Moral injury, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts in a military sample

Traumatology

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 154-160

  Bryan, Anna Belle O ^a   Bryan, Craig J ^a   Morrow, Chad E ^b   Etienne, Neysa ^c   Sannerud, Bobbie Ray ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

^b USAF   (United States)

^c Maxwell Gunter AFB   (United States)

Author keywords

Betrayal; Military; Moral injury; Suicidal ideation; Suicide; Transgressions

Indexed keywords

EID: 84982953329     PISSN: 15347656     EISSN: 10859373     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/h0099852     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Beck, A. T. (1991). Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
2. Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1991). Relationship between the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale with anxious outpatients. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 5, 213–223. doi: 10.1016/0887-6185(91)90002-B
3. Bell, J. B., & Nye, E. C. (2007). Specific symptoms predict suicidal ideation in Vietnam combat veterans with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Military Medicine, 172, 1144–1147.
4. Bryan, C. J. (2011). The clinical utility of a brief measure of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness for the detection of suicidal military personnel. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67, 981–992. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20726
5. Bryan, C. J., Bryan, A. O., Etienne, N., Morrow, C. E., & Ray-Sannerud, B. (2013). Psychometric properties of the Moral Injury Events Scale in an Air Force clinical sample. Manuscript submitted for publication.
6. Bryan, C. J., Clemans, T. A., & Hernandez, A. M. (2012). Perceived burdensomeness, fearlessness of death, and suicidality among deployed military personnel. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 374–379. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.045
7. Bryan, C. J., Clemans, T. A., Hernandez, A. M., & Rudd, M. D. (2013). Loss of consciousness, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and suicide risk among deployed military personnel with mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 28, 13–20. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0b013e31826c73cc
8. Bryan, C.J., Hernandez, A.M., Allison, S., & Clemans, T.A. (2013).Combat exposure and suicide risk in two samples of military personnel. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69, 64–77.doi: 10.1002/jclp.21932
9. Bryan, C. J., Morrow, C. E., Anestis, M. D., & Joiner, T. E. (2010). A preliminary test of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior in a military sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 347–350. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.10.023
10. Bryan, C. J., Morrow, C. E., Etienne, N., & Ray-Sannerud, B. (2013). Guilt, shame and suicidal ideation in a military outpatient sample. Depression and Anxiety, 30, 55–60. doi: 10.1002/da.22002
11. Bryan, C. J., Ray-Sannerud, B., Morrow, C. E., & Etienne, N. (2013). Shame, pride, and suicidal ideation in a military clinical sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 147, 212–216. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.006
12. Carr, R. (2011). When a soldier commits suicide in Iraq: Impact on unit and caregivers. Psychiatry, 74, 95–106. doi: 10.1521/psyc.2011.74.2.95
13. Cerel, J., Van de Venne, J., Moore, M., Maple, M., Flaherty, C., & Walsh, S. (2013). Exposure to suicide in veterans and community members: A random digit dial study. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for Suicidology, Austin, TX.
14. Department of Defense. (2011). The challenge and the promise: Strengthening the force, preventing suicide, and saving lives (Final Report of the Department of Defense Task Force on the Prevention of Suicide by Members of the Armed Forces). Washington, DC: Department of Defense.
15. Drescher, K. D., Foy, D. W., Kelly, C., Leshner, A., Schutz, A., & Litz, B. T. (2011). An exploration of the viability and usefulness of the construct of moral injury in war veterans. Traumatology, 17, 8–13. doi: 10.1177/1534765610395615
16. Fontana, A., Rosenheck, R., & Brett, E. (1992). War zone traumas and posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180, 748–755. doi: 10.1097/00005053-199212000-00002
17. Griffith, J. (2012). Suicide and war: The mediating effects of negative mood, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and social support among Army National Guard soldiers. Suicide and Life Threatening Behaviors, 42, 453–469. doi: 10.1111/j.1943-278X.2012.00104.x
18. Guerra, V. S., Calhoun, P. S., & the Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center Workgroup. (2011). Examining the relation between posttraumatic stress disorder and suicidal ideation in an OEF/OIF veteran sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 12–18. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.06.025
19. Hendin, H., & Haas, A. P. (1991). Suicide and guilt as manifestations of PTSD in Vietnam combat veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 586–591.
20. Hoyert, D. L., & Xu, J. Q. (2012). Deaths: Preliminary data for 2011. National Vital Statistics Reports, 61(6). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr61/nvsr61_06.pdf
21. Jakupcak, M., Cook, J., Imel, Z., Fontana, A., Rosenheck, R., & McFall, M. (2009). Posttraumatic stress disorder as a risk factor for suicidal ideation in Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, 303–306. doi: 10.1002/jts.20423
22. Kanzler, K. E., Bryan, C. J., Morrow, C. E., & McGeary, D. D. (2012). Suicidal ideation and perceived burdensomeness in patients with chronic pain. Pain Practice, 12, 602–609. doi: 10.1111/j.1533-2500.2012.00542.x
23. Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16, 606–613.
24. Leardmann, C. A., Powell, T. M., Smith, T. C., Bell, M. R., Smith, B., Boyko, E. J., Hoge, C. W. (2013). Risk factors associated with suicide in current and former US military personnel. Journal of the American Medical Association, 310, 496–506. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.65164
25. Litz, B. T., Stein, N., Delaney, E., Lebowitz, L., Nash, W. P., Silva, C., & Maguen, S. (2009). Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: A preliminary model and intervention strategy. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 695–706. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.07.003
26. Maguen, S., & Litz, B. T. (2012). Moral injury in veterans of war. National Center for PTSD Research Quarterly, 23, 1–6.
27. Nash, W. P., Marino-Carper, T. L., Mills, M. A., Au, T., Goldsmith, A., & Litz, B. T. (2013). Psychometric evaluation of the Moral Injury Events Scale. Military Medicine, 178, 646–652.
28. Nock, M. K., Holmburg, E. B., Photos, V. I., & Michel, B. D. (2007). Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview: Development, reliability, and validity in an adolescent sample. Psychological Assessment, 19, 309–317. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.19.3.309
29. Osman, A., Gutierrez, P. M., Barrios, F., Wong, J. L., Freedenthal, S., & Lozano, G. (2010). Development and initial psychometric properties of the University of Texas at San Antonio Future Disposition Inventory. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66, 410–429. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20660
30. Rudd, M. D. (in press). Severity of combat exposure, psychological symptoms, social support, and suicide risk in OEF/OIF veterans. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology.
31. Selby, E. A., Anestis, M. D., Bender, T. W., Ribeiro, J. D., Nock, M. K., Rudd, M. D., Joiner, T. E. (2010). Overcoming the fear of lethal injury: Evaluating suicidal behavior in the military through the lens of the Interpersonal–Psychological Theory of Suicide. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 298–307. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.12.004
32. Tarrier, N., & Gregg, L. (2004). Suicide risk in civilian PTSD patients–predictors of suicidal ideation, planning and attempts. Social Psychology and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 39, 655–661.
33. Vargas, A. F., Hanson, T. H., Kraus, D., Drescher, K., & Foy, D. (2013). Moral injury themes in combat veterans’ narrative responses from the National Vietnam Veterans’ Readjustment Study. Traumatology, 19. doi: 10.1177/1534765613476099
34. Weathers, F., Litz, B., Herman, D., Huska, J., & Keane, T. (1993). The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Proceedings of the annual convention of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX.