Diversity in policing: Latino representation in law enforcement

Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice

Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 67-81

  McCluskey, Cynthia Perez ^a   McCluskey, John D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

Author keywords

Diversity; Latinos; Police

Indexed keywords

EID: 84988797135     PISSN: 15377938     EISSN: 15377946     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1300/J222v02n03_05     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Acuña, R., 1988. Occupied America:A history of Chicanos, New York, NY:Harper & Row Publishers.
2. Alozie, N. O., and Ramirez, E. J., 1999. “A piece of the pie” and more:Competition and Hispanic employment on urban police forces. Urban Affairs Review, 34:456–475.
3. Barlow, D. E., and Barlow, M. H., 1994. Cultural sensitivity rediscovered:Developing training strategies for police officers. The Justice Professional, 8:97–116.
4. Bayley, D. H., 1986. The tactical choices of police patrol officers. Journal of Criminal Justice, 14:329–48.
5. Bodipo-Memba, A., October 20 2003. “Language hinders cops' ability to serve”. In Detroit Free Press October 20, 1–3.
6. Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2003. Census of State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 2000, Washington, DC:U.S. Department of Justice.
7. Carter, D. L., 1983. Hispanic interaction with the criminal justice system in Texas:Experiences, attitudes, and perceptions. Journal of Criminal Justice, 11:213–227.
8. Carter, D. L., 1985. Hispanic perception of police performance:An empirical assessment. Journal of Criminal Justice, 13:487–500.
9. Carter, D. L., 1986. Hispanic police officers' perception of discrimination. Journal of Police Studies, 79:204–210.
10. Carter, D. L., and Sapp, A. D., 1991. Police education and minority recruitment:The impact of a college requirement, Washington, DC:Police Executive Research Forum.
11. Collar, J., 2003. Police pursue diverse force:Recruitment remains difficult in search for minority officers. Oshkosh Northwestern, October 28:1–4.
12. Cryderman, B. K., and Fleras, A., 1992. Police, race, and ethnicity:A guide for police services, Toronto, ON:Butterworths.
13. Decker, S., and Smith, R., 1980. Police minority recruitment:A note on its effectiveness in improving black evaluations of the police. Journal of Criminal Justice, 8:387–93.
14. De Geneste, H. I., and Sullivan, J. P., 1997. Policing a multicultural community, Washington, DC:Police Executive Research Forum.
15. Donohue, J., and Levitt, S., 2001. The impact of race on policing and arrests. Journal of Law and Economics, 44:367–95.
16. Dunham, R. G., and Alpert, G. P., 1988. Neighborhood differences in attitudes toward policing:Evidence for a mixed-strategy model of policing in a multi-ethnic setting. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 79:504–523.
17. Flowers, R. B., 1988. Minorities and criminality, New York, NY:Greenwood Press.
18. Guyot, D., 1979. Bending granite:Attempts to change the rank structure of American police departments. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 7:253–284.
19. Herbst, L., and Walker, S., 2001. Language barriers in the delivery of police services:A study of police and Hispanic interactions in a midwestern city. Journal of Criminal Justice, 29:329–340.
20. Holmes, M. D., 1998. Perceptions of abusive police practices in a U.S.-Mexico border community. The Social Science Journal, 35:107–118.
21. Huo, Y. J., and Tyler, T. R., 2000. How different ethnic groups react to legal authority, San Francisco, CA:Public Policy Institute of California.
22. Jesilow, P., Meyer, J., and Namazzi, N., 1995. Public attitudes toward the police. American Journal of Police, 14:67–88.
23. Kelling, G. L., and Moore, M. H., 1988. The evolving strategy of policing, Cambridge, MA:U.S. Department of Justice and the Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.
24. Langan, P. A., Greenfield, L. A., Smith, S. K., Durose, M. R., and Levin, D. J., 2001. Contacts between the police and the public:Findings from the 1999 National Survey, Washington, DC:U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
25. Lasley, J. R., 1994. The impact of the Rodney King incident on citizen attitudes toward police. Policing and Society, 3:245–255.
26. Leiber, M. J., Nalla, M. K., and Farnworth, M., 1998. Explaining juveniles' attitudes toward the police. Justice Quarterly, 15:151–174.
27. Marín, G., 1993. Defining culturally appropriate community interventions:Hispanics as a case study. Journal of Community Psychology, 21:149–161.
28. Mastrofski, S. D., Reisig, M. D., and McCluskey, J. D., 2002. Police disrespect toward the public:An encounter-based analysis. Criminology, 40:519–552.
29. Mastrofski, S. D., Worden, R. E., and Snipes, J. B., 1995. Law enforcement in a time of community policing. Criminology, 33:539–563.
30. Menard, S., 1995. Applied logistic regression analysis, Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
31. Miller, S., 2003. Hispanics replace African Americans as the largest U.S. minority group:Latinos expand almost four times faster than general U.S. population U.S. Department of State:International Information Programs. January 23, 2003. Retrieved from http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/race/diversity/a012303.htm
32. Miller, W., 1991. “Cops and bobbies”. In Thinking about polic, Edited by:Klockars, C., and Mastrofski, S., 73–87. New York, NY:McGraw-Hill.
33. Mirandé, A., 1981. The Chicano and the law:An analysis of community-police conflict in an urban barrio. Pacific Sociological Review, 24:65–86.
34. Mirandé, A., 1985. The Chicano experience:An alternative perspective, Notre Dame, IN:University of Notre Dame Press.
35. Moore, J., and Pachon, H., 1985. Hispanics in the United States, Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall.
36. Morales, A., 1972. Ando sangrando (I am bleeding):A study of Mexican-American police conflict, La Puente, CA:Perspectiva Publications.
37. National Crime Prevention Council. 1995. Lengthening the stride:Employing peace officers from newly arrived ethnic groups Washington, DC
38. Ramirez, R. R., and De la Cruz, G. P., 2002. The Hispanic population in the United States:March 2002, P20–545. Washington, DC:U.S. Census Bureau. Current Population Reports
39. Reaves, B. A., and Hickman, M. J., 2002. Police departments in large cities, 1990–2000, Washington, DC:United States Department of Justice. Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2002. Retrieved from http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/pdlc00.pdf
40. Reisig, M. D., and Parks, R. B., 2000. Experience, quality of life, and neighborhood context:A hierarchical analysis of satisfaction with police. Justice Quarterly, 17:607–630.
41. Reiss, A. J., Jr. 1971. The police and the public, New Haven, CT:Yale University Press.
42. Samora, J., Bernal, J., and Pena, A., 1979. Gunpowder justice:A reassessment of the Texas Rangers, Notre Dame, IN:University of Notre Dame Press.
43. Sampson, R. J., and Bartusch, D. J., 1998. Legal cynicism and (subcultural?) tolerance of deviance:The neighborhood context of racial differences. Law & Society Review, 32:777–804.
44. Skogan, W. G., Steiner, L., DuBois, J., Gudell, J. E., and Fagan, A., 2002. Community policing and “The New Immigrants”:Latinos in Chicago, Washington, DC:National Institute of Justice.
45. Skolnick, J. H., and Fyfe, J. J., 1993. Above the law:Police and the excessive use of force, New York, NY:The Free Press.
46. Smith, B., 2003. The impact of police officer diversity on police-caused homicides. Policy Studies Journal, 31:147–162.
47. Smith, D. A., 1986. “The neighborhood context of police behavior”. In Communities and crim, Edited by:Reiss, Albert J., Jr. and Tonry, Michael. 313–341. Chicago, IL:University of Chicago Press.
48. Stokes, L., 1997. “Minority groups in law enforcement”. In Contemporary policing:Personnel, issues and trends, Edited by:Dantzker, M. L., Boston, MA:Butterworth Heineman.
49. Stokes, L., and Scott, J., 1996. Affirmative action and selected minority groups in law enforcement. Journal of Criminal Justice, 24:29–38.
50. Suro, R., and Singer, A., 2002. Latino growth in metropolitan America:Changing patterns, new locations, Washington, DC:The Brookings Institution Center on Urban & Metropolitan Policy and the Pew Hispanic Center.
51. Sykes, R. E., and Brent, E. E., 1983. Policing:A social behaviorist perspective, New Brunswick, NJ:Rutgers University Press.
52. Therrien, M., and Ramirez, R. R., 2001. The Hispanic population in the United States:Population characteristics, Washington, DC:U.S. Census Bureau.
53. Trojanowicz, R., and Bucqueroux, B., 1991. Community policing and the challenge of diversity, East Lansing, MI:National Center for Community Policing, Michigan State University. Community Policing Series No. 21
54. Tuch, S. A., and Weitzer, R., 1997. Racial differences in attitudes toward the police. Public Opinion Quarterly, 61:642–663.
55. United States Census Bureau. 2003. Census 2000 and 1990 Decennial Census Data Accessed online via American FactFinder at http://factfinder.census.gov, 2003
56. United States Commission on Civil Rights. 1993. Racial and ethnic tensions in American communities:Poverty, inequality, and discrimination Volume 1:The Mount Pleasant Report
57. United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2003. Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) [United States]:2000 Sample Survey of Law Enforcement Agencie, Ann Arbor, MI:Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. [Computer file]. ICPSR version. Washington, DC:Dept U.S. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census [producer], 2001
58. Walker, S., 1983. Employment of Black and Hispanic police officers. Review of Applied Urban Research, 11:1–6.
59. Walker, S., 1999. “Broken windows and fractured history:The use and misuse of history in recent police patrol analysis”. In The police & societ, Edited by:Kappeler, V., 2–26. Prospect Heights, IL:Waveland Press.
60. Walker, S., Spohn, C., and DeLone, M., 2003. The color of justice:Race, ethnicity, and crime in America, 3rd Edition, Belmont, CA:Wadsworth Thompson Learning.
61. Walker, S., and Turner, K., 1992. A decade of modest progress:Employment of Black and Hispanic police officers, 1983–1992, Omaha, NE:University of Nebraska at Omaha.
62. Webb, V. J., and Marshall, C. E., 1995. The relative importance of race and ethnicity on citizen attitudes toward the police. American Journal of Police, 14:45–66.
63. Weitzer, R., 1999. Citizens' perceptions of police misconduct:Race and neighborhood context. Justice Quarterly, 16:819–846.