FIFA 1975-2000: The business of a football development organisation

Historical Social Research

Volumn 31, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 55-68

  Eisenberg, Christiane ^a  

^a HUMBOLDT UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

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EID: 84985021347     PISSN: 01726404     EISSN: 09366784     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. While exactly 60 national associations had joined FIFA in the fourty-years period from 1904-1944, the next group of about 60 member associations (to be precise, the size was 63) needed only a period of twenty years (1945-64). Numbers counted from Heidrun Homburg, "National Associations - Foundation Year", unpublished ms., FIFA Centennial Project.
2. Cf. John W. Meyer, John Boli, George M. Thomas, and Francisco O. Ramirez, "World Society and the Nation State", American Journal of Sociology 103 (1997): 144-181. In the period 1870-1945 only 17 former dependent political unities succeed in forming a nation state; between1945-1987 this occurred 113 times;
3. cf. David Strang, "From dependency to sovereignty: an event history of decolonization 1870-1987", American Sociological Review 55 (1999): 846-860, here 855.
4. This declaration is seen as the official start of UNO's decolonization policies; cf. Strang 850.
5. th November 1953, 6-7.
6. These examples are educed from comparing the following information: Heidrun Homburg, "FIFA-Confederations & Affiliated National Associations 1904-2004 - Year of Affiliation", unpublished ms., FIFA Centennial Project; Frank R. Pfetsch, Internationale Politik (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1994) 89, und "Die Entwicklung der Mitgliedschaft in den Vereinten Nationen 1945-2002", online, internet, 11 Dec. 2005, available: http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/de/library_20040506.html (the year of UNO admission);
7. Elihu Katz, and George Wedell, Broadcasting in the Third World. Promise and Performance (London and Basingstoke: Sage, 1978) Tab. A 1 (year of independence).
8. Cf. Tatu Vanhanen, The Emergence of Democracy. A Comparative Study of 119 States, 1850-1979, Commentationes Scientiarium Socialium 24 (Helsinki: University of Helsinki, 1984) 42.
9. See also the general discussion in Juan J. Linz, Totalitäre und autoritäre Regime (Berlin: Berliner Debatte Wissenschaftsverlag, 2000) XXXVIII-XLI.
10. For these and further examples see Eduardo Archetti, and Amilcar Romero, "Death and Violence in Argentinian Football", Football Violence and Social Identity, eds. Richard Giulianotti, Norman Bonney, and Mike Hepworth (London: Routledge, 1994) 37-72;
11. Vic Duke, and Liz Crolley, "Fútbol, Politicians and the People: Populism and Politics in Argentina", Sport in Latin American Society. Past and Present, eds. J.A. Mangan, and Lamartine P. DaCosta, The International Journal of the History of Sport 18.3 (London: Cass, 2001) 93-116;
12. Richard Giulianotti, "Fußball in Südamerika: Globalisierung, Neoliberalismus und die Politik der Korruption", Global Players - Kultur, Ökonomie und Politik des Fußballs, eds. Michael Fanizadeh, Gerald Hödl, and Wolfram Manzenreiter (Frankfurt/M.: Brandes & Apsel / Südwind, 2002) 159-182;
13. James Riordan, "Rußland und Sowjetunion", Fußball, soccer, calcio. Ein englischer Sport auf seinem Weg um die Welt, ed. Christiane Eisenberg (München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1997) 130-148, here 142 ff.
14. Vgl. John Boli, and Frank J. Lechner, "Globalization and World Culture", International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, eds. Neil J. Smelser, and Paul B. Baltes,vol. 9 (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2001) Sp. 6261-6266;
15. Michael Herzka, Die Menschenrechtsbewegung in der Weltgesellschaft (Bem: Peter Lang, 1995).
16. Cf. in greater detail Pierre Lanfranchi, Christiane Eisenberg, Tony Mason, and Alfred Wahl, 100 Years of Football. The FIFA Centennial Book (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 2004) 286-289.
17. FIFA Archive Zurich, Technical Development Committee, Meeting Nr. 13, 18.8.1972 (Enclosure), letter of CAF president Yidnekatchev Tessema to the chairman of the Technical Development Committee, 5 July 1972.
18. Cf. Lanfranchi et al. 242-250.
19. In the 1970s those responsible had grossly underestimated the potential inherent in the sale of rights. For example, in the Proposition for the Organisation of a World Junior Tournament published on 26.3.1975 we read: "[B]ut here only small incomes may be expected"; see FIFA Archive Zurich, Technical Development Committee, Agenda for sitting number 18 of 27.8.1975.
20. These "discoveries" often included data freely available to the general public as they had already been published in FIFA's annual reports. See e.g. Thomas Kistner, and Jens Weinreich, Das Milliardenspiel. Fußball, Geld and Medien (Frankfurt: Fischer, 1998);
21. John Sudgden, and Alan Tomlinson, FIFA and the Contest for World Football. Who rules the peoples ' game? (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998).
22. Quoted from the cover blurb of the book by John Sugden, and Alan Tomlinson, Great Balls of Fire. How Big Money is Hijacking World Football (Edinburgh/London: Mainstream, 1999).
23. Cf. Robert Hettlage, Genossenschaftstheorie und Partizipationsdiskussion (Frankfurt/M.: Campus, 1979);
24. Klaus Novy, and Michael Prinz, Illustrierte Geschichte der Gemeinwirtschaft. Wirtschaftliche Selbsthilfe in der Arbeiterbewegung (Bonn: Dietz, 1988).
25. The best overview of NGOs and INGOs is John Boli, and George M. Thomas, eds., Constructing World Culture. International Non-Governmental Organizations since 1875 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999).
26. For this FIFA President Joseph S. Blatter was honoured as "International Humanist of the Year" by the International League of Humanists in March 2002; see Global News, Soccernet, 20 March 2002, online, internet, 11 Dec. 05, available: http://www.soccernet.com/global/news/ 2002/0320/20020320blatteraward.html.
27. See Willetts, Peter, "What is a Non-Governmental Organization?", UNESCO Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems, Section 1 : Institutional and Infrastructure Resource Issues, Article 1.44.3.7: Non-Govemmental Organizations (also online, internet, 14 Nov. 02, available http://www.staff.city.ac.uk/p.willetts/CS-NTWKS/NGO-ART.HTM);
28. Ingo Take, "Neue Allianzpartner", Politische Ökologie 72 (2001): special issue "NGOs im Wandel", 34-36.
29. See Michael Edwards, and Alan Fowler, "Introduction: Changing Challenges for NGDO Management", The Earthscan Reader on NGO Management, eds. Edwards, and Fowler (London: Earthscan, 2002) 1-12, here 2,
30. and Helmut Anheier, and Nuno Themudo, "Führung und Management von Internationalen Mitgliederorganisationen", Zivilgesellschaft international. Alte und neue NGOs, eds. Christiane Franz, and Annette Zimmer (Opladen: Leske & Budrich, 2002) 303-325.
31. Sven Bernhard Gareis, and Johannes Varwick, Die Vereinten Nationen. Aufgaben, Instrumente und Reformen, 2. ed. (Opladen: Leske & Budrich, 2002) 64.
32. The FIFA Financial Report 2002 no longer lists membership fees. According to the report the fees for games in 1999 amounted to CHF 1.960.327, the total income from events, in which income from TV rights and marketing are included comprised CHF 183.018.571. In 2000 fees amounted to CHF 2.295.082, and the total income from events 681.549.250 (page 86).
33. In case they accept these donations - which most of them don't do. In 2005 only 176 of 207 were supported by FIFA. Cf. 176 Associations now Benefiting from FIFA Goal Programme, in: FIFA-Media Information, online, internet, 24 Dec. 2005 available: http://www.fifa.eom/en/media/index/0,1369,111127,00.html.
34. See John Boli, and George M. Thomas, "Introduction", in: Boli and Thomas, Constructing World Culture 1-12, here 5.
35. The argument is explained in greater detail in Georg Krücken, "Der 'world-polity'-Ansatz in der Globalisierungsdiskussion", Weltkultur. Wie die westlichen Prinzipien die Welt durchdringen, John W. Meyer, ed. Georg Krücken (Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp, 2005) 299-317.
36. See Leon Gordenker, and Thomas G. Weiss, "NGO Participation in the International Policy Process", NGOs, the UN, and Global Governance, eds. Gordenker and Weiss (Boulder: Lynne Riener, 1996) 209-222, here 220;
37. Berthold Kuhn, "Zivilgesellschaften aus der Perspektive der Entwicklungsländer", Die Praxis der Zivilgesellschaft. Akteure, Handeln and Strukturen im internationalen Vergleich, ed. Arnd Bauerkämper (Frankfurt/M.: Campus, 2003) 391-413, here 405 f.
38. Numbers according to John Boli, and George M. Thomas, "INGOs and the Organization of World Culture", Boli and Thomas, Constructing World Culture 13-49, here 14, 20.
39. Meanwhile Boli and Thomas regard only those organisations which have an international membership and organisation structure as INGOs. If one wished to include all those INGOs whose work was generally devoted to international themes there would be as many as 25 to 30,000 INGOs worldwide - on all continents and spread equally in the industrialised nations and the so-called Third World; see Paul Ghils, "International civil society: International non-govemmental organizations in the international system", International Social Science Journal 133 (1992): 417-431, here 419;
40. Paul Streeten, "Nongovernmental Organizations and Development", The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 554 (1997): special issue "The Role of NGOs: Charity and Empowerment", ed. V. Jude L. Fernando, and Alan W. Heston (London/New Delhi: Sage, 1997) 193-210, here 195;
41. R.L. Stirrat, and Heiko Henkel, "The Development Gift: The Problem of Reciprocity in the NGO World", Fernando and Heston 66-80, here 67.
42. Lester M. Salamon, "The Rise of the Nonprofit Sector", Foreign Affairs 73/4 (1994): 109-122, here 109.
43. See Marc Lindenberg, and Coralie Bryant, Going Global. Transforming Relief and Development NGOs (Bloomfield CT: Kumarian Press, 2001) 8-12.
44. At the end of 1972 there were alleged to be over 200 sport development aid workers in 28 African and Asian states; see James Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society. Development of Sport and Physical Education in Russia and the USSR (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977) 384.
45. See also Terence Monnington, "Crisis Management in Black African Sport", Sport, Culture and Politics, eds. J.C. Binfield, and John Stevenson (Sheffield: Academic Press, 1993) 113-128.
46. See Lindenberg and Bryant 8-12, 150.
47. See Salamon 116 f.
48. One of the means to reach this aim is that each association accepting donations has a national audit before KPMG.
49. Cf. Lanfranchi et al. 227 f.
50. FIFA Archive Zurich, National Associations Committee, Agenda - Minutes, 1999-2005.
51. See Paul Darby, Africa, Football and FIFA. Politics, Colonialism and Resistance (London: Cass, 2002) 47
52. and passim, as well as the analysis of the former FIFA vice president Dort. Ottorino Barassi, The World Organisation urgently requires modernising. Excerpt from the magazine "Calcio", vol. 11, No. 1.3, Milan (The article was distributed with congress material at the 32nd FIFA congress in Rome, 22./23. Aug. 1960): "Serious anxiety must be felt at the prospect of what might happen if the group of new African and Asiatic Associations (only to give an example) lumped together, formed a majority at the General Meeting of the F.I.F.A. and intended to make decisions without taking into account the isolation of the European and American groups or one of them."
53. There are far more ties between African countries and the NGO world now than in the beginning of the 1950s; cf. Kjell Skjesbaek, "The Growth of International Nongovernmental Organization in the Twentieth Century", Transnational Relations and World Politics, Robert O. Keohane, and Joseph S. Nye, jr., International Organization XXV/3 (1971) (Cambridge/Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1972) 420-442, here 431.
54. Figures taken from "The big count", 52nd FIFA Congress, 4./5. Aug. 2000, Zurich, Report on activities, April 1998-April 2000, 14 f.