Urban water reuse: A triple bottom line assessment framework and review

Sustainable Cities and Society

Volumn 27, Issue , 2016, Pages 448-456

  Wilcox, Jonathan ^a   Nasiri, Fuzhan ^b   Bell, Sarah ^c   Rahaman, Md Saifur ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Climate change; Decentralised water supply; Integrated urban water management; Public health; Water reuse; Water scarcity

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; PUBLIC HEALTH; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; WASTEWATER RECLAMATION; WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER SUPPLY;

DECENTRALISED WATER SUPPLIES; INTEGRATED URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT; SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL; SUSTAINABLE WATER SUPPLY; WATER REUSE; WATER REUSE NETWORKS; WATER REUSE PRACTICES; WATER SCARCITY;

WATER CONSERVATION;

EID: 84989266734     PISSN: 22106707     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2016.06.021     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Aitken, V., Bell, S., Hills, S., Rees, L., Public acceptability of indirect potable water reuse in the south-east of England. Water Science & Technology: Water Supply 14:5 (2014), 875–885.
2. Anderson, J., The environmental benefits of water recycling and reuse. Water Science & Technology: Water Supply 3:4 (2003), 1–10.
3. Angelakis, A.N., Bontoux, L., Wastewater reclamation and reuse in Eureau countries. Water Policy 3:1 (2001), 47–59.
4. Antonopoulou, G., Kirkou, A., Stasinakis, A.S., Quantitative and qualitative greywater characterization in Greek households and investigation of their treatment using physicochemical methods. Science of the Total Environment 454–455 (2013), 426–432.
5. Arpke, A., Clerico, E.A., Water reuse within green buildings: a case study of the solaire. Water sources conference and exposition of the American Water Works Association, Denver, CO, 2006.
6. Asano, T., Bahri, A., Global challenges to wastewater reclamation and reuse. On the Water Front 2 (2010), 64–72.
7. Asano, T., Maeda, M., Takaki, M., Wastewater reclamation and reuse in Japan: overview and implementation examples. Water Science and Technology 34:11 (1996), 219–226.
8. Asano, P.T., Leverenz, H.L., Burton, F.L., Tsuchihashi, R., Tchobanoglous, G., Water reuse; issues, technologies and applications. 1st ed., 2007, McGraw Hill.
9. Banks, P.A., Wastewater reuse case studies in the Middle East. Water Science & Technology 23:10–12 (1990), 2141–2148.
10. Bell, S.J., Urban water systems in transition. Emergence: Complexity and Organization 14:1 (2012), 45–58.
11. Bertrand, N., Jefferson, B., Jeffrey, P., Cross sectoral and scale-up impacts of greywater recycling technologies on catchment hydrological flows. Water Science & Technology 57:5 (2008), 471–476.
12. Biggs, C., Ryan, C., Wiseman, J., Larsen, K., Distributed water systems: a networked and localised approach for sustainable water services, Distributed Systems Briefing Paper (No. 2). 2008, Victorian Eco-Innovation Lab., University of Melbourne.
13. BioRegional, BedZED; seven years on, solutions for sustainability. 2009, BioRegional, Hawkbridge, London.
14. Bixio, D., Thoeye, C., Wintgens, T., Ravazzini, A., Miska, V., Muston, M., et al. Water reclamation and reuse: implementation and management issues. Desalination 218:1–3 (2008), 13–23.
15. Blair, P., How and why to reuse greywater. 2014 [last accessed on December 2015] http://survivalathome.com/why-you-should-reuse-greywater.
16. Boulware, E.W.B., Alternative water sources and wastewater management. 2013, The McGraw-Hill company, USA.
17. Brandes, M., Characteristics of effluents from gray and black water septic tanks. Water Pollution Control Federation 50:11 (1978), 2547–2559.
18. Burn, S., Maheepala, S., Sharma, A., Utilising integrated urban water management to assess the viability of decentralised water solutions. Water Science and Technology 66:1 (2012), 113–121.
19. CDPH, Regulations related to recycled water. 2009, California Department of Public Health.
20. CDPH, Draft regulations for groundwater replenishment with recyced water. 2011, California Department of Public Health.
21. Chance, T., Towards sustainable residential communities; the Beddington Zero Energy Development (BedZED) and beyond. Environment and Urbanization 21:2 (2009), 527–544.
22. Clerico, E., The solaire—a case study in urban water reuse. Proccedings of the symposium on business sustainability: planning for a responsible future, Philadelphia, PA, February 9, 2007.
23. Cook S., Tjandraatmadja G., Ho A., & Sharma, A. (2009). Definition of Decentralised Systems in the South East Queensland Context. Urban Water Security Research Alliance Technical Report No. 12.
24. Crook, J., Regulatory aspects of direct potable reuse in california. 2010, National Water Research Institute, Fountain Valley, California.
25. DCLG, Code for sustainable homes: a step change in sustainable home building practice (Building Codes). 2006, Department for Communities and Local Government, Wetherby, West Yorkshire.
26. DIP, MP4.2 – building sustainability – water savings targets. 2009, Department of Infrastucture and Planning, Queensland, Australia.
27. Dolnicar, S., Hurlimann, A., Desalinated versus recycled water: what does the public think?. Escobar, I., Schafer, A., (eds.) Sustainable water for the future: water recycling versus desalination (sustainability science and engineering series), 2010, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 375–388.
28. Du Pisani, P.L., Direct reclamation of potable water at Windhoek's Goreangab reclamation plant. Desalination 188:1–3 (2006), 79–88.
29. de Mes, T.Z., Kujawa-Roeleveld, K., Zeeman, G., Lettinga, G., Fate of oestrogens during anaerobic blackwater treatment with micro-aerobic post-treatment. Water Science & Technology 56:5 (2007), 15–23.
30. EPA, Guidelines for water reuse. 2004, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
31. EU, The EU water framework directive—integrated river basin management for europe (Legislative). 2000, The European Union Directive 2000/60/EC.
32. Fane, S.A., Ashbolt, N.J., White, S.B., Decentralised urban water reuse: the implications of system scale for cost and pathogen risk. Water Science and Technology 46:6–7 (2002), 281–288.
33. Fidjeland, J., Svensson, S., Vinnerås, B., Ammonia sanitization of blackwater for safe use as fertilizer. Water Science & Technology 71:5 (2015), 795–800.
34. Friedler, E., Hadari, M., Economic feasibility of on-site greywater reuse in multi-storey buildings. Desalination 190:1–3 (2006), 221–234.
35. Gabarro, J., Batchelli, L., Balaguer, M.D., Puig, S., Colprim, J., Grey water treatment at a sports centre for reuse in irrigation: a case study. Environmental Technology 34:9–12 (2013), 1385–1392.
36. Geels, F.W., Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: a multi-level perspective and a case-study. Research Policy 31:8–9 (2002), 1257–1274.
37. Gikas, P., Tchobanoglous, G., The role of satellite and decentralized strategies in water resources management. Journal of Environmental Management 90:1 (2009), 144–152.
38. Hochstrat, R., Joksimovic, D., Wintgens, T., Melin, T., Savic, D., Pinnekamp, J., Economic considerations and decision support tool for wastewater reuse scheme planning. Water Science and Technology 56:5 (2007), 175–182.
39. Jefferson, B., Laine, A.L., Stephenson, T., Judd, S.J., Advanced biological unit processes for domestic water recycling. Water Science & Technology 43:10 (2001), 211–218.
40. Jimenez, B., Cisneros, B.E.J., Asano, T., Water reuse: an International Survey of current practice, issues and needs. 2008, IWA Publishing, London, UK.
41. Keely, S.P., Brinkman, N.E., Zimmerman, B.D., Wendell, D., Ekeren, K.M., De Long, S.K., et al. Characterization of the relative importance of human- and infrastructure-associated bacteria in grey water: a case study. Journal of Applied Microbiology 119:1 (2015), 289–301.
42. Khan, M.Z., Sim, Y.L., Lin, Y.J., Lai, K.M., Testing biological effects of hand-washing grey water for reuse in irrigation on an urban farm: a case study. Environmental Technology 34:1–4 (2013), 545–551.
43. Khouri, N., Wastewater reuse implementation in selected countries of the Middle-East and North-Africa. Canadian Journal of Development Studies 13:4 (1992), 131–144.
44. Lahnsteiner, J., Lempert, G., Water management in windhoek. Namibia.Water Science and Technology 55:1–2 (2007), 441–448.
45. Leverenz, H.L., Tchobanoglous, G., Asano, T., Direct potable reuse: a future imperative. Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 1:1 (2011), 2–10.
46. Luostarinen, S., Rintala, J., Anaerobic on-site treatment of kitchen waste in combination with black water in UASB-septic tanks at low temperatures. Bioresource Technology 98:9 (2007), 1734–1740.
47. Luostarinen, S., Sanders, W., Kujawa-Roeleveld, K., Zeeman, G., Effect of temperature on anaerobic treatment of black water in UASB-septic tank systems. Bioresource Technology 98:5 (2007), 980–986.
48. Makropoulos, C., Butler, D., Distributed water infrastructure for sustainable communities. Water Resources Management 24:11 (2010), 2795–2816.
49. Mankad, A., Decentralised water systems: emotional influences on resource decision making. Environment International 44:1 (2012), 128–140.
50. Marks, J.S., Martin, B., Zadoroznyj, M., Acceptance of water recycling in Australia: national baseline data. Water 33:2 (2006), 151–157.
51. Menge, J., Treatment of wastewater for reuse in the drinking water system of windhoek. 2007, Windhoek City Council, Windhoek, Namibia.
52. Moglia, M., Alexander, K.S., Sharma, A., Discussion of the enabling environments for decentralised water systems. Water Science and Technology 63:10 (2011), 2331–2339.
53. Moglia, M., Cook, S., Sharma, A., Burn, S., Assessing decentralised water solutions: towards a framework for adaptive learning. Water Resources Management 25:1 (2011), 217–238.
54. NWRI, Direct potable reuse workshop report., 2010, National Water Research Institute (in collaboration with California Urban Water Agencies and WateReuse California), Sacramento, CA.
55. Nasiri, F., Savage, T., Wang, R.N., Barawid, N., Zimmerman, J.B., A system dynamics approach for urban water reuse planning: a case study from the great lakes region. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment 27:3 (2013), 675–691.
56. Nellor, M.H., Larson, R., Assessment of approaches to achieve nationally consistent reclaimed water standards. The 25th water reuse symposium, Sptember 12–15, Washington D.C., USA, 2010.
57. Nellor, M.H., Views on the status of water recycling 2030: recommendations of California's recycled water task force. 2009, National Water Research Institute, Fountain Valley, California.
58. Novotny, V., Ahern, J., Brown, P., Water centric sustainable communities: planning. Retrofitting and building the next urban environment, 2010, John Wiley & Sons, NY, USA.
59. Obeng, L.A., Bahri, A., Grobicki, A., Water scarcity and global megacities. Osikena, J., Tickner, D., (eds.) Tackling the world water crisis: reshaping the future of foreign policy, 2010, The Foreign Policy Centre, London, UK.
60. Ogoshi, M., Suzuki, Y., Asano, T., Water reuse in Japan. Water Science and Technology 43:10 (2001), 17–23.
61. Parkinson, J., Schütze, M., Butler, D., Modelling the impacts of domestic water conservation on the sustainability of the urban sewerage system. Water and Environment Journal 19:1 (2005), 49–56.
62. Paulo, P.L., Azevedo, C., Begosso, L., Galbiati, A.F., Boncz, M.A., Natural systems treating greywater and blackwater on-site: integrating treatment, reuse and landscaping. Ecological Engineering 50 (2013), 95–100.
63. Po M., Kaercher J. D., & Nancarrow, B. E. (2004). Literature Review of Factors Influencing Public Perceptions of Water Reuse. Report CSIRO Land and Water, and Australian Water Conservation and Reuse Research Program, Perth, Australia.
64. Ramon, G., Green, M., Semia, R., Dosoretz, C., Low strength greywater characterization and treatment by direct membrane filtration. Desalination 170 (2004), 241–250.
65. Rose, J.B., Water reclamation, reuse and public health. Water Science & Technology 55:1-2 (2007), 275–282.
66. Schäfer, A.I., Nghiem, L.D., Oschmann, N., Bisphenol A retention in the direct ultrafiltration of greywater. Journal of Membrane Science 283:1–2 (2006), 233–243.
67. Sharma, A., Gray, S.R., Diaper, C., Liston, P., Howe, C., Assessing integrated water management options for urban developments: Canberra case study. Urban Water Journal 5:2 (2008), 147–159.
68. Sharma, A., Burn, S., Gardner, T., Gregory, A., Role of decentralised systems in the transition of urban water systems. Water, Science and Technology 10:4 (2010), 577–583.
69. Smith, C.S., Butler, D., Water management at BedZED: some lessons. Proceedings of the ICE: Engineering Sustainability 161:2 (2008), 113–122.
70. Sofoulis, Z., Big water, everyday water: a sociotechnical perspective. Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies 19:4 (2005), 445–463.
71. Šostar-Turk, S., Petrinić, I., Simonič, M., Laundry wastewater treatment using coagulation and membrane filtration Resources. Conservation and Recycling 44:2 (2005), 185–196.
72. Suzuki, Y., Ogoshi, M., Yamagata, H., Ozaki, M., Asano, T., Large-area and on-site water reuse in Japan. 2002, International Seminar on Sustainable Development of Water Resource Pluralizing Technology, Korean National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon South, Korea.
73. Tchobanoglous, G., Leverenz, H.L., Nellor, M., Crook, J., Direct potable reuse; a path forward (White paper). 2011, Watereuse Research Foundation, Alexandria, VA, USA.
74. Teh, T.-H., The agency of water on urban form in London. Hackney, F., Glynne, J., Minton, V., (eds.) Networks of design—proceedings of the 2008 annual international conference of the design history society, 3–6 September, Falmouth, UK, 2009.
75. Tjandraatmadja, G., Burn, S., McLaughlin, M., Biswas, T., Rethinking urban water systems: revisiting concepts in urban wastewater collection and treatment to ensure infrastructure sustainability. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply 5:2 (2005), 145–154.
76. Twinn, C., BedZED. The Arup Journal, 2003, 10–16.
77. UKWIR (2005). A Framework for Developing Water Reuse Criteria with Reference to Drinking Water Supplies. UK Water Industry Research, Report Ref No. 05/WR/29/1.
78. US NRC, Water reuse: potential for expanding the nation's water supply through reuse of municipal wastewater. 2012, The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
79. Ushijima, K., Tanaka, E., Suzuki, L.Y., Hijikata, N., Naoyuki, F., Ito, R., Treating greywater cost effectively while protecting the public's health. 2014 Greyter Water System http://greyter.com/treating-greywater-cost-effectively-protecting-publics-health/. (last accessed on December 2015).
80. Ushijima, K., Tanaka, E., Suzuki, L.Y., Hijikata, N., Funamizu, N., Ito, R., Grey water treatment by the slanted soil system with unsorted soil media. Environmental Technology 36:20 (2015), 2603–2609.
81. Van der Bruggen, B., The global water recyling situation. Sustainable water for the future: water recycling versus desalination (Sustainability science and engineering series), 2010, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 41–62.
82. Verrecht, B., James, C., Germain, E., Birks, R., Barugh, A., Pearce, P., et al. Economical evaluation and operating experiences of a small-scale MBR for nonpotable reuse. Journal of Environmental Engineering 138:5 (2012), 594–600.
83. WHO, Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater: policy and regulatory aspects. 2006, World Health Organisation, Geneva Switzerland.
84. Wolman, A., The metabolism of cities. Scientific American 213 (1965), 179–190.
85. Zeng, T., Mitch, W.A., Contribution of N-nitrosamines and their precursors to domestic sewage by greywaters and blackwaters. Environmental Science & Technology 49:22 (2015), 13158–13167.