Nurse practitioner caseload in primary health care: Scoping review

International Journal of Nursing Studies

Volumn 62, Issue , 2016, Pages 170-182

  Martin Misener, Ruth ^a   Kilpatrick, Kelley ^b   Donald, Faith ^c   Bryant Lukosius, Denise ^d   Rayner, Jennifer ^c   Valaitis, Ruta ^d   Carter, Nancy ^d   Miller, Patricia A ^d   Landry, Véronique ^b   Harbman, Patricia ^c   Charbonneau Smith, Renee ^d   McKinlay, R James ^d   Ziegler, Erin ^c   Boesveld, Sarah ^d   Lamb, Alyson ^a  

^a DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MONTREAL   (Canada)

^c RYERSON UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^d MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Caseload; Nurse practitioners; Primary health care; Quality; Scoping review; Workload

Indexed keywords

HUMAN; NURSE PRACTITIONER; WORKLOAD;

HUMANS; NURSE PRACTITIONERS; WORKLOAD;

EID: 84980329479     PISSN: 00207489     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.07.019     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. Abood, S.A., Analysis of the compensation arrangements experienced by primary care nurse practitioners in the managed care environment. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, 2005, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.
2. Altschuler, J., Margolius, D., Bodenheimer, T., Grumbach, K., Estimating a reasonable patient panel size for primary care physicians with team-based task delegation. Ann. Fam. Med. 10 (2012), 396–400, 10.1370/afm.1400.
3. American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 2011. NP fact sheet. Retrieved April 1, 2013 from http://www.aanp.org/all-about-nps/np-fact-sheet.
4. American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 2013. National nurse practitioner compensation survey 2011. Retrieved April 1, 2013 from http://www.aanp.org/images/documents/research/2011AANPNationalNPCompensationSurveyPreliminary.pdf.
5. Arksey, H., O'Malley, L., Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol. 8 (2005), 19–32, 10.1080/1364557032000119616.
6. Australian College of Nurse Practitioners, 2012. Nurse practitioners in primary care: Benefits for your practice. Retrieved November 16, 2015 from https://acnp.org.au/.
7. Bain, H., Baguley, F., The management of caseloads in district nursing services. Prim. Health Care 22:4 (2012), 31–37 http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/phc2012.05.22.4.31.c9075.
8. Barkauskas, V.H., Pohl, J.M., Benkert, R., Wells, M.A., Measuring quality in nurse-managed centers using HEDIS measures. J. Healthc. Qual. 27 (2009), 4–14, 10.1111/j.1945-1474.2005.tb00540.x.
9. Birch, S., Kephart, G., Murphy, G.T., O'Brien-Pallas, L., Alder, R., MacKenzie, A., Health human resources planning and the production of health: development of an extended analytical framework for needs-based health human resources planning. J. Public Health Manag. Pract. 15:6 Suppl (2009), S56–S61, 10.1097/PHH.0b013e3181b1ec0e.
10. Bonsall, K., Cheater, F.M., What is the impact of advanced primary care nursing roles on patients, nurses and their colleagues? A literature review. Int. J. Nurs. Stud. 45 (2008), 1090–1102.
11. Brown, J., Hart, A.M., Burman, M.E., A day in the life of RURAL advanced practice nurses. J. Nurse Pract. 5 (2009), 108–114.
12. Bryant-Lukosius, D., Canadian Centre for APN Research (CCAPNR) faculty, Carter, N., Donald, F., Harbman, P., Kilpatrick, K., Martin-Misener, R., Sherifali, D., Tranmer, J., Valaitis, R., Report on Advanced Practice Nursing (APN) in Canada for the Global Advanced Practice Nursing Learning Invitation-Only Symposium, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, July 28–29 2014, 2014.
13. Canadian Federation of Nurses, 2011. Overview of key nursing contract provisions. Retrieved November 16, 2015 from http://www.nursesunions.ca/news/2011-overview-key-nursing-contract-provisions.
14. Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI), 2012. Regulated nurses, 2012—summary report. Retrieved November 5, 2015 from https://secure.cihi.ca/free_products/RegulatedNurses2012Summary_EN.pdf.
15. Chapados, C., L’évaluation de la santé par les infirmières praticiennes spécialisées: Des IPS témoignent. Perspect. Infirmières 10 (2013), 26–30.
16. Charland, S., 2013. Primary healthcare nurse practitioner. Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de Lanaudière. Personal communication received March 2, 2013.
17. Chen, P.G., Mehrotra, A., Auerbach, D.I., Response: effectiveness in primary care is paramount, but need not come at the expense of efficiency. Med. Care 52:2 (2014), 99–100.
18. Chumbler, N.R., Geller, J.M., Weier, A.W., The effects of clinical decision making on nurse practitioners’ clinical productivity. Eval. Health Prof. 23 (2000), 284–305, 10.1177/01632780022034615.
19. Clendon, J.M., Nurse-managed clinics: issues in evaluation. J. Adv. Nurs. 44 (2003), 558–565, 10.1046/j.0309-2402.2003.02845.x.
20. College of Family Physicians of Canada, 2012. Best advice: Panel size. Retrieved November 5, 2015 from http://www.cfpc.ca/uploadedFiles/Health_Policy/_PDFs/Final%20June%209%2011%20Final%20Panel%20Size%20Best%20Advice.pdf.
21. Counsell, S.R., Callahan, C.M., Buttar, A.B., Clark, D.O., Frank, K.I., Geriatric resources for assessment and care of elders (GRACE): a new model of primary care for low-income seniors. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 54 (2006), 1136–1141.
22. Dahrouge, S., Muldoon, L., Ward, N., Hogg, W., Russell, G., Taylor-Sussex, R., Roles of nurse practitioners and family physicians in community health centres. Can. Fam. Physician 60 (2014), 1020–1027.
23. Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran Health Administration, 2009. Primary care management module (PCMM): VHA handbook 1101.02. Veterans Health Administration Transmittal Sheet. Retrieved November 5, 2015 from http://www.va.gov/vhapublications/ViewPublication.asp?pub_ID=2017.
24. Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran Health Administration, 2014. Patient aligned care team (PACT) handbook. Retrieved November 5, 2015 from http://www.va.gov/vhapublications/ViewPublication.asp?pub_ID=2977.
25. Deshefy-Longhi, T., Swartz, M.K., Grey, M., Characterizing nurse practitioner practice by sampling patient encounters: an APRNet study. J. Am. Acad. Nurse Pract. 20 (2008), 281–287, 10.1111/j.1745-7599.2008.00318.x.
26. DiCenso A., Mathews S., IBM Consulting, 2005. Report on the integration of primary health care nurse practitioners into the province of Ontario. Retrieved November 7, 2015 http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/common/ministry/publications/reports/nurseprac03/exec_summ.pdf.
27. DiCenso, A., Bourgeault, I., Abelson, J., Martin-Misener, R., Kaasalainen, S., Kioke, S., Carter, N., Harbman, P., Donald, F., Bryant-Lukosius, D., Kilpatrick, K., Utilization of nurse practitioners to increase patient access to primary healthcare in Canada – thinking outside the box. Nurs. Leadersh. 23:Special Issue (2010), 239–259 http://www.longwoods.com/publications/nursing-leadership/22240.
28. Dickson, K.L., Cramer, A.M., Peckham, C.M., Nursing workload measurement in ambulatory care. Nurs. Econ. 28:1 (2010), 37–43.
29. Dierick-van Daele, A.T., Metsemakers, J.F., Derckx, E.W., Spreeuwenberg, C., Vrijhoef, H.J., Nurse practitioners substituting for general practitioners: randomized controlled trial. J. Adv. Nurs. 65 (2009), 391–401, 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04888.x.
30. Dierick-van Daele, A.T., Steuten, L.M., Metsemakers, J.F., Derckx, E.W., Spreeuwenberg, C., Vrijhoef, H.J., Economic evaluation of nurse practitioners versus GPs in treating common conditions. Br. J. Gen. Pract. 60:570 (2010), e28–e35, 10.3399/bjgp10X482077.
31. Dierick-van Daele, A., Steuten, L.M., Romeijn, A., Derckx, E.W., Vrijhoef, H.J., Is it economically viable to employ the nurse practitioner in general practice?. J. Clin. Nurs. 20:3 (2011), 518–529, 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03492.x.
32. Donald, F., Martin-Misener, R., Bryant-Lukosius, D., Kilpatrick, K., Kaasalainen, S., Carter, N., Harbman, P., Bourgeault, I., DiCenso, A., The primary healthcare nurse practitioner role in Canada. Nurs. Leadersh. 23:Special Issue (2010), 88–113, 10.12927/cjnl.2013.22271 Retrieved November 6, 2015 from htt://www.longwoods.com/content/22271.
33. Donelan, K., DesRoches, C.M., Dittus, R.S., Buerhaus, P., Perspectives of physicians and nurse practitioners on primary care practice. New Engl. J. Med. 368 (2013), 1898–1906, 10.1056/NEJMsa1212938.
34. Duck, E., DeLia, D., Cantor, J.C., Primary care productivity and the health care safety net in New York City. J. Ambul. Care Manage. 24 (2001), 1–14, 10.1097/00004479-200101000-00002.
35. Duffield, C., Gardner, G., Chang, A.M., Catling-Paul, C., Advanced nursing practice: a global perspective. Collegian 16:2 (2009), 55–62.
36. Evans, R.E., Schneider, D., Barer, M., 2010. Health human resources productivity: What it is, how it's measured, why (how you measure) it matters, and who's thinking about it? Retrieved November 5, 2015 from http://www.cfhi-fcass.ca/SearchResultsNews/10-02-01/1cb37db9-1709-4868-ba85-310315c4a68a.aspx.
37. Fédération interprofessionnelle de la santé du Québec (FIQ), 2010. Titres d'emploi, libellés, échelles et suppléments (Employment titles and pay scales). Retrieved November 16, 2013 from http://collections.banq.qc.ca/ark:/52327/bs2051028.
38. Gambino, K., Planavsky, L., Gaudette, H., Transition toward a nurse practitioner-managed clinic. J. Cardiovasc. Nurs. 24 (2009), 132–139, 10.1097/JCN.0b013e318197aa0f.
39. Glazier, R.H., Zagorski, B.M., Rayner, J., Comparison of Primary Care Models in Ontario by Demographics, Case Mix and Emergency Department Use, 2008/09–2009/10. ICES Investigative Report, Toronto: Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, 2012 Retrieved November 6, 2015 from http://www.ices.on.ca/Publications/Atlases-and-Reports/2012/Comparison-of-Primary-Care-Models.
40. Haber, J., Strasser, S., Lloyd, M., Dorsen, C., Knapp, R., Auerhahn, C., Fulmer, T., The oral-systemic connection in primary care. Nurse Pract. 34 (2009), 43–48, 10.1097/01.NPR.0000346593.51066.b2.
41. Hay Group Health Care Consulting, 2011. Compensation consulting services: Final report submitted to Nurse Practitioners Association of Ontario. Author.
42. Hayes, E.F., Embattled and embittered or empowered and evolving: nurse practitioner attitudes toward managed care. J. Am. Acad. Nurse Pract. 19:3 (2007), 143–151, 10.1111/j.1745-7599.2006.00208.x.
43. Health Services Restructuring Commission, 1999. Primary health care strategy. Advice and recommendations to the Honourable Elizabeth Witmer, Minister of Health. Retrieved April 1, 2013 from http://govdocs.ourontario.ca/results?source=Ontario.+Health+Services+Restructuring+Commission.
44. Hing, E., Hooker, R.S., 2011. Community health centers: Providers, patients, and content of care. NCHS Data Brief, 65, 1–8. Retrieved November 5, 2015 from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db65.pdf.
45. Hing, E., Hooker, R.S., Ashman, J.J., Primary health care in community health centers and comparison with office-based practice. J. Community Health 36:3 (2011), 406–413.
46. Holcomb, L.O., A Delphi survey to identify activities of nurse practitioners in primary care. Clin. Excell. Nurse Pract. 4 (2000), 163–172.
47. Hollinghurst, S., Horrocks, S., Anderson, E., Salisbury, C., Comparing the cost of nurse practitioners and GPs in primary care: modelling economic data from randomized trials. Br. J. Gen. Pract. 56 (2006), 530–535.
48. Hooker, R.S., Berlin, L.E., Trends in the supply of physician assistants and nurse practitioners in the United States. Health Aff. (Project Hope) 21 (2002), 174–181.
49. Hooker, R.S., Physician assistants and nurse practitioners: the United States experience. Med. J. Aust. 185 (2006), 4–7.
50. Horizon Health Network, Nurse Practitioner Accountability Guidelines for Community Health Centres, Health Centres and Collaborative Practice Settings. 2012, Horizon Health, New Brunswick, Canada Unpublished.
51. Hsieh, H.F., Shannon, S.E., Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qual. Health Res. 15 (2005), 1277–1288.
52. Huang, P.Y., Yano, E.M., Lee, M.L., Chang, B.L., Rubenstein, L.V., Variations in nurse practitioner use in Veterans Affairs primary care practices. Health Serv. Res. 39:4 Pt. 1 (2004), 887–904, 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2004.00263.x.
53. Humbert, J., Legault, F., Dahrouge, S., Halabisky, B., Boyce, G., Hogg, W., Amos, S., Integration of nurse practitioners into a Family Health Network. Can. Nurse 103 (2007), 30–34.
54. Johnson, R., Shifting patterns of practice: nurse practitioners in a managed care environment. Res. Theory Nurs. Pract. 19 (2005), 323–340 http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/rtnp.2005.19.4.323.
55. Joschko, J., Hogg, W., Muldoon, L., Ward, N., Taylor-Sussex, R., Dahrouge, S., Similarities and Differences in the Roles of Nurse Practitioners and Family Physicians in Community Health Centres, North American Primary Care Research Group (NAPCRG). Ottawa, Ontario. November 9–13th 2013, 2013.
56. Kaissi, A., Kralewski, J., Dowd, B., Financial and organizational factors affecting the employment of nurse practitioners and physician assistants in medical group practices. J. Ambul. Care Manage. 26 (2003), 209–216.
57. Kernick, D., Scott, A., Economic approaches to doctor/nurse skill mix: problems, pitfalls: and partial solutions. Br. J. Gen. Pract. 52 (2002), 42–46.
58. Kinnersley, P., Anderson, E., Parry, K., Clement, J., Archard, L., Turton, P., Rogers, C., Randomised controlled trial of nurse practitioner versus general practitioner care for patients requesting same day consultations in primary care. BMJ 320:7241 (2000), 1043–1048 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7241.1043.
59. Klein, S., Quality Matters in Focus: Using Pharmacists, Social Workers, and Nurses to Improve the Reach and Quality of Primary Care, The Commonwealth Fund Newsletter August–September 2010, 2010 Retrieved April 1, 2013 from: http://www.commonwealthfund.org/Newsletters/Quality-Matters/2010/AugustSeptember-2010/In-Focus.aspx.
60. Knapp, K.K., Hardwick, K., The availability and distribution of dentists in rural ZIP codes and primary care health professional shortage areas (PC-HPSA) ZIP codes: comparison with primary care providers. J. Public Health Dent. 60 (2000), 43–48.
61. Koren, I., Mian, O., Rukholm, E., Integration of nurse practitioners into Ontario's primary health care system: variations across practice settings. Can. J. Nurs. Res. 42 (2010), 48–69.
62. Koren, I., Mian, O., Rukholm, E., Primary Health Care Nurse Practitioners in Rural Locations of Ontario: Demographic and Practice Profile, Centre for Rural and Northern Health Research, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, 2010 Retrieved April 1, 2013 from http://www.cranhr.ca/NPworkforcestudy.html.
63. Larson, E.H., Palazzo, L., Berkowitz, B., Pirani, M.J., Hart, L.G., The contribution of nurse practitioners and physician assistants to generalist care in Washington State. Health Serv. Res. 38 (2003), 1033–1050, 10.1111/1475-6773.00161.
64. Liu, N., D'Aunno, T., The productivity and cost-efficiency of models for involving nurse practitioners in primary care: a perspective from queueing analysis. Health Serv. Res. 47 (2012), 594–613, 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2011.01343.x.
65. Lui, N., Finkelstein, S., Poghosyan, L., 2012. A new model for nurse practitioner utilization in primary care: Increased efficiency and implications. Forthcoming in Healthcare Management Review. Retrieved from http://www.columbia.edu/∼nl2320/ (subsequently published in 2014 Healthcare Management Review. 19 (1), 10–20. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HMR.0b013e318276fadf).
66. Lui, N., Ozen, A., Balasubramanian, H.J., 2013. Primary care practice design under case mix: Joint consideration of access to care and continuity of care. Retrieved November 6, 2015 from http://www.columbia.edu/∼nl2320/doc/Practice%20Design%20under%20Case%20Mix_%20online%20version.pdf.
67. Manitoba Finance, 2013. Year 3 salary schedule; March 24, 2012–March 22, 2013. Retrieved November 16, 2015 from http://www.gov.mb.ca/finance/labour/pdf/schedules/year_3_health.pdf.
68. Manitoba Health, 2012. Primary care interprofessional team toolkit. Retrieved November 16, 2015 from http://www.gov.mb.ca/health/primarycare/pctit.html.
69. Martin, K.E., Nurse practitioners: a comparison of rural-urban practice patterns and willingness to serve in underserved areas. J. Am. Acad. Nurse Pract. 12 (2000), 491–496, 10.1111/j.1745-7599.2000.tb00163.x.
70. Martin-Misener, R., Crawford, T., DiCenso, A., Akhtar-Danesh, N., Donald, F., Bryant-Lukosius, D., Kaasalainen, S., A Survey of the Practice Patterns of Nurse Practitioners in Primary Health Care in Nova Scotia. 2010, College of Registered Nurses of Nova Scotia and Dalhousie University School of Nursing, Halifax, NS Retrieved November 6 2015 from http://crnns.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/PracticePatternsStudyJan31-2010.pdf.
71. McIntosh, B., Sheppy, B., Skill maximisation: the future of healthcare. Br. J. Healthcare Manage. 19:3 (2013), 118–122.
72. Mian, O., Koren, I., Primary Healthcare Nurse Practitioner Tracking Study: The 2010 Survey Report., 2011, Centre for Rural and Northern Health Research, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario.
73. Mian, O., Lacarte, S., Koren, I., 2012 Nurse Practitioner Workforce Tracking Study. 2012, Centre for Rural and Northern Health Research, Laurentian University Retrieved November 5, 2015 from http://www.cranhr.ca/onlrpts.html#NP12.
74. Miles, M.B. and Huberman, A.M., 1994. Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Thousand Oaks: CA.
75. Miller, D., Zantop, V., Hammer, H., Faust, S., Grumbach, K., Group medical visits for low-income women with chronic disease: a feasibility study. J. Women's Health 13 (2004), 217–225.
76. Morris, R., MacNeela, P., Scott, A., Treacy, P., Hyde, A., Reconsidering the conceptualization of nursing workload. Literature review. J. Adv. Nurs. 57 (2007), 463–471, 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.04134.x.
77. Muldoon, L., Dahrouge, S., Russell, G., Hogg, W., Ward, N., How many patients should a family physician have? Factors to consider in answering a deceptively simple question. Healthcare Policy 7 (2012), 26–34, 10.12927/hcpol.2013.22885.
78. Muldoon, L., Rayner, J., Dahrouge, S., Patient poverty and workload in primary care. Can. Fam. Physician 59 (2013), 384–390.
79. Mundell, B.F., Friedberg, M.W., Eibner, C., Mundell, W.C., US military primary care: problems, solutions, and implications for civilian medicine. Health Aff. (Millwood) 32:11 (2013), 1949–1955.
80. Murray, M., Davies, M., Boushon, B., Panel size: how many patients can one doctor manage?. Fam. Pract. Manag. 1 (2007), 44–51.
81. Nurse Practitioners’ Association of Ontario (NPAO), Think Tank Report 2012., 2012, Nurse Practitioners’ Association of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario.
82. Nurse Practitioners’ Association of Ontario (NPAO), 2012. From the initial vision to present day reality for Sue Leddy. Retrieved April 1, 2013 from http://npao.org/2012/05/from-the-initial-vision-to-present-day-reality-for-sue-leddy-np-phc/#.UTzY1hzU9ic.
83. Nurse Practitioners’ Association of Ontario (NPAO), Pan-Canadian Nurse Practitioner Salary Table. 2013, Nurse Practitioners’ Association of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario.
84. Naylor, M.D., Kurtzman, E.T., The role of nurse practitioners in reinventing primary care. Health Aff. (Millwood) 29 (2010), 893–899.
85. Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care (OMHLTC), 2010. Interprofessional provider compensation, version 2.1; nurse practitioner-led clinics. Retrieved from http://www.health.gov.on.ca/transformation/np_clinics/guides/np_guide_3.pdf.
86. Offredy, M., Townsend, J., Nurse practitioners in primary care. Fam. Pract. 17 (2000), 564–569.
87. Ortiz, J., Wan, T.T., Meemon, N., Paek, S.C., Agiro, A., Contextual correlates of rural health clinics’ efficiency: analysis of nurse practitioners’ contributions. Nurs. Econ. 28 (2010), 237–244.
88. Parker, R., Forrest, L.E., Desborough, J., McRae, I., Boyland, T., Independent Evaluation of the Nurse-led ACT Health Walk-in Centre, Australian Primary Health Care Research Institute, 2011 Retrieved November 6, 2015 from http://files.aphcri.anu.edu.au/research/act_health_walk-in_centre_report_final_v2a.pdf.
89. Phillips, R.L. Jr., Bazemore, A.M., Peterson, L.E., Effectiveness over efficiency underestimating the primary care physician shortage. Med. Care 52 (2014), 97–98, 10.1097/MLR.0000000000000047.
90. Plexus Medical Recruitment, 2011. Nursing (NP) Salaries Australia and New Zealand. Retrieved April 1, 2013 from http://www.plexusmedicalrecruitment.com.au/nurses/job-seekers/nurses-salaries/.
91. Poghosyan, L., Lucero, R., Rauch, L., Berkowitz, B., Nurse practitioner workforce: a substantial supply of primary care providers. Nurs. Econ. 30 (2012), 268–274.
92. Poghosyan, L., Nannini, A., Clarke, S., Organizational climate in primary care settings: implications for nurse practitioner practice. J. Am. Assoc. Nurse Pract. 25 (2013), 134–140.
93. Pohl, J.M., Breer, M.L., Tanner, C., Barkaiskas, V.H., Bleich, M., Bomar, P., Fiandt, K., Jenkins, M., Lundeen, S., Mackey, T.A., Nagelkerk, J., Werner, K., National consensus on data elements for nurse managed health centres. Nurs. Outlook 54 (2006), 81–84.
94. Pohl, J.M., Tanner, C., Barkauskas, V.H., Gans, D.N., Nagelkerk, J., Fiandt, K., Towards a national nurse-managed health centre data set: findings and lessons learned over 3 years. Nurs. Outlook 58 (2010), 97–103, 10.1016/j.outlook.2009.10.003.
95. Potts, B., Adams, R., Spadin, M., Sustaining primary care practice: a model to calculate disease burden and adjust panel size. Perm. J. 15 (2011), 53–56.
96. Prince Albert Parkland Regional Health Authority, 2007–2008 Annual Report to the Minister of Health, Saskatchewan, Canada: Prince Albert Parkland Regional Health Authority, 2008 Retrieved November 5, 2015 from http://www.princealbertparklandhealth.com/OnlinePublications/PublicationsOnline_pg.asp?TargetPageNumber=3&action=goto&lang=&orderby=&dir=&PageSize=9&masterkey=2.
97. QSR International Pty Ltd., 2012. NVivo qualitative data analysis software; Version 10.
98. Rayner, J., Measuring client complexity and creating a risk adjusted target panel size for Community Health Centres (CHCs) in Ontario. Presented to Ministry of Health and Long-term Care of Ontario, November 2013. Toronto, Canada: Association of Ontario Health Centres, 2013 Unpublished.
99. Rayner, J., Measuring Client Complexity and Creating a Risk Adjusted Target Panel Size for CHCs in Ontario. 2014, Association of Ontario Health Centres, Toronto, Canada Unpublished.
100. Rayner, J., Ontario CHC Panel Size Handbook v.3. 2014, Association of Ontario Health Centres, Toronto, Canada Unpublished.
101. Reay, T., Patterson, E.M., Halma, L., Steed, W.B., Introducing a nurse practitioner: experiences in a rural Alberta family practice clinic. Can. J. Rural Med., 11, 2006.
102. Reimbursement Task Force & APRN Work Group, of the WOCN Society National Public Policy Committee, 2011, 2012. Reimbursement of advanced practice Registered Nurse services. Journal of Wound Ostomy & Continence Nursing, 39 (2S): S7–S16.
103. Rhoads, J., Ferguson, L.A., Langford, C.A., Measuring nurse practitioner productivity. Dermatol. Nurs. 18 (2006), 32–34.
104. Roots, A., 2013. Outcomes associated with family nurse practitioner practice in fee-for-service primary care. Unpublished. Retrieved November 5, 2014 from https://dspace.library.uvic.ca:8443/handle/1828/4440.
105. Rosser, W.W., Colwill, J.M., Kasperski, J., Wilson, L., Patient-centred medical homes in Ontario. New Engl. J. Med., 362, 2010, e7, 10.1056/NEJMp0911519.
106. Royal College of Nursing (UK), 2006. Nurse practitioners 2006. The results of a survey of nurse practitioners conducted on behalf of the RCN Nurse Practitioner Association (2006 July). Retrieved November 5, 2015 from http://www.rcn.org.uk/aboutus/policy/projects/future_nurse_future_workforce_project/final_report.
107. Sangster-Gormley, E., Canitz, B., Schreiber, R., Borycki, E., Frisch, N., Sawchenko, L., McLachlan, D., Biagioni, K., Fedema, A., Swamy, M., A Survey of Nurse Practitioner Practice Patterns in British Columbia. 2012, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia Retrieved November 5, 2015 from http://www.uvic.ca/hsd/nursing/assets/docs/news/np_practice_patterns.pdf.
108. Schober, M., Global perspectives on advanced nursing practice. Joel, L., (eds.) Advanced Practice Nursing: Essentials for Role Development, 3rd ed., 2013, F.A. Davis, Philadelphia, 71–104.
109. Sloan, C., Pong, R., Rukholm, E., Caty, S., Nurse Practitioner Workforce Survey and NPAO Electronic Registry Project Report., 2006, Centre for Rural and Northern Health Research, Laurentian University, Sudbury Ontario Retrieved November 6, 2015 from http://www.cranhr.ca/pdf/np_registry_fin2006.pdf.
110. Social Sector Metrics Inc. and Health Intelligence Inc, Physician Resource Planning: Environmental Scan Report., 2011, Nova Scotia Department of Health and Wellness Unpublished. Retrieved November 5, 2015 from http://novascotia.ca/DHW/publications/Physician_Resource_Plan_Enviromental_Scan_Report.pdf.
111. Social Sector Metrics Inc. and Health Intelligence Inc, Physician Resource Planning: A Recommended Model and Implementation Framework., 2011, Nova Scotia Department of Health and Wellness Retrieved November 8, 2015 from http://novascotia.ca/DHW/publications/Physician_Resource_Plan_Report.pdf.
112. Strange, K., How does provider supply and regulation influence health care markets? Evidence from nurse practitioners and physician assistants. J. Health Econ. 33:1 (2014), 1–27.
113. Swan, B.F., Griffin, K.F., 2005. Measuring nurse workload in ambulatory care. School of Nursing Faculty Papers & Presentations. Paper 6. Retrieved November 8, 2015 from http://jdc.jefferson.edu/nursfp/6.
114. Thibeault, L.D., Nurse practitioner-led clinic in Thunder Bay. Unpublished Doctorate of Nursing Practice Capstone Project, 2011, The College of St. Scholastica, Ann Arbor, Michigan Retrieved November 5, 2015 from http://gradworks.umi.com/34/50/3450869.html.
115. Tomblin Murphy Consulting Incorporated, Health Human Resource Component. Literature Review Report. Health Human Resource Planning/modeling Activities for Primary Health Care Nurse Practitioners., 2004, Canadian Nurses Association, Ottawa, Ontario.
116. Tomblin Murphy Consulting Incorporated, Human Health Resource Component. Recruitment and Retention of Primary Health Care Nurse Practitioners in Canada. 2004, Canadian Nurses Association, Ottawa, Ontario.
117. Torre, C., Drake, S., Maximizing access to health care in new Jersey: the care for APNs, part II. New Jersey Nurse Inst. Nurs. Newslett. 44:2 (2014), 10–12.
118. Valaitis, R., Martin-Misener, R., Wong, S.T., MacDonald, M., Meagher-Stewart, D., Austin, P., Kaczorowski, J., O-Mara, L., Savage, R., Strengthening Primary Care through Public Health and Primary Care Collaboration Team, Methods, strategies and technologies used to conduct a scoping literature review of collaboration between primary care and public health. Prim. Health Care Res. Dev. 13 (2012), 219–236, 10.1017/S1463423611000594.
119. van Soeren, M., Hurlock-Chorostecki, C., Goodwin, S., Baker, E., The primary healthcare nurse practitioner in Ontario: a workforce study. Nurs. Leadersh. 22 (2009), 58–72, 10.12927/cjnl.2009.20798.
120. Venning, P., Durie, A., Roland, M., Roberts, C., Leese, B., Randomised controlled trial comparing cost effectiveness of general practitioners and nurse practitioners in primary care. Br. Med. J. 320 (2000), 1048–1053 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7241.1048.
121. Vonderheid, S.C., Pohl, J.M., Tanner, C., Newland, J.A., Gans, D.N., CPT coding patterns at nurse-managed health centers: data from a national survey. Nurs. Econ. 27 (2009), 211–220.
122. von Eitzen-Strassel, J., Vrijhoef, H.J.M., Derckx, E.W.C.C., de Bakker, D.H., Personnel planning in general practices: development and testing of a skill mix analysis method?. Hum. Resour. Health 12:53 (2014), 1–11.
123. Wand, T., White, K., Patching, J., Refining the model for an emergency department-based mental health nurse practitioner outpatient service. Nurs. Inq. 15 (2008), 231–241, 10.1111/j.1440-1800.2008.00407.x.
124. Waszynski, C.M., Murakami, W., Lewis, M., Community care management: advanced practice nurses as care managers. Care Manag. J. 2 (2000), 148–152.
125. Way, D., Jones, L., Baskerville, B., Busing, N., Primary health care services provided by nurse practitioners and family physicians in shared practice. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 165 (2001), 1210–1214.
126. Wijers, N., Schoonhoven, L., Giesen, P., Vrijhoef, H., van der Burgt, R., Mintjes, J., Laurant, M., The effectiveness of nurse practitioners working at a GP cooperative: a study protocol. BMC Fam. Pract., 13, 2012, 75, 10.1186/1471-2296-13-75.
127. Willis, E., Henderson, J., Toffoli, L., Walter, B., Calculating nurse staffing in community mental health and community health settings in South Australia. Nurs. Forum (Auckl.) 47:1 (2012), 52–64, 10.1111/j.1744-6198.2011.00251.x.
128. Wong, S.T., Stewart, A.L., Gilliss, C.L., Evaluating advanced practice nursing care through use of a heuristic framework. J. Nurs. Care Qual. 14:2 (2000), 21–32, 10.1097/00001786-200001000-00005.
129. Wu, W.N., Bliss, G., Bliss, E.B., Green, L.A., A direct primary care medical home: the Qliance experience. Health Aff. (Millwood) 29:5 (2010), 959–962.
130. Yoshida, H., Fenick, A., Rosenthal, M., Group well-child care: An analysis of cost. Clin. Pediatr. 53:4 (2014), 387–394, 10.1177/0009922813512418.