메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 17, Issue 5, 2016, Pages 1489-1516

Role of Runoff-Infiltration Partitioning and Resolved Overland Flow on Land-Atmosphere Feedbacks: A Case Study with the WRF-Hydro Coupled Modeling System for West Africa

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERE-BIOSPHERE INTERACTION; CLIMATE CHANGE; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; HYDROLOGICAL MODELING; INFILTRATION; OVERLAND FLOW; PRECIPITATION (CLIMATOLOGY); RIVER FLOW; RUNOFF; SOIL MOISTURE; STREAMFLOW; WATER BUDGET;

EID: 84982786901     PISSN: 1525755X     EISSN: 15257541     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JHM-D-15-0089.1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (92)

References (103)
  • 1
    • 79953774668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Initiation of deep convection caused by land-surface inhomogeneities in West Africa: A modelled case study
    • Adler, B., N. Kalthoff, and L. Gantner, 2011: Initiation of deep convection caused by land-surface inhomogeneities in West Africa: A modelled case study. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 112, 15-27, doi:10.1007/s00703-011-0131-2.
    • (2011) Meteor. Atmos. Phys. , vol.112 , pp. 15-27
    • Adler, B.1    Kalthoff, N.2    Gantner, L.3
  • 2
    • 77957155979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of improved soil moisture on the ECMWF precipitation forecast in West Africa
    • Agustí-Panareda, A., G. Balsamo, and A. Beljaars, 2010: Impact of improved soil moisture on the ECMWF precipitation forecast in West Africa. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L20808, doi:10.1029/ 2010GL044748.
    • (2010) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.37 , pp. L20808
    • Agustí-Panareda, A.1    Balsamo, G.2    Beljaars, A.3
  • 3
    • 57849127695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From near-surface to root-zone soil moisture using an exponential filter:Anassessment of themethod based on in-situ observations and model simulations
    • Albergel, C., and Coauthors, 2008: From near-surface to root-zone soil moisture using an exponential filter:Anassessment of themethod based on in-situ observations and model simulations. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 1323-1337, doi:10.5194/hess-12-1323-2008.
    • (2008) Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. , vol.12 , pp. 1323-1337
    • Albergel, C.1
  • 4
    • 45749149552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incorporating water table dynamics in climate modeling: 3. Simulated groundwater influence on coupled land-atmosphere variability.
    • Anyah, R. O., C. P. Weaver, G. Miguez-Macho, Y. Fan, and A. Robock, 2008: Incorporating water table dynamics in climate modeling: 3. Simulated groundwater influence on coupled land-atmosphere variability. J. Geophys. Res., 113, D0703, doi:10.1029/2007JD009087.
    • (2008) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.113 , pp. D0703
    • Anyah, R.O.1    Weaver, C.P.G.2    Miguez-Macho, Y.F.3    Robock, A.4
  • 5
    • 84901351855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Field and simulation experiments for investigating regional land-atmosphere interactions in West Africa: Experimental setup and first results
    • Bliefernicht, J., and Coauthors, 2013: Field and simulation experiments for investigating regional land-atmosphere interactions in West Africa: Experimental setup and first results. IAHS Publ., 359, 226-232.
    • (2013) IAHS Publ. , vol.359 , pp. 226-232
    • Bliefernicht, J.1
  • 6
    • 84903803794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An initial estimate of depth to groundwater across Africa
    • OR/11/067
    • Bonsor, H. C., and A. M. MacDonald, 2011: An initial estimate of depth to groundwater across Africa. British Geological Survey Open Rep. OR/11/067, 26 pp.
    • (2011) British Geological Survey Open Rep , pp. 26
    • Bonsor, H.C.1    MacDonald, A.M.2
  • 7
    • 80054992592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil moisture estimation through ASCAT and AMSR-E sensors: An intercomparison and validation study across Europe
    • Brocca, L., and Coauthors, 2011: Soil moisture estimation through ASCAT and AMSR-E sensors: An intercomparison and validation study across Europe. Remote Sens. Environ., 115, 3390-3408, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2011.08.003.
    • (2011) Remote Sens. Environ. , vol.115 , pp. 3390-3408
    • Brocca, L.1
  • 8
    • 84861638768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional climate model sensitivity to domain size for the simulation of the West African summer monsoon rainfall
    • Browne, N. A. K., and M. B. Sylla, 2012: Regional climate model sensitivity to domain size for the simulation of the West African summer monsoon rainfall. Int. J. Geophys., 2012, 625831, doi:10.1155/2012/625831.
    • (2012) Int. J. Geophys. , vol.2012 , pp. 625831
    • Browne, N.A.K.1    Sylla, M.B.2
  • 9
    • 0026614226 scopus 로고
    • A runoff capability classification system based on surface features criteria in semi-arid areas of West Africa
    • Casenave, A., and C. Valentin, 1992: A runoff capability classification system based on surface features criteria in semi-arid areas of West Africa. J. Hydrol., 130, 231-249, doi:10.1016/ 0022-1694(92)90112-9.
    • (1992) J. Hydrol. , vol.130 , pp. 231-249
    • Casenave, A.1    Valentin, C.2
  • 10
    • 0035303091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coupling an advanced land surface-hydrology model with the Penn State-NCAR MM5 Modeling System, Part I: Model implementation and sensitivity.
    • Chen, F., and J. Dudhia, 2001: Coupling an advanced land surface- hydrology model with the Penn State-NCAR MM5 Modeling System. Part I: Model implementation and sensitivity. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 569-585, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129,0569: CAALSH.2.0.CO;2.
    • (2001) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.129 , pp. 569-585
    • Chen, F.1    Dudhia, J.2
  • 11
    • 67651121530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the coupling strength between the land surface and the atmosphere: From viewpoint of surface exchange coefficients
    • Chen F., Dudhia J., and Y. Zhang, 2009: On the coupling strength between the land surface and the atmosphere: From viewpoint of surface exchange coefficients. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L10404, doi:10.1029/2009GL037980.
    • (2009) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.36 , pp. L10404
    • Chen, F.1    Dudhia, J.2    Zhang, Y.3
  • 12
    • 0027789485 scopus 로고
    • Hydrological processes in a small humid savanna basin (Ivory Coast)
    • Chevallier, P., and O. Planchon, 1993: Hydrological processes in a small humid savanna basin (Ivory Coast). J. Hydrol., 151, 173-191, doi:10.1016/0022-1694(93)90235-2.
    • (1993) J. Hydrol. , vol.151 , pp. 173-191
    • Chevallier, P.1    Planchon, O.2
  • 13
    • 0033608663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mapping global land surface albedo from NOAA/AVHRR
    • Csiszar, I., and G. Gutman, 1999: Mapping global land surface albedo from NOAA/AVHRR. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 6215-6228, doi:10.1029/1998JD200090.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104 , pp. 6215-6228
    • Csiszar, I.1    Gutman, G.2
  • 14
    • 79955446270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system
    • Dee, D. P., and Coauthors, 2011: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553-597, doi:10.1002/qj.828.
    • (2011) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.137 , pp. 553-597
    • Dee, D.P.1
  • 15
    • 79958119918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of vegetation dynamics on climate variability: Contrasting results from two modeling studies
    • Delire, C., N. de Noblet-Ducoudré,A. Sima, and I. Gouirand, 2011: Effect of vegetation dynamics on climate variability: Contrasting results from two modeling studies. J. Climate, 24, 2238-2257, doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3664.1.
    • (2011) J. Climate , vol.24 , pp. 2238-2257
    • Delire, C.1    de Noblet-Ducoudré N.Sima, A.2    Gouirand, I.3
  • 16
    • 69549113912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatio-temporal variability of hydrological regimes around the boundaries between Sahelian and Sudanian areas of West Africa: A synthesis
    • Descroix, L., and Coauthors, 2009: Spatio-temporal variability of hydrological regimes around the boundaries between Sahelian and Sudanian areas of West Africa: A synthesis. J. Hydrol., 375, 90-102, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.12.012.
    • (2009) J. Hydrol. , vol.375 , pp. 90-102
    • Descroix, L.1
  • 17
    • 80051954273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The terrestrial segment of soil moisture- climate coupling
    • Dirmeyer, P. A., 2011: The terrestrial segment of soil moisture- climate coupling. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L16702, doi:10.1029/ 2011GL048268.
    • (2011) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.38 , pp. L16702
    • Dirmeyer, P.A.1
  • 18
    • 45849088865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impacts of precipitation events and land-use changes on West African river discharges during the years 1951-2000
    • d'Orgeval, T., and J. Polcher, 2008: Impacts of precipitation events and land-use changes on West African river discharges during the years 1951-2000. Climate Dyn., 31, 249-262, doi:10.1007/ s00382-007-0350-x.
    • (2008) Climate Dyn. , vol.31 , pp. 249-262
    • d'Orgeval, T.1    Polcher, J.2
  • 19
    • 84929061651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the ESA CCI soil moisture product using ground-based observations
    • Dorigo, W. A., and Coauthors, 2014: Evaluation of the ESA CCI soil moisture product using ground-based observations. Remote Sens. Environ., 162, 380-395, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2014.07.023.
    • (2014) Remote Sens. Environ. , vol.162 , pp. 380-395
    • Dorigo, W.A.1
  • 20
    • 0024921060 scopus 로고
    • Numerical study of convection observed during the Winter Monsoon Experiment using a mesoscale twodimensional model
    • Dudhia, J., 1989: Numerical study of convection observed during the Winter Monsoon Experiment using a mesoscale twodimensional model. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3077-3107, doi:10.1175/ 1520-0469(1989)046,3077:NSOCOD.2.0.CO;2.
    • (1989) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.46 , pp. 3077-3107
    • Dudhia, J.1
  • 22
    • 1442314273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implementation of Noah land surface model advances in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction operational Mesoscale Eta Model
    • Ek, M. B., K. E. Mitchell, Y. Lin, E. Rogers, P. Grummann, V. Koren, G. Gayno, and J. D. Tarpley, 2003: Implementation of Noah land surface model advances in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction operational Mesoscale Eta Model. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8851, doi:10.1029/2002JD003296.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.108 , pp. 8851
    • Ek, M.B.1    Mitchell, K.E.2    Lin, Y.3    Rogers, E.4    Grummann, P.5    Koren, V.6    Gayno, G.7    Tarpley, J.D.8
  • 23
    • 0037221795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multi-scale approach of runoff generation in a Sahelian gully catchment: A case study in Niger
    • Esteves, M., and J. M. Lapetite, 2003: A multi-scale approach of runoff generation in a Sahelian gully catchment: A case study in Niger. Catena, 50, 255-271, doi:10.1016/S0341-8162(02)00136-4.
    • (2003) Catena , vol.50 , pp. 255-271
    • Esteves, M.1    Lapetite, J.M.2
  • 24
    • 0042098045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric controls on soil moisture-boundary layer interactions: Three-dimensional wind effects
    • Findell, K. L., and E. A. Eltahir, 2003: Atmospheric controls on soil moisture-boundary layer interactions: Three-dimensional wind effects. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8385, doi:10.1029/2001JD001515.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.108 , pp. 8385
    • Findell, K.L.1    Eltahir, E.A.2
  • 25
    • 18644370258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global land cover mapping from MODIS: Algorithms and early results
    • Friedl, M. A., and Coauthors, 2002: Global land cover mapping from MODIS: Algorithms and early results. Remote Sens. Environ., 83, 287-302, doi:10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00078-0.
    • (2002) Remote Sens. Environ. , vol.83 , pp. 287-302
    • Friedl, M.A.1
  • 26
    • 84893846225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of the background wind on the local soil moisture-precipitation feedbacks
    • Froidevaux, P., L. Schlemmer, J. Schmidli, W. Langhans, and C. Schär, 2014: Influence of the background wind on the local soil moisture-precipitation feedbacks. J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 782- 799, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-13-0180.1.
    • (2014) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.71 , pp. 782- 799
    • Froidevaux, P.1    Schlemmer, L.2    Schmidli, J.3    Langhans, W.4    Schär, C.5
  • 27
    • 77949363947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of a modelled life cycle of a mesoscale convective system to soil conditions over West Africa
    • Gantner, L., and N. Kalthoff, 2010: Sensitivity of a modelled life cycle of a mesoscale convective system to soil conditions over West Africa. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 471-482, doi:10.1002/qj.425.
    • (2010) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.136 , pp. 471-482
    • Gantner, L.1    Kalthoff, N.2
  • 28
    • 69449095374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydrological enhancements to the community Noah land surface model
    • Gochis, D., and F. Chen, 2003: Hydrological enhancements to the community Noah land surface model. NCAR Scientific Tech. Rep., 77 pp. [Available online at http://nldr.library.ucar.edu/repository/assets/technotes/TECH-NOTE-000-000-000-516.pdf.]
    • (2003) NCAR Scientific Tech. Rep. , pp. 77
    • Gochis, D.1    Chen, F.2
  • 29
    • 84906847761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The WRF-Hydro model technical description and user's guide, version 2.0.
    • Gochis D., W. Yu, and D. N. Yates, 2014: The WRF-Hydro model technical description and user's guide, version 2.0. NCAR Tech. Doc., 120 pp. [Available online at https://www.ral.ucar.edu/projects/wrf_hydro.]
    • (2014) NCAR Tech. Doc. , pp. 120
    • Gochis, D.1    Yu, W.2    Yates, D.N.3
  • 30
    • 0002487380 scopus 로고
    • A description of the Fifth generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5)
    • Grell, G., J. Dudhia, and D. Stauffer, 1994: A description of the Fifth generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5). NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-3981STR, 121 pp., doi:10.5065/ D60Z716B.
    • (1994) NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-3981STR , pp. 121
    • Grell, G.1    Dudhia, J.2    Stauffer, D.3
  • 31
    • 33745111142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GLACE: The Global Land- Atmosphere Coupling Experiment
    • Guo, Z., and Coauthors, 2006: GLACE: The Global Land- Atmosphere Coupling Experiment. Part II: Analysis. J. Hydrometeor., 7, 611-625, doi:10.1175/JHM511.1.
    • (2006) Part II: Analysis. J. Hydrometeor. , vol.7 , pp. 611-625
    • Guo, Z.1
  • 32
    • 0000796604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The derivation of the green vegetation fraction from NOAA/AVHRR data for use in numerical weather prediction models
    • Gutman, G., and A. Ignatov, 1998: The derivation of the green vegetation fraction from NOAA/AVHRR data for use in numerical weather prediction models. Int. J. Remote Sens., 19, 1533-1543, doi:10.1080/014311698215333.
    • (1998) Int. J. Remote Sens. , vol.19 , pp. 1533-1543
    • Gutman, G.1    Ignatov, A.2
  • 33
    • 84894028978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of uncertainties in the response of the African monsoon precipitation to land use change simulated by a regional model
    • Hagos, S. M., L. Y. R. Leung, Y. Xue, A. Boone, F. de Sales, N. Neupane, M. Huang, and J. H. Yoon, 2014: Assessment of uncertainties in the response of the African monsoon precipitation to land use change simulated by a regional model. Climate Dyn., 43, 2765-2775, doi:10.1007/s00382-014-2092-x.
    • (2014) Climate Dyn. , vol.43 , pp. 2765-2775
    • Hagos, S.M.1    Leung, L.Y.R.2    Xue, Y.3    Boone, A.4    de Sales, F.5    Neupane, N.6    Huang, M.7    Yoon, J.H.8
  • 34
    • 84896707401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Updated high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations- The CRU TS3.10 dataset
    • Harris, I., P. D. Jones, T. J. Osborn, and D. H. Lister, 2014: Updated high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations- The CRU TS3.10 dataset. Int. J. Climatol., 34, 623-642, doi:10.1002/joc.3711.
    • (2014) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.34 , pp. 623-642
    • Harris, I.1    Jones, P.D.2    Osborn, T.J.3    Lister, D.H.4
  • 35
    • 1842587750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A revised approach to ice microphysical processes for the bulk parameterization of clouds and precipitation
    • Hong, S.-Y., J. Dudhia, and S.-H. Chen, 2004: A revised approach to ice microphysical processes for the bulk parameterization of clouds and precipitation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 103-120, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132,0103:ARATIM.2.0.CO;2.
    • (2004) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.132 , pp. 103-120
    • Hong, S.-Y.1    Dudhia, J.2    Chen, S.-H.3
  • 36
    • 33749016495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes
    • Hong, S.-Y., J. Dudhia, and S.-H. Chen, Y. Noh, and J. Dudhia, 2006: A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 2318-2341, doi:10.1175/MWR3199.1.
    • (2006) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.134 , pp. 2318-2341
    • Hong, S.-Y.1    Dudhia, J.2    Chen, S.-H.3    Noh, Y.4    Dudhia, J.5
  • 37
    • 33947356755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The TRMM Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis: Quasi-global, multi-year, combinedsensor precipitation estimates at fine scale
    • Huffman, G. J., and Coauthors, 2007: The TRMM Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis: Quasi-global, multi-year, combinedsensor precipitation estimates at fine scale. J. Hydrometeor., 8, 38-55, doi:10.1175/JHM560.1.
    • (2007) J. Hydrometeor. , vol.8 , pp. 38-55
    • Huffman, G.J.1
  • 38
    • 0035398643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preconditioning Newton- Krylov methods for variably saturated flow
    • Jones, J. E., and C. S. Woodward, 2001: Preconditioning Newton- Krylov methods for variably saturated flow. Adv. Water Resour., 24, 763-774, doi:10.1016/S0309-1708(00)00075-0.
    • (2001) Adv. Water Resour. , vol.24 , pp. 763-774
    • Jones, J.E.1    Woodward, C.S.2
  • 39
    • 0029326803 scopus 로고
    • Raster-based hydrologic modeling of spatially-varied surface runoff
    • Julien, P. Y., B. Saghafian, and F. L. Ogden, 1995: Raster-based hydrologic modeling of spatially-varied surface runoff. J. Amer. Water Resour. Assoc., 31, 523-536, doi:10.1111/ j.1752-1688.1995.tb04039.x.
    • (1995) J. Amer. Water Resour. Assoc. , vol.31 , pp. 523-536
    • Julien, P.Y.1    Saghafian, B.2    Ogden, F.L.3
  • 40
    • 84860601259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joint climate- hydrology modeling: An impact study for the data-sparse environment of the Volta basin in West Africa
    • Jung, G., S. Wagner, and H. Kunstmann, 2012: Joint climate- hydrology modeling: An impact study for the data-sparse environment of the Volta basin in West Africa. Hydrol. Res., 43, 231-248, doi:10.2166/nh.2012.044.
    • (2012) Hydrol. Res. , vol.43 , pp. 231-248
    • Jung, G.1    Wagner, S.2    Kunstmann, H.3
  • 41
    • 77953589394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards global empirical upscaling of FLUXNET eddy covariance observations: Validation of a model tree ensemble approach using a biosphere model
    • Jung, M., M. Reichstein, and A. Bondeau, 2009: Towards global empirical upscaling of FLUXNET eddy covariance observations: Validation of a model tree ensemble approach using a biosphere model. Biogeosciences, 6, 2001-2013, doi:10.5194/ bg-6-2001-2009.
    • (2009) Biogeosciences , vol.6 , pp. 2001-2013
    • Jung, M.1    Reichstein, M.2    Bondeau, A.3
  • 42
    • 78049234152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent decline in the global land evapotranspiration trend due to limited moisture supply
    • Jung M., Reichstein M., Bondeau A., and Coauthors, 2010: Recent decline in the global land evapotranspiration trend due to limited moisture supply. Nature, 467, 951-954, doi:10.1038/nature09396.
    • (2010) Nature , vol.467 , pp. 951-954
    • Jung, M.1    Reichstein, M.2    Bondeau, A.3
  • 43
    • 1342310488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Kain-Fritsch convective parameterization: An update
    • Kain, J. S., 2004: The Kain-Fritsch convective parameterization: An update. J. Appl. Meteor., 43, 170-181, doi:10.1175/ 1520-0450(2004)043,0170:TKCPAU.2.0.CO;2.
    • (2004) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.43 , pp. 170-181
    • Kain, J.S.1
  • 44
    • 84946479158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variability of West African monsoon patterns generated by a WRF multi-physics ensemble
    • Klein, C., D. Heinzeller, J. Bliefernicht, and H. Kunstmann, 2015: Variability of West African monsoon patterns generated by a WRF multi-physics ensemble. Climate Dyn., 45, 2733-2755, doi:10.1007/s00382-015-2505-5.
    • (2015) Climate Dyn. , vol.45 , pp. 2733-2755
    • Klein, C.1    Heinzeller, D.2    Bliefernicht, J.3    Kunstmann, H.4
  • 45
    • 4143112257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regions of strong coupling between soil moisture and precipitation
    • Koster, R. D., and Coauthors, 2004: Regions of strong coupling between soil moisture and precipitation. Science, 305, 1138- 1140, doi:10.1126/science.1100217.
    • (2004) Science , vol.305 , pp. 1138- 1140
    • Koster, R.D.1
  • 46
    • 33748304816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GLACE: The Global Land-Atmosphere Coupling Experiment
    • Koster R.D., and Coauthors, 2006: GLACE: The Global Land-Atmosphere Coupling Experiment. Part I: Overview. J. Hydrometeor., 7, 590- 610, doi:10.1175/JHM510.1.
    • (2006) Part I: Overview. J. Hydrometeor. , vol.7 , pp. 590- 610
    • Koster, R.D.1
  • 47
    • 77952544379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contribution of land surface initialization to subseasonal forecast skill: First results from a multi-model experiment
    • Koster R.D., S. Mahanama, and T. Yamada, 2010: Contribution of land surface initialization to subseasonal forecast skill: First results from a multi-model experiment. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L02402, doi:10.1029/2009GL041677.
    • (2010) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.37 , pp. L02402
    • Koster, R.D.1    Mahanama, S.2    Yamada, T.3
  • 48
    • 84919754228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A mechanism for land- atmosphere feedback involving planetary wave structures
    • Koster R.D., S. Mahanama, and T. Yamada, Y. Chang, and S. Schubert, 2014: A mechanism for land- atmosphere feedback involving planetary wave structures. J. Climate, 27, 9290-9301, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00315.1.
    • (2014) J. Climate , vol.27 , pp. 9290-9301
    • Koster, R.D.1    Mahanama, S.2    Yamada, T.3    Chang, Y.4    Schubert, S.5
  • 49
    • 84903901210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing impacts of integrating MODIS vegetation data in the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)Model coupled to two different canopy-resistance approaches
    • Kumar, A., F. Chen, M. Barlage, M. B. Ek, and D. Niyogi, 2014: Assessing impacts of integrating MODIS vegetation data in the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)Model coupled to two different canopy-resistance approaches. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 53, 1362-1380, doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-13-0247.1.
    • (2014) J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol. , vol.53 , pp. 1362-1380
    • Kumar, A.1    Chen, F.2    Barlage, M.3    Ek, M.B.4    Niyogi, D.5
  • 50
    • 34548303864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of soil-moisture and land use change on precipitation in the Volta basin of West Africa
    • Kunstmann, H., and G. Jung, 2007: Influence of soil-moisture and land use change on precipitation in the Volta basin of West Africa. Int. J. River Basin Manage., 5, 9-16, doi:10.1080/ 15715124.2007.9635301.
    • (2007) Int. J. River Basin Manage. , vol.5 , pp. 9-16
    • Kunstmann, H.1    Jung, G.2
  • 51
    • 41949088049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The propagation and diurnal cycles of deep convection in northern tropical Africa
    • Laing, A. G., R. E. Carbone, V. Levizzani, and J. D. Tuttle, 2008: The propagation and diurnal cycles of deep convection in northern tropical Africa. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 134, 93- 109, doi:10.1002/qj.194.
    • (2008) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.134 , pp. 93- 109
    • Laing, A.G.1    Carbone, R.E.2    Levizzani, V.3    Tuttle, J.D.4
  • 52
    • 84913556035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Results from a full coupling of the HIRHAM regional climate model and the MIKE SHE hydrologicalmodel for aDanish catchment
    • Larsen, M. A. D., J. C. Refsgaard, M. Drews, M. B. Butts, K. H. Jensen, J. Christensen, and O. Christensen, 2014: Results from a full coupling of the HIRHAM regional climate model and the MIKE SHE hydrologicalmodel for aDanish catchment. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 4733-4749, doi:10.5194/hess-18-4733-2014.
    • (2014) Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. , vol.18 , pp. 4733-4749
    • Larsen, M.A.D.1    Refsgaard, J.C.2    Drews, M.3    Butts, M.B.4    Jensen, K.H.5    Christensen, J.6    Christensen, O.7
  • 53
    • 67349239961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMMA-CATCH studies in the Sahelian region of West-Africa: An overview
    • Lebel, T., and Coauthors, 2009: AMMA-CATCH studies in the Sahelian region of West-Africa: An overview. J. Hydrol., 375, 3-13, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.03.020.
    • (2009) J. Hydrol. , vol.375 , pp. 3-13
    • Lebel, T.1
  • 54
    • 42049104077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New global hydrography derived from spaceborne elevation data
    • Lehner, B., K. Verdin, and A. Jarvis, 2008: New global hydrography derived from spaceborne elevation data. Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 89, 93-94, doi:10.1029/2008EO100001.
    • (2008) Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union , vol.89 , pp. 93-94
    • Lehner, B.1    Verdin, K.2    Jarvis, A.3
  • 55
    • 84898802956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface response to rain events throughout the West African monsoon
    • Lohou, F., and Coauthors, 2014: Surface response to rain events throughout the West African monsoon. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 3883-3898, doi:10.5194/acp-14-3883-2014.
    • (2014) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.14 , pp. 3883-3898
    • Lohou, F.1
  • 56
    • 84908583258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-scale runoff from landmasses: A global assessment of the closure of the hydrological and atmospheric water balances
    • Lorenz, C., H. Kunstmann, B. Devaraju, M. J. Tourian, N. Sneeuw, and J. Riegger, 2014: Large-scale runoff from landmasses: A global assessment of the closure of the hydrological and atmospheric water balances. J. Hydrometeor., 15, 2111-2139, doi:10.1175/JHM-D-13-0157.1.
    • (2014) J. Hydrometeor. , vol.15 , pp. 2111-2139
    • Lorenz, C.1    Kunstmann, H.2    Devaraju, B.3    Tourian, M.J.4    Sneeuw, N.5    Riegger, J.6
  • 57
    • 60549086765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving the behavior of the cumulus parameterization for tropical cyclone prediction: Convection trigger
    • Ma, L.-M., and Z.-M. Tan, 2009: Improving the behavior of the cumulus parameterization for tropical cyclone prediction: Convection trigger. Atmos. Res., 92, 190-211, doi:10.1016/ j.atmosres.2008.09.022.
    • (2009) Atmos. Res. , vol.92 , pp. 190-211
    • Ma, L.-M.1    Tan, Z.-M.2
  • 58
    • 84877992054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of moist convection in the West African monsoon system: Insights from continental-scale convection-permitting simulations
    • Marsham, J. H., N. Dixon, L. Garcia-Carreras, G. M. S. Lister, D. J. Parker, P. Knippertz, and C. Birch, 2013: The role of moist convection in the West African monsoon system: Insights from continental-scale convection-permitting simulations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1843-1849, doi:10.1002/grl.50347.
    • (2013) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.40 , pp. 1843-1849
    • Marsham, J.H.1    Dixon, N.2    Garcia-Carreras, L.3    Lister, G.M.S.4    Parker, D.J.5    Knippertz, P.6    Birch, C.7
  • 59
    • 34848872576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The groundwater-land-surface-atmosphere connection: Soil moisture effects on the atmospheric boundary layer in fully-coupled simulations
    • Maxwell, R. M., F. K. Chow, and S. J. Kollet, 2007: The groundwater-land-surface-atmosphere connection: Soil moisture effects on the atmospheric boundary layer in fully-coupled simulations. Adv. Water Resour., 30, 2447-2466, doi:10.1016/ j.advwatres.2007.05.018.
    • (2007) Adv. Water Resour. , vol.30 , pp. 2447-2466
    • Maxwell, R.M.1    Chow, F.K.2    Kollet, S.J.3
  • 61
    • 34548630838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incorporating water table dynamics in climate modeling: 2. Formulation, validation, and soil moisture simulation
    • Miguez-Macho,G., Y. Fan, C. P. Weaver, R.Walko, andA. Robock, 2007: Incorporating water table dynamics in climate modeling: 2. Formulation, validation, and soil moisture simulation. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D13108, doi:10.1029/2006JD008112.
    • (2007) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.112 , pp. D13108
    • Miguez-Macho, G.1    Fan, Y.2    Weaver, C.P.3    Walko, R.4    Robock, A.5
  • 62
    • 79952962003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magnitude and variability of land evaporation and its components at the global scale
    • Miralles, D. G., R. A. M. de Jeu, J. H. Gash, T. R. H. Holmes, and A. J. Dolman, 2011: Magnitude and variability of land evaporation and its components at the global scale. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 967-981, doi:10.5194/hess-15-967-2011.
    • (2011) Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. , vol.15 , pp. 967-981
    • Miralles, D.G.1    de Jeu, R.A.M.2    Gash, J.H.3    Holmes, T.R.H.4    Dolman, A.J.5
  • 63
    • 0000453046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave
    • Mlawer, E. J., S. J. Taubman, P. D. Brown, M. J. Iacono, and S. A. Clough, 1997: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16 663-16 682, doi:10.1029/ 97JD00237.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 16 663-16 682
    • Mlawer, E.J.1    Taubman, S.J.2    Brown, P.D.3    Iacono, M.J.4    Clough, S.A.5
  • 64
    • 77954143603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of soil moisture initialisation and lateral boundary conditions on regional climate model simulations of theWest African Monsoon
    • Moufouma-Okia, W., and D. P. Rowell, 2009: Impact of soil moisture initialisation and lateral boundary conditions on regional climate model simulations of theWest African Monsoon. Climate Dyn., 35, 213-229, doi:10.1007/s00382-009-0638-0.
    • (2009) Climate Dyn. , vol.35 , pp. 213-229
    • Moufouma-Okia, W.1    Rowell, D.P.2
  • 65
    • 35548929314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a global evapotranspiration algorithm based on MODIS and global meteorology data
    • Mu, Q., F. A. Heinsch, M. Zhao, and S. W. Running, 2007: Development of a global evapotranspiration algorithm based on MODIS and global meteorology data. Remote Sens. Environ., 111, 519-536, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2007.04.015.
    • (2007) Remote Sens. Environ. , vol.111 , pp. 519-536
    • Mu, Q.1    Heinsch, F.A.2    Zhao, M.3    Running, S.W.4
  • 66
    • 79957615912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improvements to a MODIS global terrestrial evapotranspiration algorithm
    • Mu, Q., F. A. Heinsch, M., M. Zhao, and S. W. Running, 2011: Improvements to a MODIS global terrestrial evapotranspiration algorithm. Remote Sens. Environ., 115, 1781-1800, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2011.02.019.
    • (2011) Remote Sens. Environ. , vol.115 , pp. 1781-1800
    • Mu, Q.1    Heinsch, F.A.2    Zhao, M.M.3    Running, S.W.4
  • 67
    • 0014776873 scopus 로고
    • River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I-A discussion of principles
    • Nash, J. E., and J. V. Sutcliffe, 1970: River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I-A discussion of principles. J. Hydrol., 10, 282-290, doi:10.1016/0022-1694(70)90255-6.
    • (1970) J. Hydrol. , vol.10 , pp. 282-290
    • Nash, J.E.1    Sutcliffe, J.V.2
  • 68
    • 84940613269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Land surface processes and Sahel climate
    • Nicholson, S. E., 2000: Land surface processes and Sahel climate. Rev. Geophys., 38, 117-139, doi:10.1029/1999RG900014.
    • (2000) Rev. Geophys. , vol.38 , pp. 117-139
    • Nicholson, S.E.1
  • 69
    • 84971231942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The West African Sahel: A review of recent studies on the rainfall regime and its interannual variability
    • Nicholson S.E., 2013: The West African Sahel: A review of recent studies on the rainfall regime and its interannual variability. ISRN Meteor., 2013, 453521, doi:10.1155/2013/453521.
    • (2013) ISRN Meteor. , vol.2013 , pp. 453521
    • Nicholson, S.E.1
  • 70
    • 0344066289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of TRMM and other rainfall estimates with a high-density gauge dataset for West Africa, Part II: Validation of TRMM rainfall products.
    • Nicholson S.E., and Coauthors, 2003: Validation of TRMM and other rainfall estimates with a high-density gauge dataset for West Africa. Part II: Validation of TRMM rainfall products. J. Appl. Meteor., 42, 1355- 1368, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042,1355:VOTAOR.2.0.CO;2.
    • (2003) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.42 , pp. 1355- 1368
    • Nicholson, S.E.1
  • 71
    • 0342923735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CASC2D reference manual. Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering
    • University of Connecticut
    • Ogden, F. L., 1997: CASC2D reference manual. Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, 83 pp.
    • (1997) , pp. 83
    • Ogden, F.L.1
  • 72
    • 34547667580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ICTP RegCM3 and RegCNET: Regional climate modeling for the developing world
    • and Coauthors
    • Pal, J. S., and Coauthors, 2007: The ICTP RegCM3 and RegCNET: Regional climate modeling for the developing world. Bull.Amer. Meteor. Soc., 88, 1395-1409, doi:10.1175/BAMS-88-9-1395.
    • (2007) Bull.Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.88 , pp. 1395-1409
    • Pal, J.S.1
  • 73
    • 0030615671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Runoff generation processes: Results and analysis of field data collected at the central supersite of the HAPEXSahel experiment
    • Peugeot, C., M. Esteves, S. Galle, J. L. Rajot, and J. P. Vandervaere, 1997: Runoff generation processes: Results and analysis of field data collected at the central supersite of the HAPEXSahel experiment. J. Hydrol., 188-189, 179-202, doi:10.1016/ S0022-1694(96)03159-9.
    • (1997) J. Hydrol , vol.188-189 , pp. 179-202
    • Peugeot, C.1    Esteves, M.2    Galle, S.3    Rajot, J.L.4    Vandervaere, J.P.5
  • 75
    • 0034936141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of the spatial distribution of vegetation and soils on the prediction of cumulus convective rainfall
    • Pielke, R. A., Sr., 2001: Influence of the spatial distribution of vegetation and soils on the prediction of cumulus convective rainfall. Rev. Geophys., 39, 151-177, doi:10.1029/1999RG000072.
    • (2001) Rev. Geophys. , vol.39 , pp. 151-177
    • Pielke, R.A.1
  • 77
    • 84885897663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of land model calibration on coupled land-atmosphere prediction
    • Santanello, J. A., S. V. Kumar, C. D. Peters-Lidard, K. Harisson, and S. Zhou, 2013: Impact of land model calibration on coupled land-atmosphere prediction. J. Hydrometeor., 14, 1373- 1400, doi:10.1175/JHM-D-12-0127.1.
    • (2013) J. Hydrometeor. , vol.14 , pp. 1373- 1400
    • Santanello, J.A.1    Kumar, S.V.2    Peters-Lidard, C.D.3    Harisson, K.4    Zhou, S.5
  • 78
    • 0030466349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simple water balance model for estimating runoff at different spatial and temporal scales
    • Schaake, J. C., V. I. Koren, Q.-Y. Duan, K. Mitchell, and F. Chen, 1996: Simple water balance model for estimating runoff at different spatial and temporal scales. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 7461-7475, doi:10.1029/95JD02892.
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101 , pp. 7461-7475
    • Schaake, J.C.1    Koren, V.I.2    Duan, Q.-Y.3    Mitchell, K.4    Chen, F.5
  • 79
    • 84860433780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A description of the nonhydrostatic regional COSMO model
    • Part VII: User's guide. Deutscher Wetterdienst
    • Schättler, U., G. Doms, and C. Schraff, 2008: A description of the nonhydrostatic regional COSMO model. Part VII: User's guide. Deutscher Wetterdienst, 194 pp. [Available online at http://www.cosmo-model.org/content/model/documentation/core/cosmoUserGuide.pdf.]
    • (2008) , pp. 194
    • Schättler, U.1    Doms, G.2    Schraff, C.3
  • 80
    • 15244342802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mapping the global distribution of deep roots in relation to climate and soil characteristics
    • Schenk,H. J., andR.B. Jackson, 2005: Mapping the global distribution of deep roots in relation to climate and soil characteristics. Geoderma, 126, 129-140, doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.11.018.
    • (2005) Geoderma , vol.126 , pp. 129-140
    • Schenk, H.J.1    Jackson, R.B.2
  • 81
    • 0003419230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Model Description WaSiM-ETH
    • Schulla, J., and K. Jasper, 2007: Model Description WaSiM-ETH. ETHZürich, 181 pp. [Available online at http://www.wasim.ch/downloads/doku/wasim/wasim_2007_en.pdf.]
    • (2007) ETHZürich , pp. 181
    • Schulla, J.1    Jasper, K.2
  • 82
    • 33749256100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calibration and uncertainty issues of a hydrologic model (SWAT) applied to West Africa
    • Schuol, J., and K. C. Abbaspour, 2006: Calibration and uncertainty issues of a hydrologic model (SWAT) applied to West Africa. Adv. Geosci., 9, 137-143, doi:10.5194/adgeo-9-137-2006.
    • (2006) Adv. Geosci. , vol.9 , pp. 137-143
    • Schuol, J.1    Abbaspour, K.C.2
  • 83
    • 77953040367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of mesoscale convective systems on the surface and boundary layer structure inWestAfrica: Case-studies from theAMMAcampaign 2006.Quart
    • Schwendike, J., N. Kalthoff, and M. Kohler, 2010: The impact of mesoscale convective systems on the surface and boundary layer structure inWestAfrica: Case-studies from theAMMAcampaign 2006.Quart. J. Roy.Meteor. Soc., 136, 566-582, doi:10.1002/qj.599.
    • (2010) J. Roy.Meteor. Soc. , vol.136 , pp. 566-582
    • Schwendike, J.1    Kalthoff, N.2    Kohler, M.3
  • 84
    • 33748660216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Land-atmosphere coupling and climate change in Europe
    • Seneviratne, S. I., D. Lüthi, M. Litschi, and C. Schär, 2006: Land- atmosphere coupling and climate change in Europe. Nature, 443, 205-209, doi:10.1038/nature05095.
    • (2006) Nature , vol.443 , pp. 205-209
    • Seneviratne, S.I.1    Lüthi, D.2    Litschi, M.3    Schär, C.4
  • 86
    • 84906872115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A scale-consistent terrestrial systems modeling platform based on COSMO, CLM, and ParFlow
    • Shrestha, P., M. Sulis, M. Masbou, S. Kollet, and C. Simmer, 2014: A scale-consistent terrestrial systems modeling platform based on COSMO, CLM, and ParFlow. Mon. Wea. Rev., 142, 3466-3483, doi:10.1175/MWR-D-14-00029.1.
    • (2014) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.142 , pp. 3466-3483
    • Shrestha, P.1    Sulis, M.2    Masbou, M.3    Kollet, S.4    Simmer, C.5
  • 87
    • 39749134275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atime-split nonhydrostatic atmospheric model for weather research and forecasting applications
    • Skamarock, W. C., and J. B. Klemp, 2008:Atime-split nonhydrostatic atmospheric model for weather research and forecasting applications. J. Comput. Phys., 227, 3465-3485, doi:10.1016/ j.jcp.2007.01.037.
    • (2008) J. Comput. Phys. , vol.227 , pp. 3465-3485
    • Skamarock, W.C.1    Klemp, J.B.2
  • 88
    • 84864068331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implementation and performance analysis of a high resolution coupled numerical weather and river runoff prediction model system for an Alpine catchment
    • Smiatek, G., H. Kunstmann, and J. Werhahn, 2012: Implementation and performance analysis of a high resolution coupled numerical weather and river runoff prediction model system for an Alpine catchment. Environ. Modell. Software, 38, 231-243, doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.06.001.
    • (2012) Environ. Modell. Software , vol.38 , pp. 231-243
    • Smiatek, G.1    Kunstmann, H.2    Werhahn, J.3
  • 89
    • 84870576529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of interactive vegetation phenology on the 2003 summer heat waves
    • Stéfanon, M., P. Drobinski, F. D'Andrea, and N. de Noblet- Ducoudré, 2012: Effects of interactive vegetation phenology on the 2003 summer heat waves. J. Geophys. Res., 117, D24103, doi:10.1029/2012JD018187.
    • (2012) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.117 , pp. D24103
    • Stéfanon, M.1    Drobinski, P.2    D'Andrea, F.3    de Noblet-Ducoudré, N.4
  • 90
    • 75249095301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Land surface coupling in regional climate simulations of the West African monsoon
    • Steiner, A., J. Pal, S. Rauscher, J. Bell, N. Diffenbaugh, A. Boone, L. Sloan, and F. Giorgi, 2009: Land surface coupling in regional climate simulations of the West African monsoon. Climate Dyn., 33, 869-892, doi:10.1007/s00382-009-0543-6.
    • (2009) Climate Dyn. , vol.33 , pp. 869-892
    • Steiner, A.1    Pal, J.2    Rauscher, S.3    Bell, J.4    Diffenbaugh, N.5    Boone, A.6    Sloan, L.7    Giorgi, F.8
  • 91
    • 84975030700 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology
    • Strahler, A. N., 1957: Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 38, 913-920, doi:10.1029/TR038i006p00913.
    • (1957) Trans. Am. Geophys. Union , vol.38 , pp. 913-920
    • Strahler, A.N.1
  • 92
    • 34948848633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An observational case study of mesoscale atmospheric circulations induced by soil moisture
    • L15801
    • Taylor,C.M., D. J. Parker, and P. P.Harris, 2007:An observational case study of mesoscale atmospheric circulations induced by soil moisture. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L15801, doi:10.1029/2007GL030572.
    • (2007) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.34
    • Taylor, C.M.1    Parker, D.J.2    Harris, P.P.3
  • 95
    • 84874985976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of satellite-based precipitation products over sparsely gauged African river basins
    • Thiemig, V., R. Rojas, M. Zambrano-Bigiarini, V. Levizzani, and A. De Roo, 2012: Validation of satellite-based precipitation products over sparsely gauged African river basins. J. Hydrometeor., 13, 1760-1783, doi:10.1175/JHM-D-12-032.1.
    • (2012) J. Hydrometeor. , vol.13 , pp. 1760-1783
    • Thiemig, V.1    Rojas, R.2    Zambrano-Bigiarini, M.3    Levizzani, V.4    De Roo, A.5
  • 96
    • 77953345469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosing land-atmosphere interaction from a regional climate model simulation over West Africa
    • van den Hurk, B. J. J. M., and E. van Meijgaard, 2010: Diagnosing land-atmosphere interaction from a regional climate model simulation over West Africa. J. Hydrometeor., 11, 467-481, doi:10.1175/2009JHM1173.1.
    • (2010) J. Hydrometeor. , vol.11 , pp. 467-481
    • van den Hurk, B.J.J.M.1    van Meijgaard, E.2
  • 98
    • 33749247992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Model based distributed water balance monitoring of theWhite Volta catchment in West Africa through coupled meteorological-hydrological simulations
    • Wagner, S., H. Kunstmann, and A. Bárdossy, 2006: Model based distributed water balance monitoring of theWhite Volta catchment in West Africa through coupled meteorological-hydrological simulations. Adv. Geosci., 9, 39-44, doi:10.5194/adgeo-9-39-2006.
    • (2006) Adv. Geosci. , vol.9 , pp. 39-44
    • Wagner, S.1    Kunstmann, H.2    Bárdossy, A.3
  • 99
    • 0033867180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coupled atmosphere-biophysics- hydrology models for environmental modeling
    • CABHMF.2.0.CO;2
    • Walko, R. L., and Coauthors, 2000: Coupled atmosphere-biophysics- hydrology models for environmental modeling. J. Appl.Meteor., 39, 931-944, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2000)039,0931: CABHMF.2.0.CO;2.
    • (2000) J. Appl.Meteor. , vol.39 , pp. 931-944
    • Walko, R.L.1
  • 100
    • 0031797340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The project for Intercomparison of Land-surface Parameterization Schemes (PILPS) Phase 2(c) Red-Arkansas River basin experiment: 1. Experiment description and summary intercomparisons
    • Wood, E. F., and Coauthors, 1998: The project for Intercomparison of Land-surface Parameterization Schemes (PILPS) Phase 2(c) Red-Arkansas River basin experiment: 1. Experiment description and summary intercomparisons. Global Planet. Change, 19, 115-136, doi:10.1016/S0921-8181(98)00044-7.
    • (1998) Global Planet. Change , vol.19 , pp. 115-136
    • Wood, E.F.1
  • 101
    • 0034345482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS): A multi-scale nonhydrostatic atmospheric simulation and prediction model, Part I: Model dynamics and verification.
    • Xue, M., K. K. Droegemeier, and V. Wong, 2000: The Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS): A multi-scale nonhydrostatic atmospheric simulation and prediction model. Part I: Model dynamics and verification. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 75, 161-193, doi:10.1007/s007030070003.
    • (2000) Meteor. Atmos. Phys. , vol.75 , pp. 161-193
    • Xue, M.1    Droegemeier, K.K.2    Wong, V.3
  • 102
    • 84883483325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal variation of land-atmosphere coupling strength over the West African monsoon region in an atmospheric general circulation model
    • Yamada, T. J., S. Kanae, T. Oki, and R. D. Koster, 2013: Seasonal variation of land-atmosphere coupling strength over the West African monsoon region in an atmospheric general circulation model. Hydrol. Sci. J., 58, 1276-1286, doi:10.1080/ 02626667.2013.814914.
    • (2013) Hydrol. Sci. J. , vol.58 , pp. 1276-1286
    • Yamada, T.J.1    Kanae, S.2    Oki, T.3    Koster, R.D.4
  • 103
    • 84922343928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calibration and evaluation of a flood forecasting system: Utility of numerical weather prediction model, data assimilation and satellite-based rainfall
    • Yucel, I., A. Onen, K. K. Yilmaz, and D. Gochis, 2015: Calibration and evaluation of a flood forecasting system: Utility of numerical weather prediction model, data assimilation and satellite-based rainfall. J. Hydrol., 523, 49-66, doi:10.1016/ j.jhydrol.2015.01.042.
    • (2015) J. Hydrol. , vol.523 , pp. 49-66
    • Yucel, I.1    Onen, A.2    Yilmaz, K.K.3    Gochis, D.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.