"Truth is our ultimate goal": A mid- 19th century concern for journalism ethics

American Journalism

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 17-39

  Banning, Stephen A ^a  

^a TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84980384655     PISSN: 08821127     EISSN: 23262486     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08821127.1999.10739157     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Marianne Allison, "A Literature Review of the Approaches to the Professionalization of Journalists," Journal of Mass Media Ethics 1, no. 2 (spring/summer 1986): 6.
2. A.M. Carr-Saunders, "Professions: Their Organization and Place in Society," (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1928), 3.
3. Robert Dingwal and Philip Lewis, The Sociology of the Professions: Lawyers, Doctors and Others (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1983), 8;
4. Abraham Flexner, "Is Social Work a Profession?" School and Society 1 (1915): 901-11.
5. Ernest Greenwood, "Attributes of a Profession," SocialWork 3 (July 1957): 44.
6. Everett Cherrington Hughes, Men and Their Work (Glencoe: The Free Press, 1958), 134.
7. Wilbert E. Moore, The Professions: Roles and Rules (New York: Rüssel Sage Foundation, 1970), 123.
8. Talcott Parsons, "Professions," International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, ed. David Sills, 12 (New York: 1968): 545.
9. Wilbert E. Moore, The Professions: Roles and Rules (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1970), 4.
10. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: Vintage Books, 1945), 138.
11. Richard Taub, American Society in Tocqueville’s Time and Today (Chicago: Rand McNally College Pub. Company, 1974), 90.
12. W.J. Reader, Professional Men (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1966), 161.
13. Stephen Banning, "The Missouri Press Association: A Study of’ the Beginning Motivations, 1867 - 1876" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the annual American Journalism Historian’s Association Conference, Lawrence, Kansas, Oct. 1992), 1-21.
14. William Switzler, "Publisher’s Convention," Missouri Statesman, May 10, 1867, 2.
15. William Switzler, "Lawyers Arrested," Missouri Statesman, May 1867, 4.
16. William Switzler, "Missouri Editors and Publisher’s Association," Missouri Statesman, May 15, 1867, 2.
17. John Weeks Moore, Historical Notes on Printers and Printing 1420 To 1886 (Concord: Republican Press Association, 1886), 251-69.
18. Augustus Maverick, Henry J. Raymond and the New York Press for Thirty Years: Progress of American Journalism From 1840 To 1870 (Hartford: A.S. Hale and Company, 1870), 328-29.
19. Frederic Hudson, Journalism in the United States From 1690 -1872 (New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1873). 665.
20. Alfred McClung Lee, The Daily Newspaper in America (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1937), 123-24.
21. Gerald Baldesry, The Commercialization of News in the Nineteenth Century (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1992), 101.
22. Sidney Kobre, Development of American Journalism (Dubuque: Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers, 1969), 725.
23. Stephen Banning, "Unearthing the Origin of Journalistic Education" (paper presented at the Association of Educators in Journalism and Mass Communication Midwest Journalism History Conference, April 1994), 1-13
24. Clifford Christians, "Enforcing Media Codes," Journal oj’Mass Media Ethics 1, no. 1 (fall/winter 1985-86): 14.
25. Frederic Hudson, Journalism in the United States From 1690-1872 (New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1873). 666.
26. Stephen Banning, "Unearthing the Origin of Journalistic Professionalization in the Mid-Nineteenth Century," MA thesis, University of Missouri, 1993, 100.
27. John C. Merrill, "Professionalization: Danger to Press Freedom and Pluralism," Journal of Mass Media Ethics 1, no. 2 (spring/summer, 1986): 56.
28. Mary Cronin and James McPherson, "Reaching for Professionalism and Respectability: The Development of Ethics Codes in the 1920s," (paper presented at the annual American Journalism Historian’s Association Conference, Lawrence, Kansas, Oct. 1992), 4.
29. Hazel Dicken-Garcia, Journalistic Standards in Nineteenth Century America (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), 233
30. Marion Turtle Marzolf, Civilizing Voices: American Press Criticism 1880-1950 (New York: Longman Publishing Group, 1991), 14.
31. Kobre, Development of American Journalism, 733-36.
32. Douglas Birkhead, "The Power in the Image: Professionalism and the Communications Revolution," American Journalism 1, no. 2 (winter 1984): 3.
33. Douglas Birkhead, "News Media Ethics and the Management of Professionals," Journal of Mass Media Ethics 1, no. 2 (spring/summer 1986): 37.
34. William E May "Professional Ethics, The University and the Journalist," Journal of Mass Media Ethics 1, no. 2 (spring/summer, 1986): 20.
35. Bert Bostrom, Talent, Truth and Energy: Society of Professional Journalists Sigma Delta Chi (Chicago: Society of Professional Journalists, 1984), 18.
36. James Melvin Lee, History of American Journalism (New York: Garden City Publishing Co., Inc., 1923), 388.
37. George Payne, History of Journalism in the United States (New York: D. Appleton-Century Company, Incorporated, 1940), 251.
38. Garcia, Journalistic Standards in Nineteenth Century America, 257.
39. Leon Nelson Flint, The Conscience of the Newspaper (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1925), 429.
40. Clifford Christians, "Enforcing Media Codes," Journal of Mass Media Ethics 1, no. 1 (fall/winter 1985-86): 14.
41. J.W. Barrett, comp., History and Transactions of the Editors and Publishers Association of Missouri (Canton: Canton Press Print, 1876), 1.
42. Floyd Calvin Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians: Land of Contrast and People of Achievement (Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company, 1943), Vol. 1, 1005.
43. Floyd Calvin Shoemaker, "History of the First Fifty Years of the Missouri Press Association," 1917, Unpublished Manuscript, State Historical Society of Missouri Library, 161.
44. P. Rowell, American Newspaper Directory: 1871 (New York: Geo. P. Rowell & Co., 1871), 84.
45. Edward J. Gallagher, Founder of the Washington Post: A Biography of Stilson Hutchins 1838-1912 (Laconia: Citizen Publishing Company, 1965), 7.
46. William H. Taft, Missouri Newspapers (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1964).
47. Barrett, History and Transactions, 4, 43.
48. Jonas Viles, The University of Missouri: A Centennial History 1839-1939 (E.W. Stephens Company: Columbia, 1939), 164.
49. Frank F. Stephens, The History of the University of Missouri (University of Missouri Press: Columbia, 1962), 262, 267-68.
50. Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, 991.
51. Walter Bickford Davis and Daniel Durrie, An Illustrated History of Missouri Comprising Its Early Record, and Civil, Political and Military History (St. Louis: A.J. Hall and Company 1876), 490-91.
52. Norman J. Colman, "May 19, 1869 Annual Missouri Press Association Address," in History and Transactions, 23.
53. W.L. Webb, Battles and Biographies of Missourians Or The Civil War Period of Our State (Kansas City: Hudson-Kimberly Publishing Company, 1903), 311.
54. Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, Vol. 2: 96, 106.
55. Geo. P. Rowell, American Newspaper Directory: 1873 (Newyork: Geo. P. Rowell & Co., 1873), 120, 126.
56. Milo Blair, "May 20, 1874 Annual Missouri Press Association Address," in History and Transac-uons, 86-87.
57. Mark DeMotte, "May 26, 1875 Annual Missouri Press Association Address," in History and Transactions, 99.
58. John Vollmer Mering, The Whig Party in Missouri (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1967), 103.
59. Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians, Vol. 1, 990-91.
60. Barrett, History and Transactions, 19, 65, 90.
61. William Switzler, "June 6, 1876 Annual Missouri Press Association Address," in History and Transactions, 131-33.
62. Banning, "Unearthing the Origin of Journalistic Professionalization in the Mid-Nineteenth Century," 76-99.
63. Victor E. Bluedorn, Sigma Delta Chi Manual (no publisher or publication location listed, 1959)
64. William Meharry Glenn, The Sigma Delta Chi Story: 1909-1949 (Coral Gables: Glade House, 1949), 22.
65. Bert Bostrom, Talent, Truth and Energy: Society of Professional Journalists Sigma Delta Chi (Chicago: Society of Professional Journalists, 1984), 177.
66. Paul Alfred Pratte, Gods Within the Machine: A History of the American Society of Newspaper Editors, 1923-1993 (Connecticut: Praeger, 1995), 205-7.
67. Alice Fox Pitts, Read All About It: 50 Years of ASNE, (American Society of Newspaper Editors, 1974), 359-61.
68. Wilkinson, "May 24, 1868 Annual Missouri Press Association Address," in History and Transactions, 13.
69. Colman, "May 19, 1869 Annual Missouri Press Association Address," in History and Transactions, 22.
70. G.L. Williams, John Stuart Mill on Politics and Society (New York: International Publications Service, 1976), 35-41.
71. Colman, "May 19, 1869 Annual Missouri Press Association Address," in History and Transactions, 23.
72. Barrett, History and Transactions, 7.
73. Thomas E. Garrett, "The Giants," in History and Transactions, 30.
74. Garrett, "The Giants," in History and Transactions, 30.
75. P.G. Ferguson, "The Press," in History and Transactions, 59.
76. Gallagher, The Founder of the Washington Post, 61.
77. J.C. Moore, "May 24, 1871 Annual Missouri Press Association Address," in History and Transactions, 48.
78. Geo P. Rowell, The Men Who Advertise (New York: Nelson Chesman, 1870), 681.
79. Webb, Battles and Biographies of Missourians, 363.
80. Rowell, American Newspaper Directory: 1871, 81.
81. Barrett, History and Transactions, 18, 42.
82. Walter Williams, The State of Missouri (Columbia: E.W. Stephens Press, 1904), 220.
83. J.N. Edwards, "The Press," in History and Transactions, 63.
84. John S. Marmaduke, "May 27, 1873 Annual Missouri Press Association Address," in History and Transactions, 73.
85. Blair, "May 20, 1875 Annual Missouri Press Association Address," in History and Transactions, 99.
86. Switzler, "June 6, 1876 Annual Missouri Press Association Address," in History and Transactions, 128.
87. Michael Schudson, Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers (New York: Basic Books Ine, Publishers, 1978), 65.
88. Moore, "May 24, 1871 Annual Missouri Press Association Address," in History and Transactions, 48.
89. Blair, "May 20, 1874 Annual Missouri Press Association Address," in History and Transactions, 85-85
90. DeMotte, "May 26, 1875 Annual Missouri Press Association Address," in History and Transactions, 101.
91. Switzler, "June 6, 1876 Annual Missouri Press Association Address," in History and Transactions, 126.
92. DeMotte, "May 26, 1875 Annual Missouri Press Association Address," in History and Transactions, 101.
93. H.C. McDougal, "A Decade In Missouri Politics 1860 To 1870," 8 March 1904, Manuscript, The State Historical Society of Missouri, 13.
94. Wilkinson, "May 24, 1868 Annual Missouri Press Association Address," in History and Transactions, 9.
95. Colman, "May 19, 1869 Annual Missouri Press Association Address," in History and Transactions, 21.
96. Moore, "May 24, 1871 Annual Missouri Press Association Address," in History and Transactions, 48.
97. Marmaduke, "May 27, 1873 Annual Missouri Press Association Address," in History and Transactions, 71.
98. Blair, "May 20, 1874 Annual Missouri Press Association Address," in History and Transactions, 86.
99. F.A. Jones, "June 6, 1876 Missouri Press Association Miscellaneous Business," in History and Transactions, 116.
100. WiIkinson, "The Editor," in History and Transactions, 50.
101. Blair, "May 20, 1874 Annual Missouri Press Association Address," in History and Transactions, 85.
102. DeMotte, "May 26, 1875 Annual Missouri Press Association Address," in History and Transactions, 102.