Understanding global slavery: A reader

Understanding Global Slavery: A Reader

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-212

  Bales, Kevin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HULL   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 84986579034     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (158)

1. Desmond Tutu, No Future without Forgiveness (London: Rider, 1999), 31.
2. Kevin Bales, Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999).
3. R. Ouensavi and A. Kielland, Child Labour Migration from Benin: Magnitude and Determinants (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2000).
4. Anne Kielland and Ibrahim Sanogo, Burkina Faso: Child Labor Migration from Rural Areas. The Magnitude and the Determinants, Terre des Hommes and World Bank, 2002, p. 5, http://home.online.no/~annekie/Africa_docs/BFEnglishpdf.
5. Guns or Growth? Assessing the Impact of Arms Sales on Sustainable Development (Oxford: Oxfam UK, 2004). Available from www.control arms.org/.
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7. Bales, Disposable People.
8. Rainforest Action Network. See www.ran.org/info_center/.
9. Binka Le Breton, Trapped: Modern Slavery in the Brazilian Amazon (Bloomfield, CT.: Kumarian Press, 2003), p. xxii.
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11. C. M. Peters, A. H. Gentry, and R. O. Mendelsohn, "Valuation of an Amazonian Rainforest,"Nature 339 (1989): 655-56.
12. An earlier version of this chapter appeared as "Slavery and the Human Right to Evil,"Journal of Human Rights 3, no. 1 (March 2004): 53-63.
13. Roy F Baumeister, Evil: Inside Human Cruelty and Violence (New York: W H. Freeman and Company, 1997).
14. Baumeister, Evil, p. 73.
15. Milton Meltzer, Slavery: A World History (New York: DeCapo, 1971), p. 44.
16. Hugh Thomas, The Slave Trade: The History of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440-1870 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), p. 458.
17. Henry Mayer, All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998), p. 65.
18. Corporate Watch UK, www.corporatewatch.org.uk/.
19. Martin Albrow, The Global Age (London: Polity Press, 1996), p. 88.
20. Baumeister, Evil, p. 6.
21. "Baldev," quoted in Kevin Bales, Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), p. 206.
22. Bales, Disposable People.
23. Baumeister, Evil, p. 101.
24. Julia Baker, Mobile, Alabama, August 1937, cited by Mary A. Poole in Works Progress Administration Ex-Slave Narratives, CD-ROM (Orem, UT: Myfamily.com, 2000).
25. Bales, Disposable People, p. 62.
26. Mayer, All on Fire, p. 537.
27. Peter Robbins coauthored this chapter, a version of which first appeared in Human Rights Review 2, no. 2 (January 2001). Report of the Working Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery on Its Twenty- third Session, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/14, para. 22 (1998), www.antislavery.org/homepage/resources/weissbrodt%2oreport%2ofinal%2oedition%202003.pdf.
28. Margaret E. Burton, The Assembly of the League of Nations (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1941).
29. M. Cherif Bassiouni, "Enslavement as an International Crime," New York University Journal of Law and Politics 23 (1991): 445.
30. Statute of the International Court of Justice, June 26, 1945, Chapter 2, "Competence of the Court," Article 38, Part b, 59 Stat. 1055.
31. Mark W Janis, "The Nature of Jus Cogens," Connecticut Journal of International Law 3 (Spring 1988): 359, www.law.uconn.edu/journals/cjil/.
32. Report of the International Law Commission to the General Assembly, UN Doc. A/CN.4/Ser.A/Add.1 (1963). See the International Law Commission's Website, www.un.org/law/ilc/index.htm.
33. Renee Colette Redman, "The League of Nations and the Right to Be Free from Enslavement: The First Human Right to Be Recognized as Custom ary International Law," Chicago-Kent Law Review 70 (1994): 759, 780.
34. Weissbrodt and Anti-Slavery International, Report of the Working Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery on Its Twenty-third Session, p. 3.
35. Bassiouni, "Enslavement as an International Crime," p. 445. Forced labor can be defined as paid or unpaid work that is compulsory, often taking place under harsh conditions.
36. Slavery Convention of 1926, League of Nations Treaty Series, Vol. 60, p. 253, Article 1(1).
37. Weissbrodt and Anti-Slavery International, Report of the Working Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery on Its Twenty-third Session, p. 3.
38. V Nanda and C. Bassiouni, "Slavery and the Slave Trade: Steps toward Eradication," Santa Clara Lawyer 12 (1971): 424, 430.
39. Report of the Ad Hoc Committee of Experts on Slavery, UN Doc. E/AC.33/13 (1951), p. 13.
40. Report of the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, UN Doc. E/CN.4 Sub.2/1982/20, para. 9 (1982).
41. International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, December 19, 1966, United Nations Treaty Series, Vol. 993, p. 3, Article 6(1).
42. "No one shall be held in servitude": International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, United Nations Treaty Series, Vol. 999, p. 171, Article 8(2).
43. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, United Nations Treaty Series, Vol. 1155, p. 331, Article 31.
44. Tom Brass, The Political Economy of Unfree Labor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 10.
45. Orlando Patterson, Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982), p. 7.
46. Kevin Bales, Disposable People (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), p. 84.
47. Jose de Souza Martins, "Escravidao Hoje no Brasil" Folha de Sao Paulo, 13 (May 1986): 7; quoted in Bales, Disposable People, p. 128.
48. Elie Wiesel, Night (New York: Bantam Books, 1982).
49. Eugene Genovese, Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made (New York: Vintage, 1976).
50. David Hecht, "Where African Slavery Still Exists in the Eyes of Many," Christian Science Monitor, February 13, 1997, p. 6.
51. Benjamin Whittaker, Updating of the Report on Slavery Submitted to the Commission in 1966, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1982/20 (July 5, 1982).
52. Whitaker, Updating of the Report on Slavery Submitted to the Commission in 1966, p. 21.
53. Marjan Wijers and Lin Lap-Chew, Trafficking in Women, Forced Labor, and Slavery-like Practices in Marriage, Domestic Labour: Summary (Utrecht: Foundation against Trafficking in Women, April 1997).
54. Daniel S. Ehrenberg, "The Labor Link: Applying the International Trading Systems to Enforce Violations of Forced and Child Labor" Yale Journal of International Law 20 (1995): 361, 375.
55. Kathleen Barry, The Prostitution of Sexuality (New York: New York University Press, 1995).
56. University of Minnesota Law School, Creating an International Framework for Legislation to Protect Women and Children from Commercial Sexual Exploitation: Preliminary Report (Minneapolis: Center on Speech, Equality, and Harm, University of Minnesota Law School, January 1998).
57. Micele Hirsch, Plan of Action against Women and Forced Prostitution, April 9, 1996, Council of Europe EG(96), p. 23.
58. Lin Lean Lim, ed., The Sex Sector: The Economic and Social Basis of Prostitution in South East Asia (Geneva: International Labor Organization, 1998).
59. Nancy Erbe, "Prostitutes: Victims of Men's Exploitation and Abuse," Law and Inequality Journal 2 (1984): 609, 612-13.
60. John F. Decker, Prostitution: Regulation and Control (Littleton, CO: Fred B. Rothman and Company, 1979), p. 230.
61. Charles Winick, The Lively Commerce: Prostitution in the United States (New York: Times Books, 1971), p. 117.
62. Neal Kumar Hatyal, "Men Who Own Women: A Thirteenth Amendment Critique of Forced Prostitution," Yale Law Journal 103 (1993): 791, 793.
63. M. McDougal and F. Feliciano, "International Coercion and World Public Order: The General Principles of the Law ofWar," Yale Law Journal 67 (1958): 771.
64. United Nations Treaty Series, Vol. 1125, p. 3, entered into force December 7, 1978, Article 75(2)b.
65. Kathleen Barry, Female Sexual Slavery (New York: New York University Press, 1984), pp. 33-34.
66. Linda Chavez, Systematic Rape, Sexual Slavery, and Slavery-like Practices during Periods of Armed Conflict, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/26 (1996), p. 4.
67. Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, United Nations Treaty Series, Vol. 75, p. 287 (1949), Article 147.
68. Gay J. McDougall, Systematic Rape, Sexual Slavery, and Slavery-like Practices during Times of War, Final Report, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/13 (June 22, 1998), p. 13.
69. Bales, Disposable People.
70. Anthony Giddens, Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age (Cambridge, England: Polity Press, 1991), 214.
71. Adam Hochschild, Bury the Chains (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2005).
72. Ellen Gibson Wilson, Thomas Clarkson: A Biography (York: William Sessions, 1989), p. 17.
73. Anti-Slavery International, "The History of Anti-Slavery International," p. 4, www.antislavery.org/homepage/antislavery/history.pdfi.
74. Seymour Drescher, "Women's Mobilization in the Era of Slave Emancipation: Some Anglo-French Comparisons" (paper presented at "Sisterhood and Slavery: Transatlantic Antislavery and Women's Rights," the Third Annual Gilder Lehrman Center International Conference, Yale University, New Haven, Conn., October 25-28, 2001), p. 3, www.yale.edu/glc/conference/drescher.pdfi.
75. Adam Hochschild, King Leopold's Ghost (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999), p. 242.
76. Max Weber, Economy and Society (1921; reprint, Totowa, NJ: Bedminster Press, 1968), p. 223.
77. Peter Dicken, Global Shift: The Internationalization of Economic Activity (London: Paul Chapman, 1992).
78. James O. Finckenauer, "Russian Transnational Organized Crime and Human Trafficking," in Global Human Smuggling, ed. David Kyle and Rey Koslowski (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 2001), p. 171.
79. George Ritzer, Sociological Theory, 3rd ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992), p. 131, Weber's criteria for the major characteristics of the ideal-type bureaucracy are.
80. Epigraph: "The Peculiar Institution," Scientific American (April 2002): 4.
81. "International Labor Standards: Quality of Information and Measures of Progress in Combating Forced Labor," Comparative Labor Law and Policy Review 24, no. 2 (Winter 2003).
82. Peter Dicken, Global Shift: The Internationalization of Economic Activity (London: Paul Chapman, 1992).
83. Mark Findlay, The Globalisation of Crime (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 47.
84. Ann Majchrzak, Methods for Policy Research (Beverley Hills: Sage, 1984), p. 44.
85. Convention Concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour (ILO No. 182), 38 I.L.M. 1207 (1999), entered into force November 19, 2000, Article 3, pt. A.
86. Eugene Webb, D. Campbell, R. Schwartz, and L. Sechrest, Unobtrusive Methods: Nonreactive Research in the Social Sciences (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1966), p. 3.
87. Amy O'Neill Richard, International Trafficking in Women to the United States: A Contemporary Manifestation of Slavery and Organized Crime, Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, November 1999, http:// usinfo.state.gov/topical/global/traffic/report/homepage.htm.
88. Robert K. Yin, Case Study Research Design and Methods (London: Sage, 1994), p. 1.
89. U.S. Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices (Washington, D.C., 2000-03).
90. U.S. Department of State, 2001 Trafficking in Persons Report (Washington, D.C., 2001), www.state.gov/documents/organization/4107.pdf.
91. International Labor Office, Stopping Forced Labour: Global Report under the Follow-up to the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, International Labor Conference, Eighty-ninth Session, 2001, www.ilo.org/ dyn/declaris/DECLARATIONWEB.DOWNLOAD_BLOB?Var_Document ID = 1573/.
92. D. Narasimha Reddy et al., Report on Vulnerability to Debt Bondage Index (New Delhi: Institute for Human Development, n.d.).
93. Anne Kielland and Ibrahim Sanogo, Burkina Faso: Child Labor Migration from Rural Areas. The Magnitude and the Determinants, Terre des Hommes and World Bank, 2002, http://home.online.no/~annekie/Africa_docs/BFEnglish .pdf See also Anne Kielland and Maurizia Tovo, Child Labor in Africa: The Facts and the Faces (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2004).
94. Human Rights Watch, "U.S. State Department Trafficking Report Missing Key Data, Credits Uneven Efforts," Human Rights News, June 6, 2002, www .hrw.org/press/2002/06/us-report0606.htm.
95. Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration, Incidence of Bonded Labour in India: Area, Nature, and Extent (Mussoorie, India: Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration, 1990).
96. O'Neill Richard, International Trafficking in Women to the United States.
97. David Kyle and Rey Koslowski, eds., Global Human Smuggling: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001).
98. Jok Madut Jok, War and Slavery in Sudan (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001); Binka Le Breton, Trapped: Modern-Day Slavery in the Brazilian Amazon (Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press, 2003).
99. Larry Rohter, "Brazil's Prized Exports Rely on Slaves and Scorched Land," New York Times, March 25, 2002, p. 1.
100. L. L. Thurstone, "Attitudes Can Be Measured," American Journal of Sociology 33 (1928): 529-54.
101. "The Social Psychology of Modern Slavery," Scientific American (April 2002).
102. Stephen Devereux and John Hoddinott, "Issues in Data Collection," in Fieldwork in Developing Countries (Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner, 1993), p. 36.
103. Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999).
104. Variables were drawn from United Nations, World Statistics Pocketbook, Sales No. E.95.XVII.7 (New York: United Nations, 1995); the International Corruption Index assembled by Transparency International, www.transparency international.org/surveys/index.html;.
105. "Human Rights Abuses by Country," a table compiled by the London Observer, 25 October 1999;.
106. Amnesty International, Amnesty International Report 1999 (London: Amnesty International, 2000);.
107. United Nations, The World Statistics Pocketbook; information on governmental corruption is taken from the International Corruption Index, assembled by Transparency International, 1999;.
108. Robert B. Smith, "Why Human Development Varies by Region: Exploring Correlates and Causes" (manuscript, Social Structural Research, Cambridge, MA, 2003).
109. Human Rights Watch, "U.S. State Department Trafficking Report Missing Key Data, Credits Uneven Efforts.".
110. Jack Gibbs, Sociological Theory Construction (Hinsdale, IL: Dryden Press, 1972), p. 62.
111. Findlay, The Globalisation of Crime, p. 224.
112. Anne Kielland and Ibrahim Sanogo, Burkina Faso: Child Labor Migration from Rural Areas. The Magnitude and the Determinants, Terre des Hommes and World Bank, 2002, p. 5, http://home.online.no/~annekie/Africa_docs/BFEnglish .pdf.
113. Economic Community of West African States, ECOWAS Plan of Action against Trafficking in Persons (2002-2003), p. 8, www.iss.co.za/AF/RegOrg/unity _to_union/pdfs/ecowas/i0POAHuTraf.pdf.
114. Martin Albrow, The Global Age (London: Polity Press, 1996).
115. Peter Dicken, Global Shift: The Internationalization of Economic Activity (London: Paul Chapman, 1992).
116. Albrow, The Global Age, 129.
117. Roger L. Ransom, "The Economics of Slavery," in Conflict and Compromise: The Political Economy of Slavery, Emancipation, and the American Civil War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 41-81.
118. Samuel Cotton, Silent Terror: A Journey into Contemporary African Slavery (New York: Harlem River Press and Reader and Writers, 1998); or David Hecht, "Where African Slavery Still Exists in the Eyes of Many," Christian Science Monitor, February 13, 1997, p. 6.
119. Kevin Bales, Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), p. 81.
120. T. Hargey, "Festina Lente: Slavery Policy and Practice in the Anglo-Egypt- ian Sudan" in Slavery and Colonial Rule in Africa, ed. M. A. Klein et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 256.
121. Sudan Democratic Gazette (London), no. 114 (November 1999): p. 2.
122. Shannon Field, "The Pivotal Role of Oil in Sudan's Civil War," Sudan Democratic Gazette (London), no. 114 (November 1999): 10.
123. "Gospel Plow" Website, which includes reports on the Sudanese civil war and instructions on how to arm "Christian warriors" in the United States, www.frii.com/~gosplow/index.html.
124. "After Ten Years: A New OLS Chief Has a Forward-Looking Relief Policy," Sudan Democratic Gazette (London), no. 114 (November 1999): 6-7.
125. Found on the Website of Christian Solidarity Worldwide: www.csw.org .uk/inter-agency_paper_on_sudan.html.
126. C162 Worst Forms of Child Labor Convention, 1999, International Labor Organization, www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/ipec/ratification/convention/ text.htm.
127. United Nations Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others, United Nations Treaty Series, Vol. 96, p. 271, entered into force July 25, 1951.
128. Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, G.A. Res. 25, annex II, UN GAOR, 55th sess., Supp. No. 49, at 60, UN Doc. A/45/49 (Vol. 1) (2001), Article 4, Scope of Application.
129. Provincial Court of Vienna, Judgment Hv 6306/98, 25 June 1999, quoted from Angelika Kartusch/Katharina Knaus/Gabriele Reiter, Bekämpfung des Frauenhandels nach internationalem und österreichischem Recht, December 2000, pp. 225-27.
130. Angelika Kartusch, Reference Guide for Anti-Trafficking Legislative Review (Vienna: Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe/Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, 2001).
131. Richard Bourdeaux, "Journey into Sex Slavery: Traffickers Are Luring Migrant Women and Girls Fleeing Poverty into Forced Prostitution in Europe: Italy Is Enlisting the Victims to Fight Back against the Pimps," Los Angeles Times, August 17, 2001.
132. A. A. Aronowitz and M. Peruffo, Smuggling and Trafficking in Human Beings: The Phenomenon, the Markets That Drive It, and the Organisations That Promote It (Turin: United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute, 2001).
133. S. Adamoli, A. DiNicoli, E. Savona, and P Zoffi, Organized Crime around the World (Helsinki: European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, 1998), p. 17.
134. A. A. Aronowitz, "The Phenomenon, the Markets That Drive It, and the Organizations That Promote It," European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 9 (2001): 171.
135. Kevin Bales, "Testing a Theory of Modern Slavery" (paper presented at "From Chattel Slavery to State Servitude: Slavery in the Twentieth Century," an event held at the Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition, Yale University, New Haven, Conn., October 22-23, 2004), www.yale.edu/glc/events/cbss/Bales.pdf.
136. Anne Kielland and Ibrahim Sanogo, Burkina Faso: Child Labor Migration from Rural Areas. The Magnitude and the Determinants, Terre des Hommes and World Bank, 2002, p. 32, http://home.online.no/~annekie/Africa_docs/BF English.pdf.
137. Aronowitz, "The Phenomenon, the Markets That Drive It, and the Organizations That Promote It," 163-95.
138. A. Bajrektarevic, Trafficking In and Smuggling of Human Beings-Link- ages to Organized Crime-International Legal Measures: Statement Digest (Vienna: International Centre for Migration Policy Development, 2000).
139. A. Sipaviciene, "New Routes in Trafficking of Migrants: Case of Lithuania" (paper presented at the international conference "International Migration Challenges for European Population," Bari, Italy, June 25-27 2000).
140. Kevin Bales, "The Social Psychology of Modern Slavery," Scientific American (April 2002), www.mit.edu/people/etekle/Index.
141. Bridget Anderson and Julia O'Connell Davidson, The Demand Side of Trafficking, pt. 1: Review of Evidence and Debates on "The Demand Side of Trafficking" (Bangkok: Global Alliance against Trafficking in Women, 2002), p. 18.
142. H. Ai Yun, "Foreign Maids and the Reproduction of Labor in Singapore," Philippine Sociological Review 44, no. 1 (1996): 33-57; B. Anderson, Doing the Dirty Work? The Global Politics of Domestic Labour (London: Zed, 2000);.
143. B. Anderson, Doing the Dirty Work? The Global Politics of Domestic Labour (London: Zed, 2000);.
144. Anti-Slavery International, "Child Servitude: Children Working as Domestic Servants" (ASI submission to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights Working Group on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, 1996);.
145. L. Coser, "Servants: The Obsolescence of an Occupational Role," Social Forces 52 (1974): 31-40;.
146. David Kyle and Zai Lian, Migration Merchants: Human Smuggling from Ecuador and China, Working Paper No. 43 (San Diego: Center for Comparative Immigration Studies, University of California, 2001);.
147. A. Macklin, "Foreign Domestic Worker: Surrogate Housewife or Mail Order Servant?" McGill Law Journal/Revue de droit de McGill 37 (1992): 681 ff.
148. Kevin Bales, Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999).
149. Anderson and O'Connell Davidson, The Demand Side of Trafficking, pt. 1, p. 23. On attitudes toward gender, race, and sexuality.
150. J. O'Connell Davidson, Prostitution, Power, and Freedom (Cambridge: Polity, 1998);.
151. J. O'Connell Davidson, "The Sex Tourist, the Expatriate, His Ex-Wife, and Her 'Other': The Politics of Loss, Difference, and Desire," Sexualities 4, no. 1 (2001): 5-24;.
152. S. Kruhse-Mount Burton, "Sex Tourism and Traditional Australian Male Identity," in International Tourism: Identity and Change, ed. M. Lafabt, J. Allcock, and E. Bruner (London: Sage, 1995);.
153. J. Seabrook, Travels in the Skin Trade: Tourism and the Sex Industry (London: Pluto Press, 1996);.
154. R. Bishop and L. Robinson, Night market: Sexual Cultures and the Thai Economic Miracle (London: Routledge, 1998).
155. J. Sanchez Taylor, "Tourism and 'Embodied' Commodities: Sex Tourism in the Caribbean," in Tourism and Sex: Culture, Commerce, and Coercion, ed. S. Clift and S. Carter (London: Pinter, 2000).
156. Anita Chabria, His Own Private Berkeley, November 25, 2001, http://fpmail.friends-partners.org/pipermail/stop-traffic/2001-November/ 001756.html.
157. "The Social Psychology of Modern Slavery," Scientific American (April 2002).
158. Maria-Pia Boethius, The End of Prostitution in Sweden? Swedish Institute, October 1999, found at http://www.sweden.se/templates/Article _2295.asp.