Tsunami warning and preparedness: An assessment of the U.S. Tsunami program and the nation's preparedness efforts

Tsunami Warning and Preparedness: An Assessment of the U.S. Tsunami Program and the Nation's Preparedness Efforts

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-284

[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84986909597     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.17226/12628     Document Type: Book

References (378)

1. Abe, K. 1979. Size of great earthquakes of 1837-1974 inferred from tsunami data. Journal of Geophysical Research 84(B4):1561-1568.
2. Ablain, M., J. Dorandeu, P.Y. Le Traon, and A. Sladen. 2006. High resolution altimetry reveals new characteristics of the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Geophysical Research Letters 33:L21602.
3. Alexandra, K., G. Cain, and P. Iwasaki. 2009. Tsunami Education: A Blueprint for Coastal Communities. Report of the Pacific Tsunami Museum and County of Hawaii Planning Program, Honolulu, Hawaii.
4. Ambraseys, N.N. 1960. The seismic sea wave of July 9, 1956, in the Greek archipelago. Journal of Geophysical Research 65(4):1257-1265.
5. Andersen, P. and I. Drejer. 2005. Distributed innovation in integrated production systems: The case of offshore wind farms. In The DRUID 10th Anniversary Summer Conference 2005 on Dynamics of Industry and Innovation: Organizations, Networks and Systems, Copenhagen, Denmark.
6. Artru, J., V. Ducic, H. Kanamori, P. Lognonne, and M. Murakami. 2005. Ionospheric detection of gravity waves induced by tsunamis. Geophysical Journal International 160(3):840-848.
7. Atwater, B.F. 1987. Evidence for great Holocene earthquakes along the outer coast of Washington State. Science 236(4804):942-944.
8. Atwater, B.F., S. Musumi-Rokkaku, K. Satake, Y. Tsuji, K. Ueda, and D.K. Yamaguchi. 2005. The Orphan Tsunami of 1700: Japanese Clues to a Parent Earthquake in North America. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1707, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. [Online]. Available: http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1707/ [2010, September 14].
9. Audet, C. and J.E. Dennis, Jr. 2006. Mesh adaptive direct search algorithms for constrained optimization. SIAM Journal on Optimization 17(2):188-217.
10. Balaban, V. 2006. Psychological assessment of children in disasters and emergencies. Disasters 30(2):178-198.
11. Balk, D., Y. Gorokhovich, and M. Levy. 2005. Estimation of Coastal Populations Exposed to 26 December 2004 Tsunami. Center for International Earth Science Information Network, Columbia University, Palisades, New York.
12. Barberopoulou, A., J.C. Borrero, B. Uslu, K. Kalligeris, J.D. Goltz, R.I. Wilson, and C.E. Synolakis. 2009. New maps of California to improve tsunami preparedness. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 90(16):137-144.
13. Barberopoulou, A., M. Legg, B. Uslu, and C.E. Synolakis. 2008. Tsunami Hazards in San Diego Bay, California. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco, California.
14. Barkan, R., U.S. ten Brink, and J. Lin. 2009. Far field tsunami simulations of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake: Implications for tsunami hazard to the U.S. East Coast and the Caribbean. Marine Geology 264(1-2):109-122.
15. Bement, A.L., Jr. 2005. NSF and Congress Testimony Before the U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. U.S. Senate, Washington, DC.
16. Bernard, E.N. 2005. The U.S. National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program: A successful state-federal partnership. Natural Hazards 35(1):5-24.
17. Bernard, E.N., L. Dengler, and S. Yim. 2007. National Tsunami Research Plan: Report of a Workshop Sponsored by NSF/NOAA. NOAA Technical Memorandum OAR PMEL-133, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland.
18. Bigley, G.A. and K.H. Roberts. 2001. Structuring temporary systems for high reliability. Academy of Management Journal 44:1281-1300.
19. Birkman, J., N. Setiadi, and N. Gebert. 2008. Socio-economic vulnerability assessment at the local level in context of tsunami early warning and evacuation planning in the city of Padang, West Sumatra. In International Conference on Tsunami Warning, Bali, Indonesia.
20. Bock, Y., R.M. Nikolaidis, P.J. de Jonge, and M. Bevis. 2000. Instantaneous geodetic positioning at medium distances with the Global Positioning System. Journal of Geophysical Research 105(B12):28223-28253.
21. Boiney, L.G., B. Goodman, R. Gaimari, J. Zarrella, C. Berubi, and J. Hitzeman. 2008. Taming multiple chat room collaboration: Real-time visual cues to social networks and emerging threads. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management 2008 (ISCRAM '08), Fiedrich, F. and B. Van de Walle (Eds.). International Society for Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, Seattle, Washington.
22. Bonk, W., R. Lachman, and M. Tatsuoka. 1960. A Report of Human Behavior During the Tsunami of May 23, 1960. The Hawaii Division of the Hawaiian Academy of Science, Hilo, Hawaii.
23. Borrero, J., S. Cho, J.E. Moore, II, H.W. Richardson, and C. Synolakis. 2005. Could it happen here? Civil Engineering 75(4):54-65.
24. Bostrom, A., S.P. French, and S.J. Gottlieb. 2008. Risk Assessment, Modeling and Decision Support: Strategic Decisions. Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
25. Bourgeois, J., C. Petroff, H. Yeh, V.V. Titov, C.E. Synolakis, B. Benson, E. Norabuena, J. Kuroiwa, and J. Lander. 1999. Geologic setting, field survey and modeling of the Chimbote northern Peru, tsunami of 21 February 1996. Pure and Applied Geophysics 154(3-4):513-540.
26. Briggs, M.J., C.E. Synolakis, G.S. Harkins, and D.R. Green. 1995. Laboratory experiments of tsunami runup on a circular island. Pure and Applied Geophysics 144(3-4):569-593.
27. Bucknam, R.C., E. Hemphill-Haley, and E.B. Leopold. 1992. Abrupt uplift within the past 1700 years at southern Puget Sound, Washington. Science 258(5088):1611-1614.
28. Burby, R., L. Steinberg, and V. Basolo. 2003. The tenure trap: The vulnerability of renters to joint natural and technological disasters. Urban Affairs Review 39(1):32-58.
29. Burningham, K., J. Fielding, and D. Thrush. 2008. "It'll never happen to me": Understanding public awareness of local flood risk. Disasters 32(2):216-38.
30. Buscher, M., P.H. Mogensen, and M. Christensen. 2008. When and how (not) to trust IT? Supporting virtual emergency teamwork. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management 2008 (ISCRAM '08), Fiedrich, F. and B. Van de Walle (eds.). International Society for Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, Seattle, Washington.
31. Carnegie Mellon Software Engineering Institute. 2010. Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI). [Online]. Available: http://www.sei.cmu.edu/cmmi/ [2009, August 14].
32. Carrier, G.F. and H.P. Greenspan. 1958. Water waves of finite amplitude on a sloping beach. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 4(1):97-109.
33. Carver, G. and G. Plafker. 2008. Paleoseismicity and neotectonics of the Aleutian subduction zone: An overview. Geophysical Monograph 179:43-63.
34. Centrec Consulting Group, LLC. 2007. An Investigation of the Economic and Social Value of Selected NOAA Data and Products for Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES). A report submitted to the NOAA's National Climatic Data Center, Centrec Consulting Group, Savoy, Illinois.
35. Charland, J. and G. Priest. 1995. Inventory of Critical and Essential Facilities Vulnerable to Earthquake or Tsunami Hazards on the Oregon Coast: Portland, Oregon. Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, Portland, Oregon.
36. Connor, D. 2005. The City of Seaside's Tsunami Awareness Program: Outreach Assessment-How to Implement an Effective Tsunami Preparedness Outreach Program. Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, Portland, Oregon.
37. Cooney, S.M., M. Huser, S. Small, and C. O'Connor. 2007. Evidence based-programs: An overview. In What Works, Wisconsin Research to Practice Series 6, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
38. Cox, D.C. and J.F. Mink. 1963. The tsunami of 23 May 1960 in Hawaiian Islands. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 53(6):1191-1209.
39. Crawford, G.L. 2005. NOAA Weather Radio (NWR)-A coastal solution to tsunami alert and notification. Natural Hazards 35(1):163-171.
40. Cutter, S.L. 2003. The vulnerability of science and the science of vulnerability. Annals Association American Geographers 93(1):1-12.
41. Daily Telegraph, The. 2005. Girl, 10, Used Geography Lesson to Save Lives. [Online]. Available: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ news/1480192/Girl-10-used-geography-lesson-to-save-lives.html [2010, May 4].
42. Dall'Osso, F., A. Cavalletti, and P. Polo. 2006. Risk Assessment and Evaluation ArcGIS Toolbox User's Manual, CRATER Coastal Risk Analysis of Tsunamis and Environmental Remediation. Italian Ministry for the Environment and Territory, Rome, Italy and Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Pathumthani, Thailand.
43. Davidow, W.H. and M.S. Malone. 1992. The Virtual Corporation: Structuring and Revitalizing the Corporation for the 21st Century. Edward Burlingame Books/Harper Business Press, New York.
44. De Holan, P.M. and N. Phillips. 2004. Remembrance of things past? The dynamics of organizational forgetting. Management Science 50(11):1603-1613.
45. Dengler, L. 1998. Strategic Implementation Plan for Tsunami Mitigation Projects. Mitigation Subcommittee of the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program, NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL PMEL-113 (PB99-115552), Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington.
46. Dengler, L. 2005. The role of education in the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program. Natural Hazards 35(1):141-153.
47. Dengler, L. 2009. Frequency of tsunami alert bulletins in California. American Geophysical Union 90(52):OS43A-1372.
48. Dengler, L., B. Uslu, A. Barberopoulou, J. Borrero, and C.E. Synolakis. 2008. The vulnerability of Crescent City, California, to tsunamis generated by earthquakes in the Kuril Islands region of the northwestern Pacific. Seismological Research Letters 79(5):608-619.
49. Dow, K. 1992. Exploring differences in our common future(s): The meaning of vulnerability to global environmental change. Geoforum 23(3):417-436.
50. Dudley, W. 1999. The Pacific Tsunami Museum: A memorial to those lost to tsunami, and an education center to prevent further casualties. Science of Tsunami Hazards 17(2):127-134.
51. Dunbar, P.K. and C.S. Weaver. 2008. U.S. States and Territories National Tsunami Hazard Assessment: Historical Record and Sources for Waves. National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, and U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
52. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute. 2010. Learning from Earthquakes: Samoa Earthquake and Tsunami of September 29, 2009. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, California.
53. Eaton, J.P., D.H. Richter, and W.U. Ault. 1961. The tsunami of May 23, 1960, on the Island of Hawaii. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 51(2):135-157.
54. Ewing, W.M., I. Tolstoy, and F. Press. 1950. Proposed use of the T phase in tsunami warning systems. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 40(1):53-58.
55. Farber, D.A., R.G. Bea, K.H. Roberts, E. Wenk, and K. Inkabi. 2006. Reinventing flood control. Tulane Law Review 81(4):1085-1127.
56. Federal Emergency Management Agency. 2008. Guidelines for Design of Structures for Vertical Evacuation from Tsunamis. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C.
57. Fischhoff, B., P. Lichtenstein, S. Read, and B. Combs. 1978. How safe is safe enough? Apsychometric study of attitudes towards technological risks and benefits. Policy Sciences 9(2):127-152.
58. Fischhoff, B., S.R. Watson, and C. Hope. 1984. Defining risk. Policy Sciences 17(2):123-139.
59. Geist, E.L. 2005. Local Tsunami Hazards in the Pacific Northwest from Cascadia Subduction Zone Earthquakes. [Online]. Available: http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1661b [2010, August 26].
60. Geist, E.L. and T. Parsons. 2006. Probabilistic analysis of tsunami hazards. Natural Hazards 37(3):277-314.
61. Geist, E.L., F.I. González, and U. ten Brink. 2005. Workshop on Optimizing the DART Network for Tsunami Forecasting. [Online]. Available: http://soundwaves.usgs.gov/2005/10/meetings.html [2010, February, 3].
62. Geist, E.L., P.J. Lynett, and J.D. Chaytor. 2009. Hydrodynamic modeling of tsunamis from the Currituck landslide. Marine Geology 264(1-2):41-52.
63. Geist, E.L., V.V. Titov, A. Kelly, and H. Gibbons. 2007. Tsunami-Forecasting System Tested by Recent Subduction-Zone Earthquakes. [Online]. Available: http://soundwaves.usgs.gov/2007/04/research2.html [2010, February, 3].
64. Genrich, J.F and Y. Bock. 2006. Instantaneous geodetic positioning with 10-50 Hz GPS measurements: Noise characteristics and implications for monitoring networks. Journal Geophysical Research 111(B3):B03403.
65. Godin, O.A. 2004. Air-sea interaction and feasibility of tsunami detection in the open ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 109:C05002.
66. Godin, O.A., V.G. Irisov, R.R. Leben, B.D. Hamlington, and G.A. Wick. 2009. Variations in sea surface roughness induced by the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman tsunami. Natural Hazards and Earth Science Systems 9(4):1135-1147.
67. González, F.I., E.L. Geist, C.E. Synolakis, D. Arcas, D. Bellomo, D. Carlton, T. Horning, B. Jaffe, J. Johnson, U. Kanoglu, H. Mojfeld, J. Newman, T. Parsons, R. Peters, C. Peterson, G. Priest, V.V. Titov, A. Venturato, J. Weber, F. Wong, and A. Yalciner. 2006. Seaside, Oregon tsunami pilot study-Modernization of FEMA flood hazard maps. Tsunami Pilot Working Group, NOAA, USGS, and FEMA, Washington, DC.
68. González, F.I., H.M. Milburn, E.N. Bernard, and J.C. Newman. 1998. Deep-ocean assessment and reporting of tsunamis (DART): Brief overview and status report. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Tsunami Disaster Mitigation, Tokyo, Japan.
69. González, F.I., V.V. Titov, H.O. Mofjeld, A.J. Venturato, and J.C. Newman. 2001. The NTHMP inundation mapping program. In Proceedings of the International Tsunami Symposium 2001 (ITS 2001), Seattle, Washington.
70. Government Accountability Office. 2006. U.S. Preparedness: Federal and State Partners Collaborate to Help Communities Reduce Potential Impacts, But Significant Challenges Remain. Government Accountability Office, Washington, DC.
71. Government Accountability Office. 2010. U.S. Tsunami Preparedness: NOAA Has Expanded Its Tsunami Programs But Improved Planning Could Enhance Effectiveness. Government Accountability Office, Washington, DC.
72. Grabowski, M.R. and K.H. Roberts. 1996. Human and organizational error in large-scale systems. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man & Cybernetics 26(1):2-16.
73. Grabowski, M.R. and K.H. Roberts. 1997. Risk mitigation in large scale systems: Lessons from high reliability organizations. California Management Review 39(4):152-162.
74. Grabowski, M.R. and K.H. Roberts. 1999. Risk mitigation in virtual organizations. Organization Science 10(6):704-721.
75. Grabowski, M.R., P. Ayyalasomayajula, J.R. Merrick, J.H. Harrald, and K.H. Roberts. 2007. Leading indicators of safety in virtual organizations. Safety Science 45(10):1013-1043.
76. Gregg, C.E., B. Houghton, D. Paton, D. Swanson, and D. Johnston. 2004. Community preparedness for lava flows from Mauna Loa and Hualalai volcanoes, Kona, Hawaii. Bulletin of Volcanology 66(6):531-540.
77. Gregg, C.E., B.F. Houghton, D. Paton, D.M. Johnston, D.A. Swanson, and B.S. Yanagi. 2007. Tsunami warnings: Understanding in Hawai'i. Natural Hazards 40(1):71-87.
78. Gregory, R. and K. Wellman. 2001. Bringing stakeholder values into environmental policy choices: A community-based estuary case study. Ecological Economics 39(1):37-52.
79. Grindlay, N.R., P. Mann, J.F. Dolan, and J.P. van Gestel. 2005. Neotectonics and subsidence of the northern Puerto Rico-Virgin Islands margin in response to the oblique subduction of high-standing ridges. Geological Society of America Bulletin Special Paper 385:31-60.
80. Gulbrandsøy, K., V. Hepsø, and A. Skavhaug. 2002. Virtual collaboration in oil and gas organizations. ACM SIGGROUP Bulletin 23(3):42-47.
81. Haflidason, H., R. Lien, H.P. Sejrup, C.F. Forsberg, and P. Bryn. 2005. The dating and morphometry of the Storegga Slide. Marine and Petroleum Geology 22(1-2):123-136.
82. Hammack, J.L. and H. Segur. 1978. Modelling criteria for long water waves. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 84(2):359-373.
83. Hawaii Research and Economic Analysis Division. 1996. Methodology for estimating the economic loss of a tsunami false alert. In Tsunami Alert Economic Loss Estimation, Oboshi, P.I. and R.C. Price (Eds.). Hawaii Research and Economic Analysis Division, Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism, State of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii.
84. Heaton, T.H. and S.H. Hartzell. 1987. Earthquake hazards on the Cascadia subduction zone. Science 236(4798):162-168.
85. Herring, E. 2002. A European Union. [Online]. Available: http://www.chevron.com/news/publications/oct02/docs/pdf_ european. pdf [2009, January 12].
86. Hewitt, K. 1997. Regions of Risk: A Geographical Introduction to Disasters. Addison Wesley Longman, Essex, United Kingdom.
87. Hollnagel, E., C.P. Nemeth, and S. Dekker. 2008. Resilience Engineering Perspectives: Remaining Sensitive to the Possibility of Failure, Volume 1. Ashgate Publishing, Hampshire, England, United Kingdom.
88. Hughes, A., L. Palen, J. Sutton, S. Liu, and S. Vieweg. 2008. "Site-seeing" in disaster: An examination of on-line social convergence. In Proceedings of the 5th International ISCRAM Conference, International Society for Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, Washington, DC.
89. Imeura, H., M.H. Pradono, A. Bin Husen, T. Jauhari, and M. Sugimoto. 2008. Information dissemination for reality-based tsunami disaster education. In The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China.
90. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers. 2010. IEEE Standard Glossary of Data Management Terminology Standard 610.5-1990. [Online]. Available: http://www.techstreet.com/standards/IEEE/610_5_1990?product_id=222904 [2010, August 26].
91. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission and International Hydrographic Organization. 2005. General bathymetric chart of the oceans (GEBCO). In Twenty-first Meeting of the GEBCO Guiding Committee 11-12 July, 2005 and Twenty-first meeting of the Sub-Committee on Digital Bathymetry 7-8 July, 2005, Aguascalientes, Mexico.
92. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, and World Meteorological Organization. 2005. Assessment of Capacity Building Requirements for an Effective and Durable Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System in the Indian Ocean: Consolidated Report for 16 Countries Affected by the 26 December 2004 Tsunami. UNESCO-IOC Information document No. 1219, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris, France.
93. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. 1965. Report of the Working Group Meeting on the International Aspects of the Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific, Honolulu, Hawaii, April 27-30, 1965. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Honolulu, Hawaii.
94. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. 2008. Exercise Pacific Wave 08: A Pacific-Wide Tsunami Warning and Communication Exercise Pacific, 28-30 October 2008. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris, France.
95. International Community on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. 2008. ISCRAM2008 Proceedings. [Online]. Available: http://www.iscram.org/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=2236&Itemid=2 [2010, September].
96. International Community on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. 2009. 6th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. [Online]. Available: http://www.iscram.org/index. php?option=content&task=view&id=2264&Itemid=2 [2010, September].
97. International Standards Organization. 2009. Ergonomics of Human System Interactions. [Online]. Available: http://www.iso. org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=37031 [2009, August 19].
98. International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. 2004. Living with Risk: A Global Review of Disaster Reduction Initiatives 2004 Version. [Online]. Available: http://www.unisdr.org/eng/about_isdr/bd-lwr-2004-eng.htm [2010, August 26].
99. International Tsunami Information Center. 2004. Tsunami Newsletter, 36(1). International Tsunami Information Center, Honolulu, Hawaii.
100. Ishii, M., P.M. Shearer, H. Houston, and J.E. Vidale. 2005. Extent, duration and speed of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake imaged by the Hi-Net array. Nature 435(7044):933-936.
101. Ismail, F., A. Hakam, O. Nur, and B. Adji. 2008. Study on tsunami evacuation route in Padang City, West Sumatra. In International Conference on Tsunami Warning, Bali, Indonesia.
102. Jankaew, K., B.F. Atwater, Y. Sawai, M. Choowong, T. Charoentitirat, M.E. Martin, and A. Prendergast. 2008. Medieval forewarning of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Thailand. Nature 455:1228-1231.
103. Jarvenpaa, S.L. and D.E. Leidner. 1999. Communication and trust in virtual teams. Organization Science 10(6):791-815.
104. Johnson, D.L. 2005. NOAA Service Assessment: West Coast Tsunami Warning, June 14. West Coast/Alaska Tsunami Warning Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Palmer, Alaska.
105. Johnston, D., D. Paton, G.L. Crawford, K. Ronan, B. Houghton, and P. Burgelt. 2005. Measuring tsunami preparedness in coastal Washington, United States. Natural Hazards 35(1):173-184.
106. Johnston, D., J. Becker, C.E. Gregg, B. Houghton, D. Paton, and G. Leonard. 2007. Developing warning and disaster response capacity in the tourism sector in coastal Washington, USA. Disaster Prevention and Management 16(2):210-216.
107. Johnston, J. 2003. Personal accounts from survivors of the Hilo tsunamis of 1946 and 1960: Toward a disaster communication model. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii.
108. Kanamori, H. 1972. Mechanisms of tsunami earthquakes. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 6(5):346-359.
109. Kanamori, H. and M. Kikuchi. 1993. The 1992 Nicaragua earthquake: A slow tsunami earthquake associated with subducted sediments. Nature 361:714-716.
110. Kano, M., M.M. Wood, D.S. Mileti, and L.B. Bourque. 2008. Public Response to Terrorism: Findings from the National Survey of Disaster Experiences and Preparedness. Southern California Injury Prevention Research Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
111. Katada, T., N. Kuwasawa, H. Yeh, and C. Pancake. 2006. Integrated simulation of tsunami hazards. In 100th Anniversary Earthquake Conference including the 8th U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering (8NCEE), the SSA Centennial Meeting, and the OES Disaster Resistant California Conference, San Francisco, California.
112. Keating, B. 2006. Status of tsunami science research and future directions of research. Science of Tsunami Hazards 24(5):385-395.
113. Kock, N. 2000. Benefits for virtual organizations from distributed groups. Communications of the ACM 43(11):107-112.
114. Koike, N., Y. Kawata, and F. Imamura. 2003. Far-field tsunami potential and a real-time forecast system for the Pacific using the inversion method. Natural Hazards 29(3):423-436.
115. Koshimura, S., T. Katada, H.O. Mofjeld, and Y. Kawata. 2006. A method for estimating casualties due to the tsunami inundation flow. Natural Hazards 39(2):265-274.
116. Kowalik, Z. and P.M. Whitmore. 1991. An investigation of two tsunamis recorded at Adak, Alaska. Science of Tsunami Hazard 9(2):67-83.
117. LaPorte, T.R. and P. Consolini. 1991. Working in practice but not in theory: Theoretical challenges in high reliability organizations. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 1(1):19-47.
118. Lachman, R., M. Tatsuoka, and W.J. Bonk. 1961. Human behavior during the tsunami of May 1960. Science 133(3462):1405-1409.
119. Lammel, G., H. Klupfel, and K. Nagel. 2008. Preliminary result of a large scale microscopic evacuation simulation for the city of Padang in the case of tsunami. In International Conference on Tsunami Warning, Bali, Indonesia.
120. Laska, S. and B. Morrow. 2006. Social vulnerabilities and Hurricane Katrina: An unnatural disaster in New Orleans. Marine Technology Society Journal 40(4):16-26.
121. Lavigne, F., R. Paris, D. Grancher, P. Wassmer, D. Brunstein, F. Vautier, F. Leone, F. Flohic, B. De Coster, T. Gunawan, C. Gomez, A. Setiawan, R. Cahyadi, and R. Fachrizal. 2009. Reconstruction of tsunami inland propagation on December 26, 2004 in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, through field investigations. Pure and Applied Geophysics 166(1-2):259-281.
122. Lay, T., H. Kanamori, C.J. Ammon, M.N., S.N. Ward, R.C. Aster, S.L. Beck, S.L. Bilek, M.R. Brudzinski, R.B., H.R. DeShon, G. Ekström, K. Satake, and S. Sipkin. 2005. The Great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of 26 December 2004. Science 308(5725):1127-1133.
123. Lee, H.J. 2009. Timing of occurrence of large submarine landslides on the Atlantic Ocean margin. Marine Geology 264(1-2):53-64.
124. Levitt, B. and J.G. March. 1988. Organizational learning. Annual Review of Sociology 14(1):319-340.
125. Lewis, D. 2007. Statewide seismic needs assessment: Implementation of 2005 Oregon Senate Bill 2 relating to public safety, seismic safety, and seismic rehabilitation of public buildings: Report to the seventy-fourth Oregon Legislative Assembly. In Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Report to the Seventy-Fourth Oregon Legislative Assembly, Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, Portland, Oregon.
126. Li, W., H. Yeh, K. Hirata, and T. Baba. 2009. Ocean-bottom pressure variations during the 2003 Tokachi-Oki Earthquake. In Nonlinear Wave Dynamics, Lynett, P. (Ed.). World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore.
127. Lipa, B.J., D.E. Barrick, J. Bourg, and B.B. Nuden. 2006. HF radar detection of tsunamis. Journal of Oceanography 62(5):705-716.
128. Liu, P.L.F., H. Yeh, and C.E. Synolakis (Eds.). 2008. Advanced numerical models for simulating tsunami waves and runup. In Advances in Coastal and Ocean Engineering, Volume 10. World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore.
129. Liu, P.L.F., Y-C. Cho, M. Briggs, U. Kanoglu, and C.E. Synolakis. 1995. Solitary wave runup on a conical island. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 302:259-285.
130. Locat, J., H. Lee, U.S. ten Brink, D. Twichell, E.L. Geist, and M. Sansoucy. 2009. Geomorphology, stability and mobility of the Currituck slide. Marine Geology 264(1-2):28-40.
131. Lomax, A., A. Michelini, and A. Piatanesi. 2007. An energy-duration procedure for rapid determination of earthquake magnitude and tsunamigenic potential. Geophysical Journal International 170(3):1195-1209.
132. López-Venegas, A.M., U.S. ten Brink, and E.L. Geist. 2008. Submarine landslide as the source for the October 11, 1918 Mona Passage tsunami: Observations and modeling. Marine Geology 254:35-46.
133. Madsen, O.S. and C.C. Mei. 1969. The transformation of a solitary wave over an uneven bottom. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 39(4):781-791.
134. March, J.G., L. Sproull, and M. Tamuz. 1991. Learning from samples of one or fewer. Organization Science 2(1):1-13.
135. McAdoo, B., L. Dengler, G. Prasetya, and V.V. Titov. 2006. Smong: How an oral history saved thousands on Indonesia's Simeulue Island during the December 2004 and March 2005 tsunamis. Earthquake Spectra 22(S3):S661-S669.
136. McCaffrey, R. 2008. Global frequency of magnitude 9 earthquakes. Geology 36(3):263-266.
137. McCann, W.R. 1985. On the earthquake hazards of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 75(1):251-262.
138. McCann, W.R., L. Feldman, and M. McCann. Undated. Catalog of felt earthquakes for Puerto Rico and neighboring islands 1492-1899 with additional information for some 20th century earthquakes. Unpublished material provided as a PDF file by W.R. McCann.
139. McGuire, L., E. Ford, and C. Okoro. 2007. Natural disasters and older U.S. adults with disabilities: Implications for evacuation. Disasters 31(1):49-56.
140. McGuire, R.K. 2008. Seismic risk mitigation decisions under uncertainty. In Risk Assessment, Modeling and Decision Support: Strategic Decisions. Bostrom, A., S.P. French, and S.J. Gottlieb (Eds.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
141. McGuire, R.K. and D. Becker. 2004. Seismic Hazard and Risk Analysis. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, California.
142. McMillan, A. and I. Hutchinson. 2002. When the mountain dwarfs danced: Aboriginal traditions of paleoseismic events along the CSZ of western North America. Ethnohistory 49(1):41-68.
143. Meinig, C., S.E. Stalin, A.I. Nakamura, and H. Milburn. 2005. Real-Time Deep-Ocean Tsunami Measuring, Monitoring, and Reporting System: The NOAA DART II Description and Disclosure. National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland.
144. Mercado-Irizarry, A. and P.L.F. Liu (Eds.). 2006. Caribbean Tsunami Hazard. World Scientific, Hackensack, New Jersey.
145. Mileti, D.S. 1995. Factors related to flood warning response. In The U.S.-Italy Research Workshop on the Hydrometeorology, Impacts, and Management of Extreme Floods. Perugia, Italy.
146. Mileti, D.S. 1999. Disasters by Design: A Reassessment of Natural Hazards in the United States. The Joseph Henry Press, Washington, DC.
147. Mileti, D.S. and C. Fitzpatrick. 1992. Causal sequence of risk communication in the Parkfield earthquake prediction experiment. Risk Analysis 12(3):393-400.
148. Mileti, D.S. and D. Sorenson. 1990. Communication of Emergency Public Warnings: A Social Science Perspective and State-ofthe- Art Assessment. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
149. Mileti, D.S., C. Fitzpatrick, and B.C. Farhar. 1992. Fostering public preparations for natural hazards: Lessons from the Parkfield earthquake prediction. Environment 34(3):16-39.
150. Miller, M., D. Paton, and D. Johnston. 1999. Community vulnerability to volcanic hazard consequences. Disaster Prevention and Management 8(4):255-260.
151. Mofjeld, H.O. 2009. Tsunami measurements. In The Sea, Volume 15: Tsunamis. Bernard, E.N. and A.R. Robinson (Eds.). Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
152. Morgan, J. 1984. A tsunami avoidable susceptibility index. Science of Tsunami Hazards 2(1):3-12.
153. Morrow, B. 1999. Identifying and mapping community vulnerability. Disasters 23(1):1-18.
154. Mowshowitz, A. 1997. Virtual organization. Communications of the ACM 40(9):30-37.
155. Muir-Wood, R. and A. Mignan. 2009. A phenomenological reconstruction of the Mw9 November 1st 1755 Lisbon earthquake. In The 1755 Lisbon Earthquake, Revisited, Mendes-Victor, L.A., C.S. Oliveira, J. Azebedo, and A. Ribeiro (Eds.). Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
156. Nakaseko, T., F. Kimata, S. Tanaka, and M. Takahashi. 2008. Tsunami warning and evacuation system in Nishiki of central Japan. In International Conference on Tsunami Warning, Bali, Indonesia.
157. Nanayama, F., K. Satake, R. Furukawa, K. Shimokawa, B.F. Atwater, K. Shigeno, and S. Yamaki. 2003. Unusually large earthquakes inferred from tsunami deposits along the Kuril trench. Nature 424:660-663.
158. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2005. Live Demonstration of 21st Century National-Scale Team Science. [Online]. Available: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/view.php?id=27764 [2009, August 17].
159. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2008. NOAA's Tsunami Program 2008-2017 Strategic Plan. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland.
160. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2008. Operations, Systems, and Procedures Manual. Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Ewa Beach, Hawaii.
161. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2008. WC/ATWC User's Guide. West Coast/Alaska Tsunami Warning Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Palmer, Alaska.
162. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2009. Concept of Operations and Operational Requirements: Tsunami Operations Software and Operational Testbed. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland.
163. National Research Council. 1996. National Science Education Standards. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
164. National Research Council. 1996. Understanding Risk: Informing Decisions in a Democratic Society. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
165. National Research Council. 2006. Facing Hazards and Disasters: Understanding Human Dimensions. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
166. National Research Council. 2007. Tools and Methods for Estimating Populations at Risk from Natural Disasters and Complex Humanitarian Crises. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
167. National Science Foundation. 2003. Review of the Global Seismographic Network. Prepared for the Instrumentation and Facilities Program, Earth Sciences Division, National Science Foundation, IRIS Consortium, Washington, DC.
168. National Science Foundation. 2006. NCAR Supercomputing Data Project. [Online]. Available: www.ncar.ucar.edu/nsa/NSA.../ Buja_NSA_20060530_public.ppt [2009, August 17].
169. National Science and Technology Council. 2005. Tsunami Risk Reduction for the United States: A Framework for Action. Subcommittee on Disaster Reduction and United States Group on Earth Observations, National Science and Technology Council, Washington, DC.
170. National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program. 2007. Documents and Presentations from NTHMP 5-year Assessment. [Online]. Available: http://nthmp.tsunami.gov/assessments.html [2010, August 25].
171. National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program. 2008. Tsunami Data Management: An Initial Report on the Management of Environmental Data Required to Minimize the Impact of Tsunamis in the United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Data Management Committee Special Report, National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland.
172. National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program. 2009. National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program 2009-2013 Strategic Plan. [Online]. Available: http://nthmp.tsunami.gov/documents/NTHMPStrategicPlanvf-081309.doc [2010, August 25].
173. National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program. 2009b. Exercise LANTEX 09 Participant Handbook: A Northwest-Atlantic Tsunami Warning Exercise April 2, 2009. [Online]. Available: http://nthmp.tsunami.gov/documents/LANTEX09HandbookV3. pdf [2010, August 25].
174. Newman, A.V. and J.A. Convers. 2008. An energy rate magnitude for large earthquakes. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 89:S13B-1804.
175. Ni, S., H. Kanamori, and D. Helmberger. 2005. Seismology: Energy radiation from the Sumatra earthquake. Nature 434:582.
176. Normark, W.R., M. McGann, and R. Sliter. 2004. Age of Palos Verdes submarine debris avalanche, southern California. Marine Geology 203(3-4):247-259.
177. Occhipinti, G., P. Lognonne, E.A. Kherani, H. Hebert, F. Crespon. 2006. The Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004 in the Ionosphere: Observations and Modeling. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 2006, San Francisco, California.
178. Okal, E.A. 1988. Seismic parameters controlling far-field tsunami amplitudes: A review. Natural Hazards 1(1):67-96.
179. Okal, E.A. 2003. T waves from the 1998 Papua New Guinea earthquake and its aftershocks: Timing the tsunamigenic slump. Pure and Applied Geophysics 160(10-11):1843-1863.
180. Okal, E.A. 2007. Performance of robust source estimators for last year's large earthquakes. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 88:S44A-01.
181. Okal, E.A. 2007. Seismic records of the 2004 Sumatra and other tsunamis: A quantitative study. Pure and Applied Geophysics 164(2-3):325-353.
182. Okal, E.A. and A.V. Newman. 2001. Tsunami earthquakes: The quest for a regional signal. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 124(1-2):45-70.
183. Okal, E.A., A. Piatanesi, and P. Heinrich. 1999. Tsunami detection by satellite altimetry. Journal of Geophysical Research 104(B1):599-615.
184. Okal, E.A., J. Talandier, and D. Reymond. 2007. Source quantification of the 2004 Sumatra earthquake from hydrophone records of its tsunami. Pure and Applied Geophysics 164(2-3):309-323.
185. Okal, E.A., P.J. Alasset, O. Hyvernaud, and F. Schindelé. 2003. The deficient T waves of tsunami earthquakes. Geophysical Journal International 152(2):416-432.
186. O'Loughlin, K.F. and J.F. Lander. 2003. Caribbean Tsunamis: A 500-Year History from 1498-1998. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, Boston, Massachusetts.
187. Papathoma, M., D. Dominey-Howes, Y. Zong, and D. Smith. 2003. Assessing tsunami vulnerability, an example from Herakleio, Crete. Natural Hazards and Earth Systems Sciences 3(5):377-389.
188. Park, J., R. Butler, J. Berger, P. Davis, H. Benz, C.R. Hutt, C.S. McCreery, T. Ahern, G. Ekström, K. Anderson, and R. Aster. 2005. Performance review of the global seismographic network for the Sumatra-Andaman megathrust earthquake. Seismological Research Letters 76(3):331-343.
189. Paton, D., B.F. Houghton, C.E. Gregg, D.A. Gill, L.A. Ritchie, D. McIvor, P. Larin, S. Meinhold, J. Horan, and D.M. Johnston. 2008. Managing tsunami risk in coastal communities: Identifying predictors of preparedness. The Australian Journal of Emergency Management 23(1):4-9.
190. Peltier, W.R. and C.O. Hines. 1976. On the possible detection of tsunamis by a monitoring of the ionosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research 81(12):1995-2000.
191. Physicians On-Line/Medscape. 2006. Medscape. [Online]. Available: http://www.medscape.com/ [2010, September 1].
192. Porter, A.L. 1993. Virtual companies reconsidered. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management 5(4):413-420.
193. Post, J., M. Mück, K. Zosseder, S. Wegscheider, T. Steinmetz, T. Riedlinger, G. Strunz, H. Mehl, S. Dech, J. Birkmann, N. Gebert, H. Anwar, and H. Harjono. 2008. Tsunami risk assessment for local communities in Indonesia to provide information for early warning and disaster management. In International Conference on Tsunami Warning, Bali, Indonesia.
194. Priest, G.R. 1997. Tsunami Hazard Map of the Yaquina Bay Area, Lincoln County, Oregon: Interpretive Map Series. Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, Portland, Oregon.
195. Priest, G.R., C. Goldfinger, K. Wang, R.C. Witter, Y. Zhang, and A.M. Baptista. 2009. Confidence levels for tsunami-inundation limits in northern Oregon inferred from a 10,000-year history of great earthquakes at the Cascadia subduction zone. Natural Hazards DOI 10.1007/s11069-009-9453-5.
196. Quarantelli, E.L. 1984. Perceptions and reactions to emergency warnings of sudden hazards. Ekisticts 309:511-515.
197. Reid, H.F. and S. Taber. 1919. The Puerto Rico earthquakes of October-November, 1918. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 9:95-127.
198. Reid, H.F. and S. Taber. 1920. The Virgin Islands earthquakes of 1867-1868. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 10(1):9-30.
199. Renn, O. 2008. Risk Governance: Coping with Uncertainty in a Complex World. Earthscan, London, England, United Kingdom.
200. Roberts, K.H. 1990. Some characteristics of high reliability organizations. Organization Science 1(2):160-177.
201. Roberts, K.H., P. Madsen, and V. Desai. 2005. The space between in space transportation: A relational analysis of the failure of STS107. In Organization at the Limit: Lessons from the Columbia Disaster, Farjoun, M. and W. Starbuck (Eds.). Blackwell Publishing, Malden, Massachusetts.
202. Sack, R.L., D. Auckley, R.R. Auger, M.A. Carskadon, K.P. Wright, Jr., M.V. Vitiello, and I.V. Zhdanova. 2007. Circadian-rhythm sleep disorders: Part I, basic principles, shift work and jet lag disorders. Sleep 30(11):1460-1483.
203. Salzberg, D.H. 2008. A hydro-acoustic solution to the local tsunami warning problem. In American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco, California.
204. Sandwell, D.T. and W.H.F. Smith. 2009. Global marine gravity from retracked Geosat and ERS-1 altimetry: Ridgesegmentation versus spreading rate. Journal of Geophysical Research 114:B01411.
205. Satake, K., K. Wang, and B.F. Atwater. 2003. Fault slip and seismic moment of the 1700 Cascadia earthquake inferred from Japanese tsunami descriptions. Journal of Geophysical Research 108(B11):2535.
206. Scharroo, R., W.H.F. Smith, V.V. Titov, and D. Arcas. 2005. Observing the Indian Ocean tsunami with satellite altimetry. Geophysical Abstracts 7: 230.
207. Schein, E.A. 1992. Organizational Culture and Leadership, 2nd Edition. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, California.
208. Schein, E.A. 1996. Three cultures of management: The key to organizational learning. Sloan Management Review 38(1):9-20.
209. Schmidt, M., H. Dragert, Y. Lu, and K. Wang. 2008. Status of the Canadian pilot project for a GPS-augmented tsunami warning system. American Geophysical Union 89(53):G43A-0644.
210. Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research. 2001. Improved Global Bathymetry Final Report of SCOR Working Group 107. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Technical Series 63, UNESCO, New York.
211. Senge, P.M. 1990. The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization. Doubleday, New York.
212. Shankar, K. 2008. Wind, water and wifi: New trends in community informatics and disaster management. The Information Society 24(2):116-120.
213. Shearer, P.M. and R. Bürgmann. 2010. Lessons learned from the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman megathrust rupture. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 38:103-131.
214. Shiro, B.R., S.K. Koyanagi, P.G. Okubo, C.J. Wolfe. 2006. Towards the Establishment of the Hawaii Integrated Seismic Network for Tsunami, Seismic, and Volcanic Hazard Mitigation. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2006, San Francisco, California.
215. Slovic, P., B. Fischhoff, and S. Lichtenstein. 1980. Facts and fears: Understanding perceived risk. In Societal Risk Assessment: How Safe Is Safe Enough?, Schwing, R.C. and W.A. Albers (Eds.). General Motors Corporation, Research Laboratories, Plenum Press, New York.
216. Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications. 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.SWIFT.com [2009, August 19].
217. Song, Y.T. 2007. Detecting tsunami genesis and scales directly from coastal GPS stations. Geophysical Research Letters 34(19):L19602.
218. Spillane, M.C., E. Gica, V.V. Titov, and H.O. Mofjeld. 2008. Tsunameter Network Design for the U.S. DART Arrays in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. NOAA Technical Memorandum OAR PMEL-143, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington.
219. Stephenson, K. 1995. The formation and incorporation of virtual entrepreneur groups. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 19(3):35-52.
220. Suter, L., T. Birkland, and R. Larter. 2009. Disaster research and social network analysis: Examples of the scientific understanding of human dynamics at the National Science Foundation. Population Research and Policy Review 28(1):1-10.
221. Sutton, J. and K. Tierney. 2006. Disaster Preparedness: Concepts, Guidance, and Research. The Fritz Institute Conference on Assessing Disaster Preparedness, Sebastopol, California.
222. Sutton, J., L. Palen, and I. Shklovski. 2008. Backchannels on the front lines: Emergent uses of social media in the 2007 California wild fires. In Proceedings of the 5th International Systems Conference for Crisis Response and Management, International Society for Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, Washington, DC.
223. Sweeney, A.D., C.D. Chadwell, J.A. Hildebrand, and F.N. Spiess. 2005. Centimeter-level positioning of seafloor acoustic transponders from a deeply-towed interrogator. Marine Geodessy 28(1):39-70.
224. Synolakis, C.E, J.P. Bardet, J. Borrero, H. Davies, E.A. Okal, E. Silver, J. Sweet, and D. Tappin. 2002. Slump origin of the 1998 Papua New Guinea tsunami. Proceedings of the Royal Society A 458:763-769.
225. Synolakis, C.E. 1987. The runup of solitary waves. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 185:523-545.
226. Synolakis, C.E., P.L.F. Liu, G. Carrier, and H. Yeh. 1997. Tsunamigenic sea-floor deformations. Science 278(5338):598-600.
227. Synolakis, C.E., E.N. Bernard, V.V. Titov, U. Kanoglu, and F.I. González. 2007. Standards, Criteria, and Procedures for NOAA Evaluation of Tsunami Numerical Models. NOAA Technical Memorandum OAR PMEL-135, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington.
228. Tang, L., C.D. Chamberlin, E. Tolkova, M. Spillane, V.V. Titov, E.N. Bernard, and H.O. Mofjeld. 2006. Assessment of Potential Tsunami Impact for Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. NOAA Technical Memorandum OAR PMEL-131, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington.
229. Tang, L., V.V. Titov, Y. Wei, H.O. Mofjeld, M. Spillane, D. Arcas, E.N. Bernard, C.D. Chamberlin, E. Gica, and J. Newman. 2008. Tsunami forecast analysis for the May 2006 Tonga tsunami. Journal of Geophysical Research 113:C12015.
230. Tang, L., V.V. Titov, and C.D. Chamberlin. 2009. Development, testing, and applications of site-specific tsunami inundation models for real-time forecasting. Journal of Geophysical Research 114(C12025):1-22.
231. ten Brink, U.S. 2009. Tsunami hazard along the U.S. Atlantic coast. Marine Geology 264:1-3.
232. Theilen-Willige, B. 2006. Emergency planning in northern Algeria based on remote sensing data in respect to tsunami hazard preparedness. Science of Tsunami Hazards 25(1):3-17.
233. Titov, V.V. 2009. Tsunami forecasting. In The Sea, Volume 15: Tsunamis, Bernard, E.N. and A.R. Robinson (Eds.). Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
234. Titov, V.V. and F.I. González. 1997. Implementation and Testing of the Method of Splitting Tsunami (MOST) Model. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL PMEL-122, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington.
235. Titov, V.V., F.I. González, E.N. Bernard, M. Eble, H.O. Mofjeld, J. Newman, and A.J. Venturato. 2005. Real-time tsunami forecasting: Challenges and solutions. Natural Hazards 35(1):41-58.
236. Titov, V.V., H.O. Mofjeld, F.I. González, and J.C. Newman. 1999. Offshore Forecasting of Hawaiian Tsunamis Generated in Alaska- Aleutian Subduction Zone. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL PMEL-114, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington.
237. Tolstoy, M. and D.R. Bohnenstiehl. 2005. Hydroacoustic constraints on the rupture duration, length and speed of the Great Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake. Seismological Research Letters 76(4):419-425.
238. Trabant, P., P. Watts, F.L. Lettieri, and G.A. Jamieson. 2001. East breaks slump, northwest Gulf of Mexico. In Proceedings of Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas.
239. Tuler, S. 1988. Individual, group and organizational decision making in technological emergencies. Industrial Crisis Quarterly 2(2):109-138.
240. Turner, B.L., R.E. Kasperson, P.A. Matson, J.J. McCarthy, R.W. Corell, L. Christensen, N. Eckley, J.X. Kasperson, A. Luers, M.L. Martello, C. Polsky, A. Pulsipher, and A. Schiller. 2003. Framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100(14):8074-8079.
241. Twichell, D.C., J.D. Chaytor, U.S. ten Brink, and B. Buczkowski. 2009. Morphology of late Quaternary submarine landslides along the U.S. Atlantic continental margin. Marine Geology 264(1-2):4-15.
242. U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Inspector General. 2008. The National Data Buoy Center Should Improve Data Availability and Contracting Practices. Final Inspection Report No. IPE-18585/May 2008, Office of Inspector General, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC.
243. U.S. Department of Transportation. 2006. Pacific Peril 2006: Lessons Learned. U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC.
244. U.S. Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System Program. 2007. Tsunami Warning Center Reference Guide. U.S. Agency for International Development, Bangkok, Thailand.
245. U.S. Navy Space and Aviation Warfare Command. 1998. Overview of IEEE-EIA 12207, Standard for Information Technology. [Online]. Available: http://sepo.spawar.navy.mil/12207.doc [2010, August 26].
246. Uslu, B., J.C. Borrero, L.A. Dengler, and C.E. Synolakis. 2007. Tsunami inundation at Crescent City, California generated by earthquakes along the Cascadia Subduction Zone. Geophysical Research Letters 34:L20601.
247. Walker, D.A. 1996. Observations of tsunami "shadows": A new technique for assessing tsunami wave heights? Science of Tsunami Hazards 14:3-11.
248. Ward, S.N. 1980. Relationships of tsunami generation and an earthquake source. Journal of Physics of the Earth 28:441-474.
249. Wei, Y., E.N. Bernard, L. Tang, R. Weiss, V.V. Titov, C. Moore, M. Spillane, M. Hopkins, and U. Kânoglu. 2008. Real-time experimental forecast of the Peruvian tsunami of August 2007 for U.S. coastlines. Geophysical Research Letters 35:L04609.
250. Weichselgartner, J. 2001. Disaster mitigation: The concept of vulnerability revisited. Disaster Prevention and Management 10(2):85-94.
251. Weick, K.E. 1987. Organizational culture as a source of high reliability. California Management Review 29(2):112-127.
252. Weick, K.E. 1990. The vulnerable system: An analysis of the Tenerife air disaster. Journal of Management 16(3):571-593.
253. Weick, K.E. 1993. The collapse of sensemaking in organizations: The Mann Gulch disaster. Administrative Science Quarterly 38(4):628-652.
254. Weick, K.E. 1998. Improvisation as a mindset for organizational analysis. Organization Science 9(5):543-555.
255. Weick, K.E. 2003. Organizational design and the Gehry experience. Journal of Management Inquiry 12:93-97.
256. Weick, K.E. and K.H. Roberts. 1993. Collective mind in organizations: Heedful interrelating on flight decks. Administrative Science Quarterly 38(3):357-381.
257. Weick, K.E., K.M. Sutcliffe, and D. Obstfeld. 1999. Organizing for high reliability: Processes of collective mindfulness. In Research in Organizational Behavior, Staw, B. and R. Sutton (Eds.). JAI Press, Greenwich, Connecticut.
258. Weinstein, S.A. 2008. PTWC Operations, Systems and Procedures Manual, Edition 1.0. Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Ewa Beach, Hawaii.
259. Wesson, R.L., O.S. Boyd, C.S. Mueller, and A.D. Frankel. 2008. Challenges in making a seismic hazard map for Alaska and the Aleutians. In Active Tectonics and Seismic Potential of Alaska. Geophysical Monograph 179:385-397.
260. White, G.F. and J.E. Haas. 1975. Assessment of Research on Natural Hazards. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
261. Whitmore, P.M. 2003. Tsunami amplitude prediction during events: A test based on previous tsunamis. Science of Tsunami Hazards 21:135-143.
262. Whitmore, P.M. and T.J. Sokolowski. 1996. Predicting tsunami amplitudes along the North American coast from tsunamis generated in the Northwest Pacific Ocean during tsunami warnings. Science of Tsunami Hazards 14(3):147-166.
263. Whitmore, P.M., H. Benz, M. Bolton, G.L. Crawford, L. Dengler, G. Fryer, J. Goltz, R. Hansen, K. Kryzanowski, S. Malone, D. Oppenheimer, E. Petty, G. Rogers and J. Wilson. 2008. NOAA/WestCoast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center Pacific Ocean response criteria. Science of Tsunami Hazards 27(2):1-21.
264. Whitmore, P.M., T.J. Sokolowski, S. Tsuboi, and B. Hirshorn. 2002. Magnitude-dependent correction for Mwp. Science of Tsunami Hazards 20(4):187-192.
265. Wilson, R.I., L. Dengler, M.R. Legg, K. Long, and K.M. Miller. 2010. The 2010 Chilean Tsunami on the California Coastline. State of California, Sacramento, California.
266. Winerman, L. 2009. Crisis communication. Nature 457(22):376-378.
267. Wisner, B., P. Blaikie, T. Cannon, and I. Davis. 2004. At Risk: Natural Hazards, People's Vulnerability and Disasters, 2nd Edition. Routledge, New York.
268. Wood, N. 2007. Variations in City Exposure and Sensitivity to Tsunami Hazards in Oregon. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5283, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
269. Wood, N. 2009. Tsunami exposure estimation with land-cover data: Oregon and the Cascadia subduction zone. Applied Geography 29(2):158-170.
270. Wood, N. and C. Soulard. 2008. Variations in Community Exposure and Sensitivity to Tsunami Hazards on the Open-Ocean and Strait of Juan de Fuca Coasts of Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5004, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
271. Wood, N. and J. Good. 2004. Vulnerability of a port and harbor community to earthquake and tsunami hazards: The use of GIS in community hazard planning. Coastal Management 32(3):243-269.
272. Wood, N. and J.Good. 2005. Perceptions of earthquake and tsunami issues in U.S., Pacific Northwest port and harbor communities. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 23(3):103-138.
273. Wood, N., A. Church, T. Frazier, and B. Yarnal. 2007. Variations in Community Exposure and Sensitivity to Tsunami Hazards in the State of Hawai`i. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigation Report 2007-5208, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
274. Wood, N., C.G. Burton, and S.L. Cutter. 2010. Community variations in social vulnerability to Cascadia-related tsunamis in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Natural Hazards 52(2):369-389.
275. Wood, N., J. Good, and R. Goodwin. 2002. Vulnerability assessment of a port and harbor community to earthquake and tsunami hazards: Integrating technical expert and stakeholder input. Natural Hazards Review 3(4):148-157.
276. Yamazaki, Y., Z. Kowalik, and K.F. Cheung. 2009. Depth-integrated, non-hydrostatic model for wave breaking and run-up. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 61(5): 473-497.
277. Yeh, H., F. Imamura, C.E. Synolakis, Y. Tsuji, P.L.F. Liu, and S. Shi. 1993. The Flores Island tsunamis. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 74(33):371-373.
278. Yeh, H., I. Robertson, and J. Preuss. 2005. Development of Design Guidelines for Structures That Serve as Tsunami Vertical Evacuation Sites. Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources, Olympia, Washington.
279. Yeh, H., P.L.F. Liu, M. Briggs, and C.E. Synolakis. 1994. Propagation and amplification of tsunamis at coastal boundaries. Nature 372:353-355.
280. Yeh, H., P.L.F. Liu, and C.E. Synolakis (Eds.). 1996. Long-Wave Runup Models. World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore.
281. Yeh, H., T. Fiez, and J. Karon. 2009. A Comprehensive Tsunami Simulator for Long Beach Peninsula Phase-1: Framework Development. Washington State Military Department, Tacoma, Washington.
282. Yuan X., R. Kind, and H.A. Pedersen. 2005. Seismic monitoring of the Indian Ocean tsunami. Geophysical Research Letters 32:L15308.
283. de Groot-Hedlin, C.D. 2005. Estimation of the rupture length and velocity of the Great Sumatra earthquake of Dec 26, 2004 using hydroacoustic signals. Geophysical Research Letters 32:L11303.
284. ten Brink, U.S., E.L. Geist, and B.D. Andrews. 2006. Size distribution of submarine landslides and its implication to tsunami hazard in Puerto Rico. Geophysical Research Letters 33:L11307.
285. ten Brink, U.S., W.W. Danforth, C.F. Polloni, B. Andrews, P. Llanes, S. Smith, E. Parker, and T. Uozumi. 2004. New seafloor map of the Puerto Rico trench helps assess earthquake and tsunami hazards. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 85(37):349-360.
286. Abe, K., K. Abe, Y. Tsuji, F. Imamura, H. Katao, I. Yohihisa, K. Satake, J. Bourgeois, E. Noguera, and F. Estrada. 1993. Field survey of the Nicaragua earthquake and tsunami of September 2, 1992. Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute University of Tokyo 68(1):23-70.
287. Arcas, D., B. Uslu, V.V. Titov, and C. Chamberlin. 2008. Tsunami hazard assessment in Guam. EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 89:OS42B-06.
288. Atwater, B.F., M.P. Tuttle, E.S. Schweig, C.M. Rubin, D.K. Yamaguchi, and E. Hemphill-Haley. 2004. Earthquake recurrence inferred from paleoseismology. Developments in Quaternary Science 1:331-350.
289. Atwater, B.F., M.R. Satoko, S. Kenji, T. Yoshinobu, U. Kazue, and D.K. Yamaguchi. 2005. The Orphan Tsunami of 1700: Japanese Clues to a Parent Earthquake in North America. University of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington.
290. Baptista, M.A. and J.M. Miranda. 2009. Evaluation of the 1755 earthquake source using tsunami modeling: The 1755 Lisbon earthquake: Revisited. Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering 7:425-432.
291. Barberopoulou, A., J.C. Borrero, B. Uslu, N. Kalligeris, J.D. Goltz, R.I. Wilson, and C.E. Synolakis. 2009. New maps to improve California tsunami preparedness. EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 90(16):137-138.
292. Barkan, R., U.S. ten Brink, and J. Lin. 2009. Far field tsunami simulations of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake: Implications for tsunami hazard to the U.S. East Coast and the Caribbean. Marine Geology 264:109-122.
293. Barrientos, S.E. 2007. Earthquakes in Chile. In The Geology of Chile, Moreno, T. and W. Gibbons (Eds.). The Geological Society, London, England, United Kingdom.
294. Beget, J., C. Gardner, and K. Davis. 2008. Volcanic tsunamis and prehistoric cultural transitions in Cook Inlet, Alaska: Volcanoes and human history. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 176(3):377-386.
295. Bondevik, S., J. Mangerud, S. Dawson, A. Dawson, and O. Lohne. 2003. Record-breaking height for 8000-year-old tsunami in the North Atlantic. EOS Transactions American Geophysical Union 84(31):289-293.
296. Borrero, J.C., M.R. Legg, and C.E. Synolakis. 2004. Tsunami sources in the Southern California Bight. Geophysical Research Letters 31:L13211.
297. Carver, G. and G. Plafker. 2008. Paleoseismicity and neotectonics of the Aleutian Subduction Zone: An overview. In Active Tectonics and Seismic Potential of Alaska, Freymueller, J.T., P.J. Haeussler, R. Wesson, and G. Ekstrom (Eds.). American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.
298. Carver, G. and G. Plafker. 2008. Paleoseismicity and neotectonics of the Aleutian Subduction Zone-An overview. In Active Tectonics and Seismic Potential of Alaska, Freymueller, J.T., P.J. Haeussler, R. Wesson, and G. Ekstrom (Eds). American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.
299. Cisternas, M., B.F. Atwater, F. Torrejón, Y. Sawai, G. Machuca, M. Lagos, A. Eipert, C. Youlton, I. Salgado, T. Kamataki, M. Shishikura, C.P. Rajendran, J.K. Malik, Y. Rizal, and M. Husni. 2005. Predecessors of the giant 1960 Chile earthquake. Nature 437:404-407.
300. City and County of Honolulu. 2010. Department of Emergency Management Issues Tsunami Evacuation Information. [Online]. Available: http://www.honolulu.gov/csd/publiccom/honnews10/DEMTsunamiEvacuation.htm [2010, June 29].
301. Coulter, H.W. and R.R. Migliaccio. 1966. Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964 at Valdez, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 0542-C:C1-C36.
302. County of Kauai State of Hawaii. 2010. Civil Defense Program Description. [Online]. Available: http://www.kauai.gov/Government/ Departments/CivilDefenseAgency/tabid/90/Default.aspx [2010, June 29].
303. Dolan, J.F. and D.J. Wald. 1998. The 1943-1953 north-central Caribbean earthquakes: Active tectonic setting, seismic hazards, and implications for Caribbean-North America plate motions. Geological Society of America Special Paper 326:143-169.
304. Dunbar, P.K. and C.S. Weaver. 2007. U.S. States and Territories National Tsunami Hazard Assessment: Historical Record and Sources for Waves. National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland.
305. Fisher, M.A., C.C. Sorlien, and R.W. Sliter. 2009. Potential earthquake faults offshore Southern California, from the eastern Santa Barbara Channel south to Dana Point. In Earth Science in the Urban Ocean: The Southern California Continental Borderland, Special Paper Geological Society of America 454:271-290, Boulder, Colorado.
306. Fukao, Y. 1979. Tsunami earthquakes and subduction processes near deep-sea trenches. Journal of Geophysical Research 84(B5):2303-2314.
307. Geist, E.L. and T Parsons. 2009. Assessment of source probabilities for potential tsunamis affecting the U.S. Atlantic coast. Marine Geology 264(1-2):98-108.
308. Geist, E.L. and T Parsons. 2009. Assessment of source probabilities for potential tsunamis affecting the U.S. Atlantic coast. Marine Geology 264:98-108.
309. Gisler, G., R. Weaver, and M.L. Gittings. 2006. SAGE calculations of the tsunami threat from La Palma. Science of Tsunami Hazards 24(4):288-301.
310. Goff, J., W.C. Dudley, M.J. de Maintenon, G. Cain, and J.P. Coney. 2006. The largest local tsunami in 20th century Hawaii. Marine Geology 226(1-2):65-79.
311. Goldfinger, C., K. Grijalva, R. Bürgmann, A.E. Morey, J.E. Johnson, C.H. Nelson, J. Gutiérrez-Pastor, A. Ericsson, E. Karabanov, J.D. Chaytor, J. Patton, and E. Grácia. 2008. Late Holocene rupture of the northern San Andreas Fault and possible stress linkage to the Cascadia Subduction Zone. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 98(2):861-889.
312. González, F.I., B.L. Sherrod, B.F. Atwater, A.P. Frankel, S.P. Palmer, M.L. Holmes, R.E. Karlin, B.E. Jaffe, V.V. Titov, H.O. Mofjeld, and A.J. Venturato. 2003. Puget Sound Tsunami Sources-2002 Workshop Report. U.S. National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland.
313. González, F.I., E. Geist, C.E. Synolakis, D. Arcas, D. Bellomo, D. Carlton, T. Horning, B. Jaffe, J. Johnson, U. Kanoglu, H. Mofjeld, J. Newman, T. Parsons, R. Peters, C. Peterson, G. Priest, V.V. Titov, A. Venturato, J. Weber, F. Wong, A. Yalciner. 2006. Seaside, Oregon Tsunami Pilot Study-Modernization of FEMA Flood Hazard Maps. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Geological Survey, and Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC.
314. Hanks, T.C. and H. Kanamori. 1979. A moment magnitude scale. Journal of Geophysical Research 84(B5):2348-2350.
315. Hashimoto, C., A. Noda, T. Sagiya, and M. Matsu'ura. 2009. Interplate seismogenic zones along the Kuril-Japan trench inferred from GPS data inversion. Nature Geoscience 2:141-144.
316. Hawaii News Now. 2009. Tsunami Watch Canceled for Hawaii After 8.3 Samoa Quake. [Online]. Available: http://www. hawaiinewsnow.com/Global/story.asp?S=11225197 [2010, February, 3].
317. Honolulu Star Bulletin. 2010. Tsunami Response Flaws Draw Review. [Online]. Available: http://www.starbulletin.com/ news/20100228_Tsunami_response_flaws_draw_review.html [2010, June 29].
318. Ishii, M., P.M. Shearer, H. Houston, and J.E. Vidale. 2006. Teleseismic P wave imaging of the 26 December 2004 Sumatra- Andaman and 28 March 2005 Sumatra earthquake ruptures using the Hi-net array. Journal Geophysical Research 112:B11307.
319. Jacoby, G.C., P.L. Williams, and B.M. Buckley. 1992. Tree ring correlation between prehistoric landslides and abrupt tectonic events in Seattle, Washington. Science 258(5088):1621-1623.
320. Jones, F.O., D.R. Embody, W.L. Peterson, and R.M. Hazlewood. 1961. Landslides along the Columbia River valley, northeastern Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 367:1-98.
321. KITV. 2009. Many Beachgoers in Waikiki Ignore Warnings. [Online]. Available: http://www.kitv.com/news/21150223/detail. html [2010, February, 3].
322. Kachadoorian, R. 1965. Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Whittier, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 0542-B:B1-B21.
323. Kanamori, H. 1977. The energy release in great earthquakes. Journal of Geophysical Research 82(20):2981-2987.
324. Kanamori, H. 2006. Lessons from the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake: Extreme natural hazards. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 364(1845):1927-1945.
325. Kanamori, H. and L. Rivera. 2008. Source inversion of W phase: Speeding up seismic tsunami warning. Geophysical Journal International 175(1):222-238.
326. Kelsey, H.M., B.L. Sherrod, A.R. Nelson, and T.M. Brocher. 2008. Earthquakes generated from bedding plane-parallel reverse faults above an active wedge thrust, Seattle fault zone. Geological Society of America Bulletin 120:1581-1597.
327. Lee, H.J., H.G. Greene, B.D. Edwards, M.A. Fisher, and W.R. Normark. 2009. Submarine landslides of the Southern California Borderland. In Earth Science in the Urban Ocean: The Southern California Continental Borderland, Special Paper Geological Society of America 454:251-269, Boulder, Colorado.
328. Lemke, R.W. 1967. Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Seward, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 0542-E:E1-E43.
329. Lowrie, A., C.B. Lutken, and T.M. McGee. 2004. Multiple outer shelf deltas and downslope massive mass-wastings characterize the Mississippi Canyon, northern Gulf of Mexico. Transactions Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies 54:383-392.
330. McCulloch, D.S. 1966. Slide-induced waves, seiching, and ground fracturing caused by the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Kenai Lake, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper P 0543-A:A1-A41.
331. McCulloch, D.S. 2004. Evaluating earthquake hazards in the Los Angeles region: An earth-science perspective. In Evaluating Tsunami Potential, Ziony, J.I. (Ed.). U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1360:375-413, Washington, DC.
332. McMurtry, G.M., G.J Fryer, D.R. Tappin, I.P. Wilkinson, M. Williams, J. Fietzke, D. Garbe-Schoenberg, and P. Watts. 2004. Megatsunami deposits on Kohala Volcano, Hawaii, from flank collapse of Mauna Loa. Geology 32(9):741-744.
333. Miller, D.J. 1960. Giant waves in Lituya Bay, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 0354 C:51-86.
334. Moreno, M.S., J. Bolte, J. Klotz, and D. Melnick. 2009. Impact of megathrust geometry on inversion of coseismic slip from geodetic data: Application to the 1960 Chile earthquake. Geophysical Research Letters 36:L16310.
335. Mullins, H.T., A.F. Gardulski, and A.C. Hine. 1986. Catastrophic collapse of the West Florida carbonate platform margin. Geology 14(2):167-170.
336. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2009. Pacific Tsunami Warning Center Tsunami Bulletins to IOC listserv. Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Ewa Beach, Hawaii.
337. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2009. Pacific Tsunami Warning Center Tsunami Messages to Civil Defense. Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Ewa Beach, Hawaii.
338. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2010. Index of PTWC Messages Hawaii 2010. [Online]. Available: http:// www.prh.noaa.gov/ptwc/messages/hawaii/2010/ [2010, June 29].
339. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2010. NOAA/WDC Historical Tsunami Database at NGDC. [Online]. Available: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/tsu_db.shtml. [2010, March 17].
340. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2010. Tsunami Event-February 27, 2010 Chile Main Event Page. [Online]. Available: http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/chile20100227/ [2010, June 29].
341. Nelson, A.R., H.M. Kelsey, and R.C. Witter. 2006. Great earthquakes of variable magnitude at the Cascadia subduction zone. Quaternary Research 65(3):354-365.
342. New York Times. 2010. Hawaii Exhales as Tsunami Warning Is Canceled. [Online]. Available: http://www.nytimes. com/2010/02/28/us/28warning.html [2010, June 29].
343. Newman, A.V. and E.A. Okal. 1998. Teleseismic estimates of radiated seismic energy: The E/M0 discriminant for tsunami earthquakes. Journal of Geophysical Research 103(B11):26885-26898.
344. Okal, E.A. and H. Hebert. 2007. Far-field simulation of the 1946 Aleutian tsunami. Geophysical Journal International 169:1229-1238.
345. Plafker, G., R. Kachadoorian, E.B. Eckel, and L.R. Mayo. 1969. Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964 on various communities. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper P 0542-G:G1-G50.
346. Polet, J. and H. Kanamori. 2000. Shallow subduction zone earthquakes and their tsunamigenic potential. Geophysical Journal International 142(3):684-702.
347. Priest, G.R., C. Goldfinger, K. Wang, R.C. Witter, Y. Zhang, and A.M. Baptista. 2009. Confidence levels for tsunami-inundation limits in northern Oregon inferred from a 10,000-year history of great earthquakes at the Cascadia subduction zone. Natural Hazards 1-47.
348. Prior, D.B., E.H. Doyle, and T. Neurauter. 1986. The Currituck Slide, Mid-Atlantic continental slope: Revisited. Marine Geology 73(1-2):25-45.
349. Rabinovich, A.B., R.E. Thomson, E.A. Kulikov, B.D. Bornhold, and I.V. Fine. 1999. The landslide-generated tsunami November 3, 1994, in Skagway Harbor, Alaska: A case study. Geophysical Research Letters 26:3009-3012.
350. Richter, C.F. 1935. An instrumental earthquake-magnitude scale. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 25(1):1-32.
351. Ryan, H.F., M.R. Legg, J.E. Conrad, and R.W. Sliter. 2009. Recent faulting in the Gulf of Santa Catalina: San Diego to Dana Point. In Earth Science in the Urban Ocean: The Southern California Continental Borderland, Special Paper Geological Society of America 454:291-315, Boulder, Colorado.
352. Satake, K., K. Wang, and B.F. Atwater. 2003. Fault slip and seismic moment of the 1700 Cascadia earthquake inferred from Japanese tsunami descriptions. Journal of Geophysical Research 108(B11):1-17.
353. Sawai, Y., K Sataki, T. Kamataki, H. Nasu, M. Shishikura, B.F. Atwater, B.P. Horton, H.M. Kelsey, T. Nagumo, and M. Yamaguchi. 2004. Transient uplift after a 17th-century earthquake along the Kuril subduction zone. Science 306(5703):1918-1920.
354. Shennan, I., R. Bruhn, and G. Plafker. 2009. Multi-segment earthquakes and tsunami potential of the Aleutian megathrust. Quaternary Science Reviews 28(1-2):7-13.
355. Simkin, T. and R.S. Fiske (Eds.).1983. Krakatau 1883: The Volcanic Eruption and Its Effects. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
356. Smith, D.E., S. Shi, R.A. Cullingford, A.G. Dawson, S. Dawson, C.R. Firth, I.D.L. Foster, P.T. Fretwell, B.A. Haggart, L.K. Holloway, and D. Long. 2004. The Holocene Storegga Slide tsunami in the United Kingdom. Quaternary Science Reviews 23(23-24):2291-2321.
357. Stein, S. and E.A. Okal. 2007. Ultralong period seismic study of the December 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and implications for regional tectonics and the subduction process: The 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake and the Indian Ocean tsunami. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 97(1A):S279-S295.
358. Suleimani, E.N., R.A. Comebillick, R.A. Hansen, A.J. Venturato, and J.C. Newman. 2005. Tsunami Hazard Maps of the Homer and Seldovia Areas, Alaska. State of Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Fairbanks, Alaska.
359. Suleimani, E.N., R.A. Hansen, R.A. Comebellick, G.A. Carver, R.A. Kamphaus, J.C. Newman, and A.J. Venturato. 2002. Tsunami Hazard Maps of the Kodiak Area, Alaska. Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys and the Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska.
360. Tang, L., C. Chamberlin, E. Tolkova, M. Spillane, V.V. Titov, E.N. Bernard, and H.O. Mofjeld. 2006. Assessment of Potential Tsunami Impact for Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. NOAA Technical Memorandum OAR PMEL-131 36, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland.
361. Tanioka, Y., L.J. Ruff, and K. Satake. 1997. What controls the lateral variation of large earthquake occurrence along the Japan trench? Island Arc 6(3):261-266.
362. The Maui News. 2010. Officials Assess Tsunami Response. [Online]. Available: http://www.mauinews.com/page/content. detail/id/529308.html.
363. The Wall Street Journal. 2010. Hawaii Unaffected by Tsunami. [Online]. Available: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001 424052748704231304575091624043844744.html [2010, June 29].
364. Trabant, P., P. Watts, F.L. Lettieri, and G.A. Jamieson. 2001. East Breaks slump, Northwest Gulf of Mexico. In Proceedings Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas.
365. Tripsanas, E.K., W.R. Bryant, and B.A. Phaneuf. 2004. Slope-instability processes caused by salt movements in a complex deep-water environment, Bryant Canyon area, northwest Gulf of Mexico. AAPG Bulletin 88(6):801-823.
366. Tsuboi, S., K. Abe, K. Takano, and Y. Yamanaka. 1995. Rapid determination of Mwp from broadband P waveforms. Bulletin of the Seismology Society of America 85(2):606-613.
367. Twichell, D.C., J.D. Chaytor, U.S. ten Brink, and B. Buczkowski. 2009. Morphology of late Quaternary submarine landslides along the U.S. Atlantic continental margin. Marine Geology 264:4-15.
368. U.S. Geological Survey. 2010. Magnitude 8.8-Offshore Bio-Bio, Chile 2010 February 27 06:34:14 UTC. [Online]. Available: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2010tfan.php [2010, June 29].
369. Uyeda, S. and H. Kanamori. 1979. Back-arc opening and the mode of subduction. Journal of Geophysical Research 84(B3):1049-1061.
370. Voight, B., H. Glicken, R.J. Janda, and P.M. Douglass. 1981. Catastrophic rockslide avalanche of May 18: The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1250:347-377.
371. Waythomas, C.F. and C.A. Neal. 1998. Tsunami generation by pyroclastic flow during the 3500-year B.P. caldera-forming eruption of Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska. Bulletin of Volcanology 60(2):110-124.
372. Waythomas, C.F., P. Watts, and J.S. Walder. 2006. Numerical simulation of tsunami generation by cold volcanic mass flows at Augustine Volcano, Alaska. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (NHESS) 6:671-685.
373. Weinstein, S.A. and E.A. Okal. 2005. The mantle wave magnitude Mm and the slowness parameter THETA: Five years of real-time use in the context of tsunami warning. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 95(3):779-799.
374. Whitmore, P.M., T.J. Sokolowski, S. Tsuboi, and B. Hirshorn. 2002. Magnitude-dependent correction for Mwp. Science of Tsunami Hazards 20(4):187-192.
375. Zumberge, M., J. Berger, J. Otero, and E. Weilandt. 2010. An optical seismometer without force feedback. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 100(2):598-605.
376. http://www.krem.com/topstories/stories/krem2-082509-landslide__.116caba52.html.
377. ten Brink, U.S., E.L. Geist, P. Lynett, and B. Andrews. 2006. Submarine slides north of Puerto Rico and their tsunami potential. In Caribbean Tsunami Hazards, Mercado, A. and P. Liu (eds.). World Scientific Publishers, Singapore.
378. ten Brink, U.S., W. Danforth, C. Polloni, B. Andrews, P. Lianes, S. Smith, E. Parker and T. Uozumi. New seafloor map of the Puerto Rico trench helps assess earthquake and tsunami hazards. EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union 85(37):349-360.