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Centaurus

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 1980, Pages 181-211

Astrology and the Fortunes of Churches

(1) North, J D a

a UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN (Netherlands)

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[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84982613920 PISSN: 00088994 EISSN: 16000498 Source Type: Journal
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0498.1980.tb00375.x Document Type: Article

Times cited : (34)

References (111)

1
- 84982657238
- Doubt's Boundless Sea, Baltimore
- (1964) , pp. 50-51
- Allen, D.C.¹

2
- 84982603830
- The opening of parliament was 17 March 1628. See The Works of William Laud, Oxford ,. I have altered the editors' punctuation
- (1847) , vol.1 , pp. 169
- Scott, W.¹ Bliss, J.²

3
- 84982545990
- I here follow, Spiritual and Demonic Magic from Ficino to Campanella, London
- (1958) , pp. 110
- Walker, D.P.¹

4
- 84982568240
- J. H. Bridges, Oxford ,. Pierre D'Ailly, see Louis Salembier, Petrus de Alliaco, Insulis 1886, p. 182; and also, for a general study, the same author's Pierre D'Ailly, Tourcoing 1932
- (1897) Opus maius , vol.1 , pp. 267

5
- 84982594288
- cshar and Latin Aristotelianism in the Twelfth Century, Beirut
- (1962)

6
- 84982533278
- The of Sacrobosco and its Commentators, Chicago, 196 (text): ‘… manifestavi quod taliter accidere debeat per naturam’
- (1949) , pp. 244
- Thorndike, L.¹

7
- 84982579707
- Maximilian Curtze, ‘Der Briefwechsel Regiomontans mit Giovanni Bianchini, Jacob von Speier, und Christian Roder
- 306 (letter to Speier).
- (1902) Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der mathematischen Wissenschaften , vol.12

8
- 84982564693
- For further details see Richard Lemay, op. cit., Introduction.

9
- 84982564685
- cshar incorporated his master's letter, unacknowledged, into his own book on great conjunctions. Most of al‐Kindi's work deals, however, not with great conjunctions, but with conjunctions of the maleficent planets Saturn and Mars in the sign of Cancer
- (1875) , pp. 261-309

10
- 84982657195
- If the planets moved at uniform speeds, which of course they do not, the intervals would be approximately 19.9 years, 2.2 years, and 2.0 years respectively.

11
- 84982606757
- IV in one passage. A similar diagram to ours is to be found in the Preface to Kepler's Mysterium Cosmographicum, (ed. Ch. Frisch, Vol. I, Frankfurt, ; ed. F. Hammer, Vol. VIII, Munich 1963, p. 26) of 1621. Kepler tells us that he was lecturing with this diagram on 9 or 19 July 1595 when he was led by it to a scheme of cosmic harmony. The diagram is not to be found in Albumasar, and is included here for purely explanatory purposes. Kepler's parameters differed somewhat from Albumasar's. Although I have not yet introduced Kepler's terminology, for which see n.19 below, this is a suitable place at which to point out that he half‐heartedly believed in a correlation of ‘maximum conjunctions’ and historical periods. The epochs which are apparently implied there are 3975 B.C. (or Creation), 3182 B.C. (Enoch), 2388 B.C. (Noah), 1514 B.C. [Truncated]
- (1858) , pp. 108

12
- 84982606745
- The general pattern breaks down rather seldom, but several writers of the middle ages seem to have been aware of the fact that it did so.

13
- 84982590025
- See, for a summary of the evidence, Thomas Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, Oxford,. is wrong to accept the supposed Sacrobosco quotation as coming from the De spera.
- (1913) , pp. 171-173

14
- 84982579688
- According to Hipparchus the stars change their celestial longitudes at a rate of ‘at least’ one degree per century. Ptolemy, in Almagest, repeated the argument but later took the figure to be exact. The stars should accordingly make a circuit of the sky in 360 times 100 years. This has nothing to do with the planetary motions with which we are concerned.

15
- 84982568212
- Ratdolt edition, first two pages of sig. a.4.

16
- 84982568259
- Ed. Matthaeus, 38, p., ; quoted by F. E. Robbins in the Loeb edition of Ptolemy, Tetrabiblos, p. 15

17
- 84982568245
- Macrobius, Comment. II. 10 Opera, ed. F. Eyssenhardt; Leipzig, ; Maternus, Matheseos, ed. C. Sittl; 1894, III. 1 (‘Thema mundi’).
- (1893)

18
- 84982643017
- ‘Ramifications of the World‐year Concept in Islamic astrology’, Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of the History of Science, Ithaca, Paris 1962, pp.
- (1962) , pp. 23-43

19
- 84982568262
- h (minores). Rheinhold gave periods close to Cardan's. Kepler (see n. 11 above) rounded off to 794 years for the coniunctio maxima, made no mention of con. media, and loosely defined coniunctio magna as a conjunction of Saturn and Jupiter with Mars nearby.

20
- 84982579663
- op. cit., p., n. 33, and pp, 33

21
- 84982603322
- Ibid.,. These horoscopes are cast, not for the moment of a conjunction, but for the moment of the Sun's entry into Aries in the year in which the conjunction took place. They were to be criticized by Pico della Mirandola

22
- 84982603317
- Intervals of time may be specified to the hour, for example.

23
- 84982657189
- Apart from those mentioned below, see especially the passage in the Metaphysica, published by R. Steele, Opera hactenus inedita Rogeri Baconis, I, Oxford
- (1920) , pp. 43-46

24
- 84982598377
- Ed. Bridges, I, p.,. (Cf. II, pp. 371–2)

25
- 84982598425
- op. cit. I, p.

26
- 84982565407
- Ibid.

27
- 84982613442
- Dicamus quoque quia cum Juppiter per naturam significet fidem et diversitatem legum in temporibus et vicibus atque sectis ex complexionibus Saturni et ex complectionibus ceterorum planetarum cum eo scilicet Jove… Si fuerit complexus Saturnus, significabit quod fides civium eiusdem sit Judaisma, quod congruit planete Saturni eo quod omnes planete iunguntur ei, et ipse nemici illorum iungitur. Et similiter iudaica fides; omnes cives ceterarum confitentur ei; et ipsa nulli confitetur… Et si complexus ei fuerit Mars significat culturam igneam et fidem paganam. Et si complexa ei fuerit Venus significat fidem unitatis et mundam, ut fidem Saracenorum et ei similem. Et si complexus ei fuerit Mercurius significat fidem Christianam… Et si complexa fuerit ei Luna significat dubitationem ac volutionem et mutationem ac expoliationem a fide… (Albumasar, De magnis coniunctionibus, II. 8; quoted from Garin, ed. cit., n. 90 below).

28
- 84982564655
- Ibid.,. Cf. Ashenden's version of the idea, p, 34 below

29
- 84982523567
- Ibid.

30
- 84982642935
- Ibid.

31
- 84982647765
- Ibid.

32
- 84982546057
- De fato, ed. Borgnet, Vol. XXXI, pp.,. He excepted Christ from stellar influence

33
- 84982568338
- Ibid.

34
- 84982645040
- Ed. Borgnet, Vol. IX, pp.,. Albertus knew Albumasar's work on great conjunctions. See the work quoted in n. 32, at p, 713

35
- 84982645037
- He died circa 1315.

36
- 84982598417
- The of Sacrobosco and its Commentators, Chicago, pp. 387–8: ‘Incubus et succubus coluros tenent et quandoque in maiori coniunctione eorum virtute velut divinitatis homines oriuntur’.
- (1949)
- Thorndike, L.¹

37
- 84982611959
- Ibid.,. pseudo‐Zoroastrian work is entitled Liber de dominio quartarum octave spere. A quadrant of the eighth sphere is said to dominate every historical period of 12,000 years and the turning points of which men of divine attributes are born of incubi and succubi, etc. etc. This has more the appearance of an Indo‐Persian doctrine than of anything based on a theory of the precession of the eighth sphere

38
- 84982611947
- This is a part of astrology, ‘qui est des grans aventures du monde, puet estre et est assez souffisament sceue en general tant seulement’. See the edition of the Livre de divinations in G. W. Coopland, Nicole Oresme & Astrologers, Liverpool
- (1952) , pp. 54-55

39
- 84982645051
- The Summa was printed at Venice in 1489. The Bodleian copy (Ashmole 576) is much corrected at the outset from a Merton manuscript, probably now MS Oriel 23. The author's name is rendered ‘Eschuid’ in the printed edition. The copy in the Kongelige Bibliotek, Copenhagen, is sparsely annotated, and then chiefly in the sections on great conjunctions.

40
- 84982616821
- A general idea of the contents of the Summa can be had from L. Thorndike, A History of Magic and Experimental Science, Vol. III, New York, ch. 21 (‘John of Eschenden’), where reference is also made to the manuscripts (cf. Appendix 20 and pp. 329–34).
- (1934)

41
- 84982594342
- Ms. Oriel 23, f. 222v.; quoted by Thorndike, op. cit., p., n. 12

42
- 84982568313
- But note the erroneous pagination of the printed edition near the end. The books are in the ratio of 3:5, approximately, and not 1:3, as Thorndike suggests.

43
- 84982602773
- I have quoted passages from this introduction (in Middle English translation) in my Richard of Wallingford, Vol. II, Oxford
- (1976) , pp. 86-89

44
- 84982556219
- For example, Macrobius, Augustine, Josephus, Firmicus, ‘Hermes’, Isidore, Severinus, Rabanus, Comestor, Vincent of Beuvais, Grosseteste, Sacrobosco, Robert of Leicester, Bacon, Walter of Odington, and an anonymous computist.

45
- 84982594301
- I earlier alluded to this well‐worn tradition, in connection with the quotation from Nemesius.

46
- 84982568295
- There are a number of inconsistencies in the manuscripts and printed edition, and I am not sure that the figure represents the author's intentions; but he makes so many mistakes of a kind which are clearly his, that there is no point in aiming at consistency here.

47
- 84982594316
- Both were of course trying to reconcile their results, as best they could, with Old Testament chronology. Albumasar is supposedly quoting ‘Belenus Bentenniz’, probably Apollonius of Tyana (1st cent. A.D.).

48
- 84982645048
- Septuagint, Isidore, Eusebius, Bede, and Augustine, for example.

49
- 84982568304
- Cf. n. 19, above.

50
- 84982611932
- They are summarized in the following table, in which S, J, and M denote Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars, respectively:.

51
- 84982611900
- Ms. Planets quoted time of conjunc. actual day quoted longitude actual longitude sign of zod. other considerations.

52
- 84982602744
- m Mar.19 202° 186°.5 Libra lunar.

53
- 84982588207
- m Mar.24 319° 319°.0 Aqu.

54
- 84982564699
- m Mar.23 4° 3°.2 Aries.

55
- 84982564720
- m Jul. 1 287° 286°.6 Cap. total lunar ed.

56
- 84982569010
- m Aug. 6 101° 99°.8 Can.

57
- 84982632074
- m Jun. 5 111° 109°.8 Can.

58
- 84982651590
- m Oct.25 218° 217°.0 Sco.

59
- 84982611888
- m Jul.31 317° 316°.2 Aqu. lunar.

60
- 84982613461
- i, ff. 81v–86r: Ashmole 192, pp. 1 to 106; B.M. Royal 12 F XVII, ff. 172r–180r; B.M. Sloane 1713, ff. 1–14; BN 7443.

61
- 84982564729
- h are added to the figure on the first line. Thorndike is in error by a day here.

62
- 84982534987
- The best MS., namely Digby 176, belonged to Reed, who assembled it piecemeal in an interesting way, explained in a note on f. 1 v; and in a table of contents on the same page the two statements are made about the authorship of the calculations. There is, even so, room for doubt. I have recalculated all the conjunctions in the table (n. 50), and found that (I) the first for 1349 is very close indeed to a prediction on the basis of the Alfonsine tables; but five days out by the Toledan tables; (II) the second for 1349 would have been predicted for (the correct) 6 August from both tables; (III) the other two were badly calculated, but in both cases the results quoted come appreciably nearer to Alfonsine predictions; (IV) for 1345, the Alfonsine prediction would have been for 17 March, the Toledan for more than 3 weeks earlier, the actual conjunction March 24, and the quoted conjunction March 23, which therefore has an ex post facto look about it. The agreement may simply be a fortunate chance. These figures may also have been covertly borrowed (see n. 53 below). The precise prediction of a conjunction along traditional lines is a tedious business, with ample room for mistakes.

63
- 84982525214
- Thorndike, Vol. III, p.

64
- 84982533321
- A French translation of a large part of this letter is given by Pierre Duhem, Le Système du Monde, Vol. IV Paris, repr., pp. 35–7, although as Thorndike indicates (op. cit., Vol. III, p., n. 81), Duhem's interpretation is vitiated by the fact that he misread the symbols for Jupiter and Saturn, and interchanged meanings. (From a French standpoint, the worst mistake was to have made France subject to Saturn and England to Jupiter. Duhem, who was intensely nationalistic, probably never made a more sinister error.) Jean predicted the conjunction for 30 October 1365 in 8° Scorpio, and the later Ashenden/Reed figures were in suspicious agreement with these. Both figures are in error (25 October, 7° Scorpio), but presumably because based on the same (Alfonsine) tables. Note that the Chronica Johannis de Reading, ed. J. Tait (Manchester, 1914), p. 166, the conjunction as having happened on 30 October in 8° Scorpio. One must obviously treat chronicles with caution, [Truncated]
- (1954) , pp. 319

65
- 84982533311
- MS. Digby 176, f. 36v.

66
- 84982568351
- P. 190 above.

67
- 84982603872
- MS. Digby 176, ff. 36v–37.

68
- 84982588225
- Loc. cit.

69
- 84982590051
- Majorie Reeves, The Influence of Prophecy in the Later Middle Ages, Oxford,. text in question was De concordantiis, and an updated copy is to be found following an excerpt from Ashenden's Summa in MS Ashmole 393, at f. 80 v. For other manuscript references see Reeves, ibid. pp. 50–1, 84
- (1969) , pp. 84

70
- 84982556202
- The system laid down by the Dominican St. Vincent Ferrer, in which the twelve status of the Church are likened to the twelve signs of the zodiac, was a not untypical jeu d'esprit, but was not a part of the (relatively) hard core of astrology. For references to the system, see Reeves, op. cit., p.

71
- 84982564737
- MS. Digby 176, ff. 39v–40r.

72
- 84982554676
- Reeves, op. cit., p., n. 3

73
- 84982580480
- B.N. 7443, ff. 221r–227v.

74
- 84982521279
- Ashmole 393, ff. 81v–86r and Ashmole 192 (I) pp. 1–106 (a copy of the former).

75
- 84982521267
- For a synopsis, see Thorndike, op. cit., Vol. III, pp.

76
- 84982525199
- History of Magic and Experimental Sciences, passim.
- , vol.3-4

77
- 84982632752
- See n. 53, above.

78
- 84982546114
- Études sur Jean de Roquetaillade, Paris, ; M. Reeves, op. cit., especially pp. 225–8 and 321–5; and E. F. Jacobs, Essays in Later Medieval History, Manchester 1968, ch. IX (reprinted from an article of 1956–7).
- (1952)
- Bignami‐Odier, J.¹

79
- 84982645079
- For a summary of the Vade mecum see Bignami–Odier, ch. 5 (pp. 157–73). For the Liber ostensor and its sources see pp.

80
- 84982534973
- op. cit., p.

81
- 84982588286
- Ibid.

82
- 84982602777
- The text on comets and that on conjunctions (mentioned below), together with several other texts (e.g. by Jean de Murs & Oresme) and a useful commentary, are in Hubert Pruckner, Studien zu den astrologischen Schriften des Heinrich von Langenstein, (Studien der Bibl. Warburg, XIV; Berlin). Henry accepted the Aristotelian meteorological explanation of comets as exhalations of vapour from the earth to the region of the upper elements.
- (1933)

83
- 84982657286
- The strongly Aristotelian second part is an interesting piece of natural philosophy, discussing as it does properly physical influences (like magnetic influence) as possibly radiating from the stars. It ends with the admission: ‘Nolo tamen negare, quin sint in superioribus multe habitudines causales et inclinative inferiorum ad diversas dispositiones et effectus, ex quibus habitudinibus, si constarent simul, et ex dispositione inferiorum possent aliqui effectus futuri propinqui pronosticari et rationabiliteter coniecturari’, II. VIII; ed. cit., p.

84
- 84982554649
- Strangely enough, although he quotes Albumasar's Liber de coniunctionibus often enough in other connections, his authority for the rise and fall of religions (I. IV) is Alkabitius, ed. cit., p.

85
- 84982546099
- I. VII; ed. cit., p.

86
- 84982588249
- I. VIII; ed. cit., pp.

87
- 84982611999
- First published c. 1480 by Joh. de Paderborna, Louvain, but a better edition is that by Erh. Ratdolt, Venice 1490; written 1414 (together with the work that is often treated as a separate item, but which is a part of the first, Concordantia astronomie cum hystorica narratione).

88
- 84982588275
- op. cit., p.

89
- 84982588271
- Pierre Duhem, op. cit., Vol. IV, pp. 175–83 reproduces much of Pierre d'Ailly's thought on this subject.

90
- 84982594367
- Printed in the Louvain edition of c. 1480; see n. 76 above.

91
- 84982556251
- For some of the many possible references, see Thorndike, op. cit., Vol. III, p.

92
- 84982580439
- Un ouvrage inédit de Pierre d'Ailly, le De persecutionibus ecclesiae
- (1904) Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes , vol.65 , pp. 557-574
- Valois, N.¹

93
- 84982647807
- See Guignebert, De imagine mundi ceterisque Petri de Alliaco geographicis opusculis Paris, he quoted the Concordantia, cap. 60, See also Salembier (op. cit., n. 4 above, 1932), pp. 357–9. Canon Salembier almost appears to believe that the prediction was meritorious
- (1902) , pp. 20

94
- 84982651655
- For both sources see Thorndike, op. cit., Vol. IV, p.

95
- 84982647926
- Hieronymus Torrella, Opus praeclarum de imaginibus astrologicis Valencia, Alfonsus de Orta, 1496, sig. d, ff. 5–6.

96
- 84982572296
- See, for a recent view, the very detailed work by D. Kurze, Johannes Lichtenberger. Historische Studien, Heft 379; Lübeck and Hamburg, Majorie Reeves, op. cit., especially pp.
- (1960) , pp. 347-374

97
- 84982580420
- See Kurze, ibid., pp.

98
- 84982588238
- See Kurze, op. cit., pp., 34,. The year was 1492

99
- 84982651632
- Reeves, op. cit., pp., referring to F. Pelster, ‘Die Quaestio Heinrichs von Harclay ueber die Zweite Ankunft Christi…’, Archiv. italiano per la storia della pietà, I Rome, pp. 33–5
- (1951) , pp. 315-317

100
- 84982651647
- op. cit.
- , vol.4 , pp. 529

101
- 84982647788
- The best modern edition, with a useful introduction (and translation into Italian), is by Eugenio Garin, Florence, 2 vols.
- (1946)

102
- 84982598454
- Spiritual and Demonic Magic from Ficino to Campanella, London, ; the reference is to Garin's ed., pp. 194 seq
- (1958) , pp. 55-56

103
- 84982521355
- Ibid., p.,. The occasion was the publication (1581) of his Latin version of Savonarola's Italian treatise against divinatory astrology

104
- 84982603374
- H.‐François Delaborde, pp. 317–8 reports Tizio's memoirs as recounting strange happenings – eclipses, conjunctions of stars, dissension among the cardinals, and rumours of French invasion.
- L'Expédition de Charles VIII en Italie , vol.1888

105
- 84982643049
- Ed. Garin, p.

106
- 84982525274
- This, and all other material to which reference is made, is from Book V, ed. Garin, pp.

107
- 84982556276
- Ed. Garin, p., ; cf. p, 592, where the year is given as 1444 A.D

108
- 84982564560
- Concordantia, ed. cit., cap. 59.

109
- 84982639649
- Cf. Albumasar: cum complete sunt 10 revolutiones ex revolutione sue essentie et permutationes multe ex apparitione prophetie et permutatione vicis et sectarum et consuetudinem secundum quod narrabimus, ut in exemplo in temporibus futuris quod est quia complete sunt 10 revolutiones Saturni in diebus daribindar fuit apparitio Alessandri filii Philippi nobilis et remotio vicis Persarum; et quia complete sunt ei 10 revolutiones alie ex revolutione sua apparuit Jesus Filius Marie super quem fiunt orationes cum permutatione secte; et quia complete sunt 10, alie revolutiones ex revolutione sua apparuit Meni et venit cum lege que est inter Paganos et Nazarenos; et quia complete sunt 10 alie revolutiones ei ex revolutione sua venit propheta cum lege…, De magnis coniunctionibus, II, 8; quoted by Garin, ed. cit., p.

110
- 84982594419
- Ashenden mentions nos. 58 and 64 in his Summa on more than one occasion.

111
- 84982643094
- Garin , vol.132 , pp. 622

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