Eighteenth-century sierra leone english: Another exported variety of African American english

English World-Wide

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 1-34

  Montgomery, Michael ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84989366121     PISSN: 01728865     EISSN: 15699730     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1075/eww.20.1.01mon     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Bailey, Guy, Natalie Maynor and Patricia Cukor-Avila, eds. 1991. The Emergence of Black English: Text and Commentary. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.
2. Baugh, John. 1990. “A survey of the suffix /s/ analyses in black English”. In Jerold A. Edmondson, Crawford Feagin and Peter Miihlhausler, eds. Development and Diversity: Language and Variation Across Time and Space. Arlington, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics, 299-307.
3. Bermejo-Giner, Maria G. and Michael Montgomery. 1997. “Regional British English from the 19th century: Evidence from emigrant letters”. In Alan S. Thomas, ed. Current Methods in Dialectology. Bangor: University of Wales, 167-83.
4. Bernstein, Cynthia, Thomas Nunnally and Robin Sabino, eds. 1997. Language Variety in the South Revisited. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
5. Blassingame, John, ed. 1977. Slave Testimony. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
6. Brewer, Jeutonne P. 1986. “Durative marker or hypercorrection? The case of -s in the WPA ex-slave narratives”. In Michael Montgomery and Guy Bailey, eds. Language Variety in the South: Perspectives in Black and White. University, Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 131-48.
7. Cooley, Marianne. 1997. “An early representation of African American English”. In Cynthia Bernstein, Thomas Nunnally and Robin Sabino, eds. 1997: 51-8.
8. Cornelius, Janet D. 1991. When I can Read my Tide Clear: Literacy, Slavery and Religion in the Antebellum South. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
9. DeBose, Charles. 1983. “Samana English: A dialect that time forgot”. In Amy Dahlstrom, Claudia Brugman, Monica Macaulay, Inese Civkulis et al., eds. 1983. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society, 47-53.
10. DeBose, Charles. 1994. “Creole English in Samana”. In Frances Ingemann, ed. 1994 Mid-America Linguistic Conference Papers. Vol. II. Lawrence: University of Kansas Department of Linguistics, 341-50.
11. Dillard, J. L. 1972. Black English: Its History and Usage in the United States. New York: Random House.
12. Dillard, J. L. 1973. “The history of Black English in Nova Scotia — a first step”. Revista Interamericana/Interamerican Review 2: 507-20.
13. Feagin, Crawford. 1979. Variation and Change in Alabama English: A Sociolinguistic Study of the White Community. Washington: Georgetown University Press.
14. Fergusson, C.B. 1948. A Documentary Story of the Establishment of the Negroes in Nova Scotia Between the War of 1812 and the Winning of Responsible Government. Publication no. 8. Halifax: Public Archives of Nova Scotia.
15. Fyfe, Christopher, ed. 1991. “Our Children Free and Happy”: Letters from Black Settlers in Africa in the 1790s. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
16. Hannah, Dawn. 1997. “Copula absence in Samana English: Implications for research on the linguistic history of African-American vernacular English”. American Speech 72: 339-72.
17. Holm, John. 1983. “On the relationship of Gullah and Bahamian”. American Speech 58:303-18.
18. Jones, Charles. 1991. “Appendix: Some grammatical characteristics of the Sierra Leone letters”. In Christopher Fyfe, ed. 1991: 79-104.
19. Kautzsch, Alex. 1998. “Liberian letters and Virginian narratives: Negation patterns in two new sources of earlier AAE”. Paper read at New Ways of Analyzing Variation in English 27 meeting, Athens, GA.
20. Labov, William, Paul Cohen, Clarence Robins and John Lewis. 1968. “A study of the non-standard English of Negro and Puerto Rican speakers in New York City. Volume I: Phonological and grammatical analysis”. Final report. Washington, DC: Office of Education Cooperative Research Project no. 3288. Eric Document 028 423.
21. Millward, Celia. 1994. “Benewell Kembler’s Black English”. American Speech 69: 155-67.
22. Montgomery, Michael. 1989. “Exploring the roots of Appalachian English”. English World-Wide 10: 227-78.
23. Montgomery, Michael. 1994. “The evolution of verb concord in Scots”. In Alexander Fenton and Donald A. MacDonald, eds. Studies in Scots and Gaelic: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Languages of Scotland. Edinburgh: Canongate Academic, 81-95
24. Montgomery, Michael. 1995. “The linguistic value of Ulster emigrant letters”. Ulster Folklife 41:26-41.
25. Montgomery, Michael. 1997. “A tale of two Georges: The language of Irish American Indian traders”. In Jeffrey Kallen, ed. Focus on Ireland. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 227-54.
26. Montgomery, Michael and Janet M. Fuller. 1995. “The regional differentiation of 19th- century African-American English”. Paper read at Linguistic Society of America, New Orleans.
27. Montgomery, Michael and Janet M. Fuller. 1996. “What was verbal -s in 19th-century African American English?”. In Edgar W. Schneider, ed. Focus on the USA. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 211-30.
28. Montgomery, Michael and Janet M. Fuller and Sharon DeMarse. 1993. “’The black men has wives and Sweet harts [and third person plural -s] Jest like the white men’: Evidence for verbal -s from written documents on nineteenth-century African American speech”. Language Variation and Change 5:335-54.
29. Myhill, John. 1995. “The use of features of present-day AAVE in the exslave recordings”. American Speech 70: 115-47.
30. Poplack, Shana and David Sankoff. 1987. “The Philadelphia story in the Spanish Caribbean”. American Speech 62: 291-314.
31. Poplack, Shana and David Sankoff and Sali Tagliamonte. 1989. “There’s no tense like the present: Verbal –s inflection in early black English”. Language Variation and Change 1:47-84.
32. Poplack, Shana and David Sankoff and Sali Tagliamonte. 1991. “African-American English in the diaspora: Evidence from old-line Nova Scotians”. Language Variation and Change 3: 301-39.
33. Poplack, Shana and David Sankoff and Sali Tagliamonte. 1994. “-s or nothing: Marking the plural in the African American diaspora”. American Speech 69:227-59.
34. Rickford, John R. 1995/1998. “AAVE and the creole hypothesis: Reflections on the state of the issue”. Paper given at NWAVE meeting, Philadelphia.
35. John R. Rickford and Suzanne Romaine, eds. Creole Genesis, Attitudes, and Discourse: Papers Celebrating Charlene Sato. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Summarized in “The creole origins of African-American vernacular English: Evidence from copula absence”. In Salikoko S. Mufwene, John R. Rickford, Guy Bailey and John Baugh, eds. 1998. African-American English: Structure, History and Use. London: Routledge, 154-200.
36. Schneider, Edgar W. 1983. “The origin of the verbal -s in Black English”. American Speech 58: 99-113.
37. Schneider, Edgar W. 1997. “Earlier black English revisited”. In Cynthia Bernstein, Thomas Nunnally and Robin Sabino, eds. 1997: 35-50.
38. Sellers, Jason. 1998. “North Carolina by Extension: Analysis of Cherokee Sound, Bahamas”. Paper read at New Ways of Analyzing Variation in English 27 meeting, Athens, GA. •
39. Shilling, Alison W. 1984. Black English as a Creole: Some Bahamian Evidence. St. Augustine, Trinidad: School of Education, University of the West Indies.
40. Singler, John V. 1989. “Plural marking in Liberian Settler English, 1829— 1980”. American Speech 64:40-64.
41. Singler, John V. 1991. “Copula variation in Liberian Settler English and American Black English”. In Walter F. Edwards and Donald Winford, eds. Verb Phrase Patterns in Black English and Creole. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 129-64.
42. Stewart, William A. 1967. “Sociolinguistic factors in the history of American Negro dialects”. Florida Foreign Language Reporter 5,2:1-4.
43. Stewart, William A. 1968. “Continuity and change in American Negro dialects”. Florida Foreign Language Reporter 6,2:3-4,14-6,18.
44. Tagliamonte, Sali and Shana Poplack. 1988. “How black English past got to the present: Evidence from Sarnana”. Language in Society 17: 513-33.
45. Walker, J. S. G. 1976. The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783-1870. New York: Africana.
46. Walker, J. S. G. 1980. A History of Blacks in Canada. Ottawa: Ministry of State Multiculturalism.
47. Whiteman, Marcia F. 1976. “Dialect influence and the writing of black and white working class Americans”. Ph. D. dissertation, Georgetown University, Washington.
48. Wilson, Ellen G. 1976. Loyal Blacks. New York: Capricorn.
49. Winks, Robin W. 1971. The Blacks in Canada: A History. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.