-
1
-
-
84983033111
-
-
The reaction studied was the quaternarization of triethylamine by ethyl iodide at 100 °C [N. Menschutkin, Z. Physik. Chem., 6, 41 (1890)]. Menschutkin's first discussion on solvent effects dealt with the reactions between acetic anhydride and alcohols [Z. Physik. Chem., I. 611 (1887)]. The catalytic role of solvents was already recognized in 1862 by Berthelot and Péan de Saint Gilles in their Recherches sur les Affinités [see, e.g., H. G. Grimm, H. Ruf, and H. Wolff.Z. Physik. Chem. BI3.301 (1931)].
-
The reaction studied was the quaternarization of triethylamine by ethyl iodide at 100 °C [N. Menschutkin, Z. Physik. Chem., 6, 41 (1890)]. Menschutkin's first discussion on solvent effects dealt with the reactions between acetic anhydride and alcohols [Z. Physik. Chem., I. 611 (1887)]. The catalytic role of solvents was already recognized in 1862 by Berthelot and Péan de Saint Gilles in their Recherches sur les Affinités [see, e.g., H. G. Grimm, H. Ruf, and H. Wolff.Z. Physik. Chem. BI3.301 (1931)].
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
84965784602
-
-
(revised by K. S. Pitzer and L. Brewer), McGraw-Hill, New York, Chapter 20
-
G. N. Lewis and M. Randall, Thermodynamics (revised by K. S. Pitzer and L. Brewer), McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961, Chapter 20.;.
-
(1961)
Thermodynamics
-
-
Lewis, G.N.1
Randall, M.2
-
4
-
-
84983030578
-
-
Boringhieri, Ed., Torino, Chapter 5.
-
E. Fermi, Termodinamica, Boringhieri, Ed., Torino, 1977, Chapter 5.;.
-
(1977)
Termodinamica
-
-
Fermi, E.1
-
5
-
-
84983042427
-
-
Alhambra, Ed., Madrid, Chapters 10 and 22
-
M.Diaz Pêna and A. Roig Muntaner, Quimica Fisica, Alhambra, Ed., Madrid 1978, Chapters 10 and 22.
-
(1978)
Quimica Fisica
-
-
Diaz Pêna, M.1
Roig Muntaner, A.2
-
6
-
-
84983022622
-
-
See, e.g., Ref 26
-
See, e.g., Ref 26, pp. 239-240.
-
-
-
-
9
-
-
0003617193
-
-
McGraw-Hill, New York
-
S. Glasstone, K. J. Laidler, and H. Eyring, The theory of Rate Processes, McGraw-Hill, New York 1941, p. 400.
-
(1941)
The theory of Rate Processes
, pp. 400
-
-
Glasstone, S.1
Laidler, K.J.2
Eyring, H.3
-
13
-
-
0642284688
-
-
Laidler, using a different treatment also calculates a somewhat faster increase of
-
Laidler, using a different treatment, also calculates a somewhat faster increase ofK. J. Laidler, Can. J. Chem., 37. 138 (1959).
-
(1959)
Can. J. Chem.
, vol.37
, pp. 138
-
-
Laidler, K.J.1
-
15
-
-
0004647705
-
-
This is the original procedure used by Kirkwood to develop Equation 14. See also, e.g., M. Jauquet and P. Laszlo, Part I, Chapter IV, Wiley, New York
-
This is the original procedure used by Kirkwood to develop Equation 14. See also, e.g., M. Jauquet and P. Laszlo, in Solutions and Solubilities, Part I, Chapter IV, Wiley, New York, 1974.;.
-
(1974)
Solutions and Solubilities
-
-
-
16
-
-
84983033049
-
-
Ref. 26, Chapter 23
-
Ref. 26, Chapter 23.
-
-
-
-
18
-
-
0004165225
-
-
Chapter 5, McGraw-Hill, New York
-
K. J. Laidler, Chemical Kinetics, Chapter 5, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1950.
-
(1950)
Chemical Kinetics
-
-
Laidler, K.J.1
-
21
-
-
0003683686
-
-
Chapter 5, N. B. Chapman and J. Shorter, Eds., Plenum, London
-
I.A. Koppel and V. A. Palm, in Advances in Linear Free Energy Relationships, Chapter 5, N. B. Chapman and J. Shorter, Eds., Plenum, London, 1972.
-
(1972)
Advances in Linear Free Energy Relationships
-
-
Koppel, I.A.1
Palm, V.A.2
-
22
-
-
0001173176
-
-
Chapter 1, R. W. Taft, Ed., Wiley
-
M. H. Abraham, in Progress in Physical Organic Chemistry, Chapter 1, Vol. 12, R. W. Taft, Ed., Wiley, 1974.
-
(1974)
Progress in Physical Organic Chemistry
, vol.12
-
-
Abraham, M.H.1
-
26
-
-
0004146260
-
-
W. J. Orville-Thomas, F.d., Academic, London, Chapter 13 and references therein
-
R. J. Abraham and R. Bretschneider, in Internal Rotation in Molecules, W. J. Orville-Thomas, F.d., Academic, London, 1974. Chapter 13 and references therein.
-
(1974)
Internal Rotation in Molecules
-
-
Abraham, R.J.1
Bretschneider, R.2
-
31
-
-
84983030555
-
-
Ph.D. Thesis, Copenhagen, 1928, quoted by J. R. Partington in, Longman, Green, and Co., London
-
K. Hjijendahl, Ph.D. Thesis, Copenhagen, 1928, quoted by J. R. Partington in An Advanced Treatise in Physical Chemistry, Longman, Green, and Co., London, 1966, Vol. V, p. 384.
-
(1966)
An Advanced Treatise in Physical Chemistry
, vol.5
, pp. 384
-
-
Hjijendahl, K.1
-
32
-
-
0000372337
-
-
Self-association of DMSO pure in CCU, e.g.
-
Self-association of DMSO pure and in CCU, e.g., R. H. Figueroa, E. Roig, and H. H. Szmant, Spectrochim. Acta, 22, 587 (1966);.
-
(1966)
Spectrochim. Acta
, vol.22
, pp. 587
-
-
Figueroa, R.H.1
Roig, E.2
Szmant, H.H.3
-
33
-
-
0001070634
-
-
self-association of substituted benzonitriles e.g.
-
self-association of substituted benzonitriles, e.g., L. Deady, A. R. Katritzky, R. A. Shanks, and R. D. Topsom, Spectrochim. Acta, 29A, 1 15 (1973).
-
(1973)
Spectrochim. Acta, 29A
, vol.1
, pp. 15
-
-
Deady, L.1
Katritzky, A.R.2
Shanks, R.A.3
Topsom, R.D.4
-
34
-
-
33947086272
-
-
Self-association of DMSO
-
Self-association of DMSO, J. B. Kisinger, M. M. Tannahill, M. S. Greenberg, and A. I. Popov, J. Phys. Chem., 77, 2444 (1973).
-
(1973)
J. Phys. Chem.
, vol.77
, pp. 2444
-
-
Kisinger, J.B.1
Tannahill, M.M.2
Greenberg, M.S.3
Popov, A.I.4
-
35
-
-
84983025849
-
-
This technique has been used to determine the dimerization constants of ketones and nitriles in cyclohexane and carbon tetrachloride solutions
-
This technique has been used to determine the dimerization constants of ketones and nitriles in cyclohexane and carbon tetrachloride solutions:.
-
-
-
-
36
-
-
84914990711
-
-
University of Poitiers (France)
-
M. Guerin, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Poitiers (France), 1975,;.
-
(1975)
Ph.D. Thesis
-
-
Guerin, M.1
-
37
-
-
36248934951
-
-
J. Monteau, H. Huser, M. Guerin, and M. Gomel, J. Chem. Research (S), 256(1978).
-
(1978)
Chem. Research (S)
, pp. 256
-
-
Monteau, J.1
Huser, H.2
Guerin, M.3
Gomel, M.J.4
-
38
-
-
0002969799
-
-
Self-association of N-N.,dimethylformamide, N.,N-dimethylacetamide, and N-methylpyr-rolidone
-
Self-association of N-N, dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, and N-methylpyr-rolidone, T. Yonezawa and I. Morishima, Bull. Chem. Soc Japan, 39, 2346 (1966).
-
(1966)
Bull. Chem. Soc Japan
, vol.39
, pp. 2346
-
-
Yonezawa, T.1
Morishima, I.2
-
39
-
-
0345640134
-
-
Self-association of ketones, esters, amides, nitriles, nitrocompounds
-
Self-association of ketones, esters, amides, nitriles, and nitrocompounds, H. Saito, Y. Tanaka, S. Nagata, K. Nukada, Can. J. Chem., 51, 2118 (1973).
-
(1973)
Can. J. Chem.
, vol.51
, pp. 2118
-
-
Saito, H.1
Tanaka, Y.2
Nagata, S.3
Nukada, K.4
-
40
-
-
84983025869
-
-
Self-association of ρ-fluoronitrobenzene in carbon tetrachloride, Symposium on Linear Free Energy Correlations, Reprints of Papers, Durham, also, cf. Ref. 32
-
Self-association of ρ-fluoronitrobenzene in carbon tetrachloride, R. W. Taft, G. B. Klingensmith, E. Price, and I. R. Fox, Symposium on Linear Free Energy Correlations, Reprints of Papers, Durham, 1964, pp. 275-278; also, cf. Ref. 32.
-
(1964)
, pp. 275-278
-
-
Taft, R.W.1
Klingensmith, G.B.2
Price, E.3
Fox, I.R.4
-
41
-
-
84919019818
-
-
[C.A. 79. 5767a (1973)] Self-association of aromatic nitrocompounds
-
Self-association of aromatic nitrocompounds, A. A. Leichenko, Y. Y. Maksimov, Zh. Fiz. Khim., 47, 1265 (1973) [C.A. 79. 5767a (1973)].
-
(1973)
Zh. Fiz. Khim.
, vol.47
, pp. 1265
-
-
Leichenko, A.A.1
Maksimov, Y.Y.2
-
42
-
-
0001419691
-
-
A. Kratchowill, J. V. Zeidner, V. Joerg, and H. Zimmerman, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 77, 408 (1973).
-
(1973)
Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem.
, vol.77
, pp. 408
-
-
Kratchowill, A.1
Zeidner, J.V.2
Joerg, V.3
Zimmerman, H.4
-
43
-
-
28544450927
-
-
[CA., 82. 5733If (1975)]
-
T. B. Borgunnova, V. V. Shilov, and G. I. Batalin, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 48. 2571 (1974) [CA., 82. 5733If (1975)].
-
(1974)
Zh. Fiz. Khim.
, vol.48
, pp. 2571
-
-
Borgunnova, T.B.1
Shilov, V.V.2
Batalin, G.I.3
-
49
-
-
84982343024
-
-
T(30)
-
T(30), K. Dimroth, C. Reichardt, T. Seipman, and F. Bohlman; Justus Liebig Ann. Chem., 661 1 (1963).
-
(1963)
Justus Liebig Ann. Chem.
, vol.661
, pp. 1
-
-
Dimroth, K.1
Reichardt, C.2
Seipman, T.3
Bohlman, F.4
-
52
-
-
0042910944
-
-
L G. S. Brooker, A. C. Craig, D. W. Heseltine, P. W. Jenkins, and L. L. Lincoln, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 87. 2433 (1965);.
-
(1965)
J. Am. Chem. Soc
, vol.87
, pp. 2433
-
-
Brooker, L.G.S.1
Craig, A.C.2
Heseltine, D.W.3
Jenkins, P.W.4
Lincoln, L.L.5
-
53
-
-
84983064533
-
-
3 and Mel at 20°C
-
3 and Mel at 20°C.
-
-
-
-
58
-
-
84983064488
-
-
P:Ref. 27;
-
P:Ref. 27;.
-
-
-
-
59
-
-
0000062509
-
-
This scale has been included as an extension of Kosower's Z parameters [E. M. Kosower, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 80, 3253 (1958)]
-
S, S. Brownstein, Can. J. Chem., 38, 1590 (1960). This scale has been included as an extension of Kosower's Z parameters [E. M. Kosower, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 80, 3253 (1958)].
-
(1960)
Can. J. Chem.
, vol.38
, pp. 1590
-
-
Brownstein, S.S.1
-
61
-
-
84983086153
-
-
3N and EtBr in benzene-acetone solutions [data from A. von Hemptine and A. Bekaert, Z. Physik. Chem., 28, 255(1895)
-
3N and EtBr in benzene-acetone solutions [data from A. von Hemptine and A. Bekaert, Z. Physik. Chem., 28, 255(1895).
-
-
-
-
63
-
-
0039479929
-
-
The short-lived clustering of benzene and other highly polarizable molecules around polar solutes likely through a dipole-induced dipole mechanism is also known:
-
The short-lived clustering of benzene and other highly polarizable molecules around polar solutes, likely through a dipole-induced dipole mechanism is also known: R. D. Bertrand, R. D. Compton; and J. G. Verkade, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 92, 2702 ,(1970);.
-
(1970)
J. Am. Chem. Soc
, vol.92
, pp. 2702
-
-
Bertrand, R.D.1
Compton, R.D.2
Verkade, J.G.3
-
64
-
-
37049131908
-
-
R. S. Armstrong, M. J. Aroney, R. K. Duffin, H. J. Stootman, and R. J. W. Le Fevre, J. Chem. Soc, Perkin 2, 1272 (1973).
-
(1973)
J. Chem. Soc, Perkin
, vol.2
, pp. 1272
-
-
Armstrong, R.S.1
Aroney, M.J.2
Duffin, R.K.3
Stootman, H.J.4
Le Fevre, R.J.W.5
-
65
-
-
84983030308
-
-
For a recent survey of solvent effects on spectroscopic properties, see, e.g., Ref. 9a
-
For a recent survey of solvent effects on spectroscopic properties, see, e.g., Ref. 9a;.
-
-
-
-
66
-
-
25744461090
-
-
concerning the use limitations of the dielectric functions to correlate infrared shifts see e.g.
-
concerning the use and limitations of the dielectric functions to correlate infrared shifts, see, e.g., W. D. Horrocks, Jr., and R. M. Mann, Spectrochim. Acta, 19, 1375 (1963);.
-
(1963)
Spectrochim. Acta
, vol.19
, pp. 1375
-
-
Horrocks, W.D.1
Mann, R.M.2
-
67
-
-
49949145302
-
-
S.Tanaka, K. Tanabe, and H. Kamada, Spectrochim. Acta, 23A 209, 1967.
-
(1967)
Spectrochim. Acta
, vol.23 A
, pp. 209
-
-
Tanaka, S.1
Tanabe, K.2
Kamada, H.3
-
70
-
-
0039552305
-
-
J. Chim. Phys., 52. 162 (1955)
-
M. L. Josien and N. Fuson, J. Chem. Phys., 22, 1169, 1264 (1954); J. Chim. Phys., 52. 162 (1955).
-
(1954)
J. Chem. Phys.
, vol.22
-
-
Josien, M.L.1
Fuson, N.2
-
72
-
-
36849129611
-
-
and references cited therein
-
P. Laszlo and J. I. Musher, J. Chem. Phys., 41, 3906 (1964) and references cited therein.
-
(1964)
J. Chem. Phys.
, vol.41
, pp. 3906
-
-
Laszlo, P.1
Musher, J.I.2
-
73
-
-
36849141912
-
-
See, e.g.,A. M. Benson, Jr. and H.C. Drickamer, J. Chem. Phys., 27, 1164(1957);.
-
(1957)
J. Chem. Phys.
, vol.27
, pp. 1164
-
-
Benson, A.M.1
Drickamer, H.C.2
-
76
-
-
11144352962
-
-
and references cited therein
-
R. L.Schmidt, R.S. Butler, and J. H. Goldstein, J. Phys. Chem., 73, 1117 (1969) and references cited therein.
-
(1969)
J. Phys. Chem.
, vol.73
, pp. 1117
-
-
Schmidt, R.L.1
Butler, R.S.2
Goldstein, J.H.3
-
81
-
-
84983069094
-
-
Although most of the information available on this system comes from Ref. 34c we have used the values given by Abraham and Abraham (19)
-
Although most of the information available on this system comes from Ref. 34c we have used the values given by Abraham and Abraham (19).
-
-
-
-
82
-
-
0002589261
-
-
S. G. Smith, A. H. Fainberg, and S. Winstein, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 83, 618 (1961).
-
(1961)
J. Am. Chem. Soc
, vol.83
, pp. 618
-
-
Smith, S.G.1
Fainberg, A.H.2
Winstein, S.3
-
89
-
-
33947456072
-
-
S. Winstein, E. Grunwald, and W. H. Jones, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 73, 2700 (1951);.
-
(1951)
J. Am. Chem. Soc
, vol.73
, pp. 2700
-
-
Winstein, S.1
Grunwald, E.2
Jones, W.H.3
-
94
-
-
0001427514
-
-
A. Berson, E. Hamlet, and W. A. Mueller, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 84, 297 (1962).
-
(1962)
J. Am. Chem. Soc
, vol.84
, pp. 297
-
-
Berson, A.1
Hamlet, E.2
Mueller, W.A.3
-
95
-
-
84983072759
-
-
this connection, see Ref. 20a
-
In this connection, see Ref. 20a.
-
-
-
-
103
-
-
0001105028
-
-
all through Ref. 48
-
N. G. Bakshiev, O. P. Girin, and I. V. Piterskaya, ibid. 24, 901 (1968), all through Ref. 48.
-
(1968)
Opt. Spektrosk.
, vol.24
, pp. 901
-
-
Bakshiev, N.G.1
Girin, O.P.2
Piterskaya, I.V.3
-
104
-
-
84983064689
-
-
Part II, O. Sinanoglu, Ed. Academic, New York, Chapter 5, and references herein
-
W. Liptay, in Modern Quantum Chemistry, Part II, O. Sinanoglu, Ed. Academic, New York, 1965, Chapter 5, and references herein;.
-
(1965)
Modern Quantum Chemistry
-
-
Liptay, W.1
-
106
-
-
0001444812
-
-
See also Ref. 43a, The formal extension to fluorescence spectra has been carried out by Mataga Kaifu Koizumi [N.Mataga Kaifu Y.Koizumi M.
-
The formal extension to fluorescence spectra has been carried out by Mataga, Kaifu, and Koizumi [N. Mataga, Y. Kaifu, and M. Koizumi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 29, 465 (1956)];See also Ref. 43a.
-
(1956)
Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan
, vol.29
, pp. 465
-
-
-
107
-
-
37049117971
-
-
We are not considering here the contribution from dispersion forces as discussed in Refs. 58a and 58A and by Longuet-Higgins and Pople [H. C. Longuet-Higgins and J. A. Pople, J. Chem. Phys., 27, 192 (1957)]. These forces will introduce a red shift (relative to the gas phase) even in the case of nonpolar solutes in nonpolar solvents, For an exhaustive study on the use of dielectricre fractive index functions to correlate solvent effects see e.g
-
For an exhaustive study on the use of dielectric and refractive index functions to correlate solvent effects, see, e.g., F. W. Fowler, A. R. Katritzky, and R. J. D. Rutherford, J. Chem. Soc. (B), 460 (1971). We are not considering here the contribution from dispersion forces as discussed in Refs. 58a and 58A and by Longuet-Higgins and Pople [H. C. Longuet-Higgins and J. A. Pople, J. Chem. Phys., 27, 192 (1957)]. These forces will introduce a red shift (relative to the gas phase) even in the case of nonpolar solutes in nonpolar solvents.
-
(1971)
J. Chem. Soc. (B)
, pp. 460
-
-
Fowler, F.W.1
Katritzky, A.R.2
Rutherford, R.J.D.3
-
108
-
-
84903452858
-
-
For a recent application of this technique to the uv-visible and fluorescence spectra of azulene and cyclopenta [efjheptalene, see H.Yamaguchi Ikeda T.Mametsuka H.
-
For a recent application of this technique to the uv-visible and fluorescence spectra of azulene and cyclopenta [efjheptalene, see H. Yamaguchi, T. Ikeda, and H. Mametsuka, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 49, 1762 (1976).
-
(1976)
Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan
, vol.49
, pp. 1762
-
-
-
109
-
-
0003490248
-
-
McGraw-Hill, New York, Chapter 16
-
J. A. Pople, W. G. Schneider, and H. J. Bernstein, High-Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1959, Chapter 16;.
-
(1959)
High-Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
-
-
Pople, J.A.1
Schneider, W.G.2
Bernstein, H.J.3
-
111
-
-
0000685251
-
-
A. D. Buckingham, T. Schaefer, and W. G. Schneider, J. Chem. Phys., 32, 1227 (1960).
-
(1960)
J. Chem. Phys.
, vol.32
, pp. 1227
-
-
Buckingham, A.D.1
Schaefer, T.2
Schneider, W.G.3
-
115
-
-
84983038794
-
-
Ref. 49, Ref.34A;
-
Ref. 34A;E. M. Kosower, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 80, 3262 (1958); Ref. 49.
-
(1958)
J. Am. Chem. Soc
, vol.80
, pp. 3262
-
-
Kosower, E.M.1
-
125
-
-
33947301033
-
-
R. W. Taft, D. Gurka, L. Joris, P. V. R. Schleyer, and J. W. Rakshys, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 91, 4801 (1969).
-
(1969)
J. Am. Chem. Soc
, vol.91
, pp. 4801
-
-
Taft, R.W.1
Gurka, D.2
Joris, L.3
Schleyer, P.V.R.4
Rakshys, J.W.5
-
130
-
-
0000471775
-
-
T. Yokoyama, R. W. Taft, and M. J. Kamlet,J. Am. Chem. Soc, 98, 3233 (1976).
-
(1976)
J. Am. Chem. Soc
, vol.98
, pp. 3233
-
-
Yokoyama, T.1
Taft, R.W.2
Kamlet, M.J.3
-
136
-
-
84983051546
-
-
The effects of band everlap (usually with higher intensity, higher energy bands), of hidden underlying lower intensity bands, and of changing band shape with changing solvent, all of which we include in the term spectral anomalies, can cause shifts in Vmax of as much as 0.4-0.5 kK. We have attempted to minimize such complications by taking as the midpoint between the two positions on the spectral envelope where OD (optical density) = 0.90 ODmax. We consider that for "well-behaved" spectra, combined uncertainities in i>max due to usual spectral anomalies and experimental precision limits in measuring the spectra are about O.lOkK
-
The effects of band everlap (usually with higher intensity, higher energy bands), of hidden underlying lower intensity bands, and of changing band shape with changing solvent, all of which we include in the term spectral anomalies, can cause shifts in Vmax of as much as 0.4-0.5 kK. We have attempted to minimize such complications by taking as the midpoint between the two positions on the spectral envelope where OD (optical density) = 0.90 ODmax. We consider that for "well-behaved" spectra, combined uncertainities in i>max due to usual spectral anomalies and experimental precision limits in measuring the spectra are about O.lOkK.
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Other polar materials have been studied: e.g., ethers, amines, lactones, acid anhydrides, coumarines and cyanine dyes. Detailed references are given by R. Foster, in Organic Charge-Transfer Complexes, Academic, London-New York
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Other polar materials have been studied: e.g., ethers, amines, lactones, acid anhydrides, coumarines and cyanine dyes. Detailed references are given by R. Foster, in Organic Charge-Transfer Complexes, Academic, London-New York, 1969, p. 108.
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Ref. 84;Ref. 38.
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155
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84983023827
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As shown in Table 20, for example
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As shown in Table 20, for example.
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156
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33947459828
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Ref. 83, p. 21;R. S. Mulliken, 74, 811 (1952)
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