Women, economy, war

International Review of the Red Cross

Volumn 92, Issue 877, 2010, Pages 161-176

  Nordstrom, Carolyn ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84982739440     PISSN: 18163831     EISSN: 16075889     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1816383110000263     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Carolyn Nordstrom, Shadows of War: Violence, Power, and International Profiteering in the Twenty-first Century, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2004
2. Carolyn Nordstrom, A Different Kind of War Story, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1997.
3. Carolyn Nordstrom, Global Outlaws: Crime, Money, and Power in the Contemporary World, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2007.
4. Naila Kabeer, Mainstreaming Gender in Social Protection for the Informal Economy, Commonwealth Secretariat, London, 2008, p. 16.
5. C. Nordstrom, above note 3
6. R. T. Naylor, Wages of Crime: Black Markets, Illegal Finance, and the Underworld Economy, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 2005
7. Moises Naím, Illicit: How Smugglers, Traffickers, and Copycats are Hijacking the Global Economy, Anchor Books, New York, 2006
8. Willem van Schendel and Abraham Itty (eds.), Illicit Flows and Criminal Things: States, Borders, and the Other Side of Globalization, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 2005.
9. N. Kabeer, above note 4, p. 28, notes: ‘The World Development Report 2000/2001 confines its discussion of the informal economy to a box in which “labour market risks” are included among the serious risks that the poor face’. Brendan Geary, a student of mine at the University of Notre Dame in the early 2000s, conducted research in London to see how many economics books and texts contained any information on extra-legal economies and, if they did, what information was available. Looking at both university and trade bookstores, he found that many major texts on economics included virtually no discussion of extra-legal economics. If they did, the vast majority had a maximum of just a few pages of generalities. None contained methodologies for collecting data, conducting research, and empirically analyzing data with a rigour demanded for formal economic analyses.
10. M. Naím, above note 5.
11. N. Kabeer, above note 4, p. 28.
12. Sylvia Chant and Caroly Pedwell, Women, Gender and the Informal Economy: An Assessment of ILO Research and Suggested Ways Forward, International Labour Office (ILO), Geneva, 2008
13. Marilyn Carr and Martha Chen, ‘Globalization, social exclusions and work with special reference to informal employment and gender’, Policy Integration Department Working Paper No. 20, ILO, Geneva, 2004
14. Report VI: Decent Work and the Informal Economy, Report of the Director-General, International Labour Conference, 90th Session, ILO, Geneva, 2002.
15. N. Kabeer, above note 4, p. 33.
16. N. Kabeer, above note 4, p. 51.
17. Report VI: Decent Work and the Informal Economy, Report of the Director-General, p. 34.
18. Kabeer (Report VI: Decent Work and the Informal Economy, Report of the Director-General) cites ILO (2002) statistics to demonstrate her point: in sub-Saharan Africa, 84% of women workers outside of agriculture are informally employed, compared to 63% of men. In Latin America, the figures are 58% and 48% respectively; while in Asia it is 65% for both women and men. See ILO, Decent Work and the Informal Economy, above note 9.
19. N. Kabeer, above note 4, p. 43.
20. ILO, Decent Work and the Informal Economy, above note 9
21. ILO, The Informal Economy, Report of the Committee on Employment and Social Policy, Governing Body, 298th Session, Geneva, March 2007.
22. Janet MacGaffey and Rémy Bazanguissa-Ganga, Congo-Paris: Transnational Traders on the Margins of the Law, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 2000
23. C. Nordstrom, above note 3.
24. Rahul Oka, ‘Stable trade, violent borders: how can refugees and conflict zones have multimillion dollar commerce?’, paper presented at the Society for Applied Anthropology Annual Meeting, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 17–21 March 2009.
25. Katherine van Wormer, ‘Anti-feminist backlash and violence against women’, in Social Work & Society, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2008, pp. 332–333.
26. Sara Horrell, Hazel Johnson, and Paul Mosley (eds.), Work, Female Empowerment and Economic Development, Routledge, New York, 2009.
27. Carolyn Elliott (ed.), Global Empowerment of Women: Responses to Globalization and Politicized Religions, Routledge, New York, 2008, p. 9.
28. Carolyn Nordstrom, ‘Toward a (gendered) theory of war’, in Karamé Kari and Tryggestad Torunn (eds.), in Gender Perspectives on Peace and Conflict Studies, International Peace Research Institute/Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, Oslo, Norway, 2000, pp. 17–40.
29. Carolyn Nordstrom, ‘Visible wars and invisible girls: shadow industries and the politics of not-knowing’, in International Feminist Journal of Politics, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1999, pp. 14–33
30. Carolyn Nordstrom, ‘Girls behind the (front) lines’, in Uli Linke and Danielle Taana Smith (eds.), Cultures of Fear, Pluto Press, London, 2009, pp. 189–200.
31. See Carolyn Nordstrom, ‘Public bad, public good(s) and private realities’, in Paul Gready (ed.), Political Transition: Politics and Cultures, Pluto Press, London, 2003, pp. 212–224.
32. Mary Douglas, Purity and Danger: An Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Taboo, Taylor, London, 2002.
33. Carolyn Nordstrom, ‘Carita's war’, in Development, Vol. 44, No. 3, September 2001, pp. 30–35.
34. These questions are investigated in C. Nordstrom, Shadows of War, above note 2.
35. UNICEF, Child Protection from Violence, Exploitation and Abuse: Child Trafficking, available at http://www.unicef.org/protection/index_exploitation.html (last visited 30 October 2009)
36. UNICEF, The State of the World's Children 2006: Excluded and Invisible, available at http://www.childinfo.org/files/The_State_of_the_Worlds_Children_2006.pdf (last visited 30 October 2009)
37. US Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report 2008, available at: http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2008/ (last visited 2 November 2009).
38. Global Trends in Child Labour 2000–2004, ILO, Geneva, 2006
39. Mark Hecht, ‘Private sector accountability in combating the commercial sexual exploitation of children’, a contribution to the World Congress against the Exploitation of Children and Adolescents, available at http://www.ecpat.org.uk/downloads/ World%20Congress%20III/Thematic%20Paper_Corporate%20Social%20Responsibility.pdf (last visited 5 May 2010).
40. Kevin Bales, Understanding Global Slavery, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2005
41. David Batstone, Not For Sale: The Return of the Global Slave Trade - And How We Can Fight It, Harper One, New York, 2007.
42. Peter Andreas, Blue Helmets and Black Markets, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 2008
43. M. Naím, above note 5
44. Douglas Farah and Stephen Braun, Merchant of Death: Money, Guns, Planes, and the Man Who Makes War Possible, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2008.
45. ILO, Global Trends, above note 29.
46. International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, update 2009, available at http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/weodata/index.aspx (last visited 1 November 2009).
47. Hannah Arendt, On Violence, Harvest Books, New York, 1970
48. Michel Foucault, Power/Knowledge, Pantheon Books, New York, 1972
49. Slovoj Zizek, Violence: Big Ideas/Small Books, Picador, New York, 2008.
50. As defined in N. Kabeer, above note 4, p. 28.
51. For the full interview see C. Nordstrom, above note 3, ch. 15.
52. Carolyn Nordstrom, ‘Global fractures’, in Social Analysis, Vol. 52, No. 2, Summer 2008, pp. 71–86.