and Creoles , pp. 111-149
    • Siegel, J.1
  • 91
    • 0040908319 scopus 로고
    • Copula variation in Liberian Settler English and American Black English
    • Walter F. Edwards & Donald Winford, Detroit: Wayne State Univ. Press
    • Singler, John. 1991. “Copula variation in Liberian Settler English and American Black English”. Verb Phrase Patterns in Black English and creoles ed. by Walter F. Edwards & Donald Winford, 129-164. Detroit: Wayne State Univ. Press.
    • (1991) Verb Phrase Patterns in Black English and Creoles , pp. 129-164
    • Singler, J.1
  • 92
  • 95
    • 84925979100 scopus 로고
    • The Black English Semi-Auxiliary come
    • Spears, Arthur. 1982. “The Black English Semi-Auxiliary come”. Language 58.850-872.
    • (1982) Language , vol.58 , pp. 850-872
    • Spears, A.1
  • 97
    • 77955369596 scopus 로고
    • The Derivation of ain’t
    • Stevens, Martin. 1954. “The Derivation of ain’t”. American Speech 29.196-201.
    • (1954) American Speech , vol.29 , pp. 196-201
    • Stevens, M.1
  • 99
    • 84989392079 scopus 로고
    • On Identifying the Sources of Creole Structures: A discussion of Singlers and Lefebvre’s papers”
    • Salikoko Mufwene, Athens: Univ. of Georgia Press
    • Thomason, Sarah Grey. 1993. “On Identifying the Sources of Creole Structures: A discussion of Singler’s and Lefebvre’s papers”. Africanisms in Afro-American language varieties ed. by Salikoko Mufwene, 280-295. Athens: Univ. of Georgia Press.
    • (1993) Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties , pp. 280-295
    • Thomason, S.G.1
  • 104
    • 84989398743 scopus 로고
    • vols. New York: S. Converse. (Repr., Anaheim, Calif.: Foundation for American Christian Education, 1967.)
    • Webster, Noah. 1828. An American Dictionary of the English Language. 2 vols. New York: S. Converse. (Repr., Anaheim, Calif.: Foundation for American Christian Education, 1967.)
    • (1828) An American Dictionary of the English Language , vol.2
    • Webster, N.1
  • 105
    • 84974355869 scopus 로고
    • Variability in Negation in African American Vernacular English
    • Weldon, Tracey. 1994. “Variability in Negation in African American Vernacular English”. Language Variation and Change 6:3.359-397.
    • (1994) Language Variation and Change , vol.6 , Issue.3 , pp. 359-397
    • Weldon, T.1
  • 106
    • 84989394943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Copula Variability in Gullah and the Creole Origins Hypothesis
    • Univ. of Nevada, Las Vegas
    • Weldon, Tracey. 1996. “Copula Variability in Gullah and the Creole Origins Hypothesis”. Paper presented at NWAVE 25, Univ. of Nevada, Las Vegas.
    • (1996) Paper Presented at NWAVE , pp. 25
    • Weldon, T.1
  • 108
    • 84989386325 scopus 로고
    • Selected Features of Speech: Black and white
    • Juanita V. Williamson & Virginia M. Burke, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston
    • Williamson, Juanita. 1971. “Selected Features of Speech: Black and white”. A Various Language: Perspectives on American Dialects ed. by Juanita V. Williamson & Virginia M. Burke, 496-507. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
    • (1971) A Various Language: Perspectives on American Dialects , pp. 496-507
    • Williamson, J.1
  • 110
    • 85050784812 scopus 로고
    • Another Look at the Copula in Black English and Caribbean Creoles
    • Winford, Donald. 1992a. “Another Look at the Copula in Black English and Caribbean Creoles”. American Speech 67.21-60.
    • (1992) American Speech , vol.67 , pp. 21-60
    • Winford, D.1
  • 111
    • 84971895390 scopus 로고
    • Back to the Past: The BEV/Creole connection revisited
    • Winford, Donald. 1992b. “Back to the Past: The BEV/Creole connection revisited”. Language Variation and Change 4:3.311-357.
    • (1992) Language Variation and Change , vol.4 , Issue.3 , pp. 311-357
    • Winford, D.1
  • 114
    • 84974233578 scopus 로고
    • Variability in the Use of Perfect have in Trinidadian English
    • Winford, Donald. 1993b. “Variability in the Use of Perfect have in Trinidadian English”. Language Variation and Change 5.141-187.
    • (1993) Language Variation and Change , vol.5 , pp. 141-187
    • Winford, D.1
  • 116
    • 0011672801 scopus 로고
    • The Background of the Slave Narrative Collection
    • Yetman, Norman K. 1967. “The Background of the Slave Narrative Collection”. American Quarterly 19.534-553.
    • (1967) American Quarterly , vol.19 , pp. 534-553
    • Yetman, N.K.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.