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1
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84980247739
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-
The literature of the land reform debate is considerable, but for examples of the point made here see Arthur Arnold, Free Land, (and David Martin, John Stuart Mill and the Land Question, Hull, 1981), pp. 16‐17. For a modern account of the land debate see David Martin, ‘Land Reform’, in Patricia Hollis, ed. Pressure from Without in Early Victorian England (1974), pp. 131‐58
-
(1880)
, pp. 287
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-
-
2
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-
84980229766
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-
Free Land,. John Bateman, The Great Landowners of Great Britain and Ireland (Leicester, 1971 edn.). According to the 1851 census there were then 35,000 landed proprietors: Barrington Moore, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (1967), p. 516
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-
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Arnold1
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3
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84980291079
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An Outsider's View: Alexis de Tocqueville on Aristocratic Society and Politics in 19th Century England
-
Quoted in David Spring
-
(1980)
Albion
, vol.12
, pp. 123
-
-
-
4
-
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84980309266
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The Landed Interest and the Supply of Food (5th edn. 1967), p.,. John Rae, ‘Why Have the Yeomanry Perished?’, Contemporary Review, 44 (1883), p. 548
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-
-
James1
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5
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84980291070
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English Land and English Landlords, (; G. Shaw‐Lefevre, Agrarian Tenures, 1893), pp. 5‐9; P. M. Laurence, The Law and Custom of Primogeniture (1878); T. E. Scrutton, Land in Fetters (Cambridge, 1886); Evelyn Cecil, Primogeniture (1895). These were just some of the books which argued the significance of strict settlements and primogeniture for estate accumulation
-
(1881)
, pp. 152
-
-
George1
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6
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84980308610
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Agrarian Tenures,. For a modern account of the intricacies of the land laws see Avner Offer, Property and Politics, 1870‐1914 (Cambridge, 1981), pp. 23‐34
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Shaw‐Lefevre1
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8
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84980210845
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-
Landed Interest
-
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Caird1
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9
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84980284563
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‘Why Have the Yeomanry’, p.
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-
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Rae1
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11
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84980247697
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edn., pp., 803, 829, 30
-
(1930)
Capital
, vol.11
, pp. 800-801
-
-
Karl1
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12
-
-
84980308678
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-
The English Peasantry and the Enclosure of Common Fields ; W. Hasbach, History of the English Agricultural Labourer (1908); H. Levy, Large and Small Holdings (Cambridge, 1911); E. C. K. Gonner, Common Land and Inclosure (1912); Lord Ernle, English Farming Past and Present (1961 edn.); J. L. and Barbara Hammond, The Village Labourer (1978 edn.).
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(1907)
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Gilbert1
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13
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84980247692
-
-
‘Why Have the Yeomanry’, pp.
-
-
-
Rae1
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14
-
-
0003269348
-
-
( Oxford, edn.); H. L. Gray, ‘Yeoman Farming in Oxfordshire from the Sixteenth Century to the Nineteenth’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, XXIV (1910), pp. 293‐326; E. Davies, ‘The Small Landowner, 1780‐1832, in the Light of the Land Tax Assessments’, Economic History Review, 1 (1927), pp. 87‐113; J. H. Clapham, An Economic History of Modern Britain (2nd edn. Cambridge, 1930), 1, p. 98.
-
(1963)
The Disappearance of the Small Landowner
-
-
Johnson, A.H.1
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15
-
-
84980251550
-
Habakkuk's argument was set out in a series of articles between 1940 and 1965: ‘English Landownership, 1680‐1740’
-
H. J. (now, Sir, ; ‘Marriage Settlements in the Eighteenth Century’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 4th ser. XXXII, 1950), pp. 15‐30; ‘England’, in A. Goodwin, ed. The European Nobility in the Eighteenth Century (2nd edn. 1967), pp. 1‐21; ‘The English Land Market in the Eighteenth Century’, in J. S. Bromley and E. H. Kossmann, eds. Britain and the Netherlands (1960), pp. 154‐73; ‘La disparition du paysan anglais’, Annales E.S.C. xx (1965), pp. 649‐63. He has recently returned to the theme in his Presidential addresses to the Royal Historical Society: ‘The Rise and Fall of English Landed Families, 1600‐1800’, Trans. Royal Hist. Soc., 5th ser. 29 (1979), pp. 187‐207; ‘The Rise and Fall of English Landed Families, 1600‐1800: II’, Trans. Royal Hist. Soc., 5th ser. 30 (1980), pp. 199‐221; ‘The Rise and Fall of English Landed Families, 1600‐1800: III. Did the Gentry Rise?’, Trans. Royal Hist. Soc. 5th ser. 31 [Truncated]
-
Econ. Hist. Rev.
, vol.10
, pp. 2-17
-
-
John1
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16
-
-
84980228191
-
-
English Landed Society in the Eighteenth Century, (. His findings are developed in Enclosure and the Small Farmer in the Age of the Industrial Revolution, 1968). For an example of the way in which Habakkuk's version of events has passed into the textbooks, see E. J. Hobsbawm, Industry and Empire (Harmondsworth, 1968), p. 29
-
(1963)
, pp. 15
-
-
Mingay, G.E.1
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17
-
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84982546510
-
The Price of Freehold Land in the Later Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
-
Habakkuk's original dating of the movement of landownership was 1680‐1740, but one of his most recent contributions (1980) makes a case for the years 1690‐1720 being particularly significant for families rounding off property. He has continued to hold this view despite the fact that land prices were only marginally higher between 1690 and 1720 than during the previous thirty years, and that they suggest a depressed market between 1707 and 1714:, 176
-
(1974)
Econ. Hist. Rev. 2nd ser.
, vol.27
, pp. 174-7
-
-
Christopher1
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19
-
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84980251539
-
-
The use of across‐the‐board acreage figures for all types of land is obviously hazardous, but rental evidence is still insufficiently detailed to make valid regional differentiations. Further, it is likely that considerable variations existed in the value of lands belonging to different types of owner since a high proportion of large estates were in remote areas. Acreage‐equivalent figures also take no account of non‐landed incomes.
-
-
-
-
20
-
-
84980228211
-
-
English Landed Society, ; F. M. L. Thompson, English Landed Society in the Nineteenth Century (1963), pp. 32, 113, 117; ‘Social Distribution’, pp. 505‐17; J. P. Cooper, ‘The Social Distribution of Land and Men in England, 1436‐1700’, Econ. Hist. Rev. 2nd ser. XX (1967), pp. 419‐40. The point about received orthodoxy follows from their presentation in G. E. Mingay, The Gentry (1976), p. 59. It is important to note some of the drawbacks to these figures. Those for 1873 are for England only, whilst the others are for England and Wales. In addition there are other comparability difficulties. The 1790 figure for great owners is based on families with 5,000 acres or more (Mingay, English Landed Society, p. 19), but the 1873 equivalent refers to families of 10,000 acres or more (Thompson, English Landed Society, p. 32). In the case of the gentry the figures are based on estates of 1,000‐6,000/7,000 acres in 1790 (Mingay, English Landed Society, p. 22), but [Truncated]
-
-
-
Mingay1
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21
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84980210430
-
-
English Landed Society, 25. Arguably the studies which have been produced reflect the same form of detailed research which appeared following Tawney's famous article on the rise of the gentry
-
-
-
Mingay1
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22
-
-
84909195200
-
The Land Tax Returns
-
The important work of Johnson, Gray, and Davies, amongst others, should not obscure the fact that considerable doubt has been expressed about the accuracy and value of findings based on Land Tax assessments. For some of the contributions to this debate see, ; J. M. Martin, ‘Landownership and the Land Tax Returns’, Agric. Hist. Rev. XIV (1966), pp. 96‐103; and G. E. Mingay, ‘The Land Tax Assessments and the Small Landowner’, Econ. Hist. Rev. 2nd ser. XVII (1964), pp. 381‐8. The major problem with using Land Tax assessments is that relatively few survive before they came to be used for electoral registration purposes in 1780. By that time the county division of the overall total had been fixed since 1698, so that the tax did not reflect urban and industrial changes over the previous eighty years. Occasional alterations were made in the intra‐county levels of responsibility, but the County Rates Act of 1739 was taken to imply that quotas as between hundreds [Truncated]
-
(1963)
Agricultural History Review
, vol.11
, pp. 82-94
-
-
Grigg, D.B.1
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23
-
-
84980289947
-
The Tithe‐Surveys of the Mid‐Nineteenth Century
-
Hugh Prince pointed out some years ago that tithe surveys include material on owners (including individuals, the Church, railway companies and the universities) and occupiers, as well as showing the amount of land farmed by owner‐occupiers or tenants:,. A recent attempt to use the surveys in conjunction with the Return of Owners of Land, 1872‐3 (P.P. 1874, LXXII) is Roger Kain's article on Kent: ‘Tithe Surveys and Land‐ownership’, Journal of Historical Geography, I (1975), pp. 39‐48. He has shown that over the period 1840‐72/3, ‘the number of estates of less than 1000 acres decreased and the total area occupied by such estates also decreased. Small proprietors and lesser yeomen decreased more than greater yeomen groups. Conversely, the number and size of gentry estates showed a marked increase. The numbers of greater gentry increased by 53 per cent and their territory expanded by 47 per cent. The nobility remained constant in numbers and extended their [Truncated]
-
(1959)
Agric. Hist. Rev.
, vol.7
, pp. 25
-
-
-
24
-
-
84980311144
-
reviewing Peter Roebuck
-
( Oxford ,) in Historical Journal, 24 (1981), p.728. In the remainder of this article it will be possible only to examine the broad outlines of the subject. I hope to be able to test some of the detailed arguments which lie behind the trends on another occasion. The general groupings suggested by earlier writers are followed. As a rough guide, greater owners were those with 3,000 acres or more, gentry had 300‐3,000 acres, and small owners 300 acres or less (cf. Bateman, The Great Landowners).
-
(1980)
Yorkshire Baronets, 1640‐1760
-
-
Morrill, J.S.1
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26
-
-
84980229509
-
-
It is worth noting that whereas in south Lincolnshire ‘large landlords lived outside the county and showed little interest in the farming of their land’ (David Grigg, The Agricultural Revolution in South Lincolnshire Cambridge, 1966), p. 82, in north Nottinghamshire the role of the resident great landowners was critical for the progress of the agricultural revolution. A. C. Pickersgill, ‘The Agrarian Revolution in Basset law, Nottinghamshire, 1750‐1873’ (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Nottingham, 1979), pp. 773‐4.
-
-
-
-
29
-
-
84980274877
-
-
‘The Progress of Agrarian Change in Nottinghamshire, c. 1720‐1830’ (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Liverpool, 1971); Pickersgill, thesis, pp. 261‐8; B. A. Holderness, The Land Market in the East Midlands, 1670‐1820’, in M. D. G. Wanklyn, ed. Land and Power in the Regions (Wolverhampton, 1979), pp. 29‐30.
-
-
-
Fowkes, D.V.1
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30
-
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84980301066
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-
Free Land,. In a comparative study of the effects of settlement in parts of western Europe, J. P. Cooper concluded that ‘if entailed property survived for several generations it became increasingly burdened from at least the sixteenth century with long‐term debts’: ‘Patterns of Inheritance and Settlement by Great Landowners from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries’, in J. Goody, J. Thirsk and E. P. Thompson, eds. Family and Inheritance (1976), p. 304
-
-
-
Arnold1
-
31
-
-
84980304475
-
-
This is a central plank of Habakkuk's case. In ‘Marriage Settlements’, p., he wrote that by the early eighteenth century the strict settlement had become ‘the normal method in all the noble families, in almost all the families of substantial squires, and in a much smaller proportion of the families of lesser squires’. He has maintained the same position in ‘The Rise and Fall of English Landed Families’ (1979), p.191
-
-
-
-
32
-
-
84980227797
-
-
‘Marriage Settlements, 1660‐1740: The Adoption of Strict Settlement in Kent and Northamptonshire’, in R. B. Outhwaite, ed. Marriage and Society (1981), pp. 101‐16.
-
-
-
Lloyd1
-
33
-
-
84980229499
-
-
‘English Landownership’, pp., ; ‘Marriage Settlements’, p. 28. Habakkuk did not cite examples. It is interesting to note Richard Gough's comment from 1701, ‘to buy land, and borrow all the money that pays for it is such a precipitate thing that hardly prospers’: Richard Gough, The History of Myddle, ed. David Hey (Harmondsworth, 1981),p.131
-
-
-
Habakkuk1
-
34
-
-
84980301074
-
-
‘Marriage Settlements, 1601‐1740: The Development and Adoption of the Strict Settlement’ (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, 1978), pp. 13‐14. Randolph Trumbach, The Rise of the Egalitarian Family (1978), p. 82n. Roebuck, Yorkshire Baronets, p. 328. R. A. C. Parker, Coke of Norfolk (Oxford, 1975), p. 12. Christopher Clay, ‘Marriage, Inheritance, and the Rise of Large Estates in England, 1660‐1815’, Econ. Hist. Rev. 2nd ser. XXI (1968), p. 509; ‘English Landlords and Estate Management’, in Joan Thirsk, ed. The Agrarian History of England and Wales, v (1640‐1750), forthcoming. J. V. Beckett, ‘English Landownership in the Later Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: The Debate and the Problems’, Econ. Hist. Rev. 2nd ser. XXX (1977), p. 573.
-
-
-
Lloyd1
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35
-
-
0003359398
-
The Demography of the British Peerage
-
supplement to, ; Clay, ‘Marriage, Inheritance’, p. 515; J. P. Jenkins, ‘The Demographic Decline of the Landed Gentry in the Eighteenth Century: A South Wales Study’, Welsh Historical Review, 11 (1982), pp. 31‐2. Dr Jenkins has argued that in the first half of the eighteenth century the Glamorgan gentry was ‘destroyed by demographic changes similar to those described for the English peerage by Professor Hollingsworth’: The Making of a Ruling Class: The Glamorgan Gentry, 1640‐1790 (Cambridge, 1983), p. 38.
-
(1964)
Population Studies
, vol.18
-
-
Hollingsworth, T.H.1
-
36
-
-
0018691687
-
Marriage Settlements and the “Rise of Great Estates”: The Demographic Aspect
-
The accuracy of Bonfield's findings has been questioned on the grounds that he considered only the ideal model of settlement—resettlement on the marriage of the eldest son in each generation—and did not make sufficient allowance for the effects of collateral succession or settlements created by will. See his debate with Barbara English and John Saville, Econ. Hist. Rev. 2nd ser. XXXIII (1980), pp. 556‐63
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(1979)
Econ. Hist. Rev., 2nd ser.
, vol.32
, pp. 493
-
-
Lloyd1
-
38
-
-
84980211122
-
-
Barbara English and, ( Hull, ; Eileen Spring, ‘The Settlement of Land in Nineteenth‐Century England’, American Journal of Legal History, 8, 1964), pp. 209‐23. English and Saville, p. 38, maintain that it is probably impossible to calculate the proportion of marriage settlements which can be equated with strict settlement, but ‘it is less than is often assumed’. In Christopher Clay's opinion, ‘it seems unlikely that strict settlements executed on occasions other than marriage were so numerous as to destroy Dr Bonfield's contention that heirs very commonly inherited their family property as tenants in tail rather than as tenants for life’: ‘Property Settlements, Financial Provision for the Family, and the Sale of Land by the Greater Landowners, 1660‐1790’, Journal of British Studies, XXI (1981), p. 21
-
(1983)
Strict Settlement: A Guide for Historians
, pp. 38-40
-
-
John1
-
39
-
-
84980211133
-
-
Newcastle: A Duke without Money, (; Parker, Coke of Norfolk, pp. 27, 90ff; D. Cànnadine, ‘The Landowner as Millionaire: The Finances of the Dukes of Devonshire c. 1800 to c. 1926’, Agric. Hist. Rev., 25, 1977), pp. 77‐97, and 26 (1978), p. 47; D. and E. Spring, ‘The Fall of the Grenvilles, 1844‐1848’, Huntington Library Quarterly, XIX (1956), p. 170; E. Richards, ‘An Anatomy of the Sutherland Fortune: Income, Consumption, Investments and Returns, 1780‐1880’, Business History, XXI (1979), pp. 52‐3; Holderness, ‘The Land Market’, pp. 29‐30
-
(1974)
, pp. 191
-
-
Kelch, R.1
-
40
-
-
84980207373
-
-
Cumbria County Record Office, Carlisle, D/Lons/W, Sir James Lowther to John Spedding, 4 Dec. 1740, 13 Jan. 1741; Pickersgill, thesis, pp. 261‐6. 3 Geo. II, c. 14 (for an example of an Estate Act for the purpose of selling land in order to consolidate a principal estate. Copy in the House of Lords Record Office.).
-
-
-
-
41
-
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84980207378
-
-
English and, Marriage Settlements,. The number of such Acts has been a matter of debate. According to Habakkuk, ‘The English Land Market’, p. 156, the number was falling (1688‐1714, 244; 1714‐70, 219; 1770‐1800, 20). In a recent article, ‘The Rise and Fall of English Landed Familie’ (1980), pp. 200‐01, he has continued to use the 1688‐1714 calculation, except that he has added a further sixteen Acts, ‘as a result of further examination of particular cases’. According to English and Saville, an average of 26 Acts were passed annually during the reigns of William and Mary, and 29 during Anne's. This would give a total for the period 1688‐1714 in excess of 700. Allowing for Habakkuk's claim that he was attempting to distinguish between Acts to remedy family settlement deficiencies and those which enabled a landowner to raise a portion by land sale, and for the fact that English and Saville were counting all private acts to alter settlements, the [Truncated]
-
-
-
Saville1
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42
-
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84980311402
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-
‘Marriage Settlements and the “Rise of Great Estates’”, p.
-
-
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Bonfield1
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43
-
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84980278717
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English Landed Society, ; Smith, Wealth of Nations, I, pp. 429‐30
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-
-
Mingay1
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44
-
-
84980229533
-
-
( Lincoln, ; Colin Shrimpton, ‘The Landed Society and the Farming Community of Essex in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries’, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, 1965); E. J. T. Collins, A History of the Orsett Estate, 1743‐1914 (Thurrock, 1978), pp. 10‐11
-
(1979)
Rural Society and County Government in Nineteenth‐Century Lincolnshire
, pp. 26
-
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Olney, R.J.1
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46
-
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6244283375
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New Men of Wealth and the Purchase of Land in Nineteenth‐Century England
-
Jill Franklin, The Gentleman's Country House and its Plan, 1835‐1914 (1981), pp. 24‐38; Nicholas Rogers, ‘Money, Land and Lineage: The Big Bourgeoisie of Hanoverian London’, Social History, 4 (1979), pp. 437‐54
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(1981)
Past & Present
, vol.92
, pp. 125-147
-
-
Rubinstein, W.D.1
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47
-
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84980234863
-
-
In his most recent contributions on landownership Habakkuk has continued to write ‘in general terms, ignoring regional differences’ (The Rise and Fall of English Landed Families' 1979), p. 188. This is consistent with the fact that his original article, although entitled ‘English Landownership’, was based on work undertaken on landed estates in Northamptonshire and Bedfordshire. However, he cannot escape the fact that ‘In the sixteenth century wealthy newcomers bought properties without much regard to size and only limited regard to location. In the eighteenth century they were more discriminating as to both size and location’: ‘The Rise and Fall of English Landed Families' (1981), p. 214.
-
-
-
-
49
-
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84980234828
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-
Orsett Estate, ; Shrimpton, thesis, pp. 93‐152; Thompson, English Landed Society, p. 32
-
-
-
Collins1
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50
-
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84982531609
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Parliamentary Enclosure and Landownership Change in Buckinghamshire
-
William Marshall, The Review and Abstract of the County Reports to the Board of Agriculture (York, 1818), IV, p. 498, V, p. 24; Dean Rapp, ‘Social Mobility in the Eighteenth Century: The Whitbreads of Bedfordshire, 1720‐1815’, Econ. Hist. Rev. 2nd ser. XXVII (1974), pp. 386‐7
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(1975)
Econ. Hist. Rev. 2nd ser.
, vol.28
, pp. 574
-
-
Turner, M.E.1
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51
-
-
84980234841
-
-
( Harmondsworth, edn.), pp., 269, 71, 384, 388; Marshall, Review and Abstract, II, p. 227, IV, p.292
-
(1967)
Rural Rides
, pp. 251-252
-
-
William1
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53
-
-
84980287932
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-
( Oxford, ; K. J. Allison, ‘Hull Gent. Seeks Country Residence’, 1750‐1850, York, 1981); J. V. Beckett, Coal and Tobacco (Cambridge, 1981), p. 114
-
(1972)
Hull in the Eighteenth Century
, pp. 112
-
-
Jackson, G.1
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55
-
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84980268949
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‘English Landownership’, pp., 12
-
-
-
Habakkuk1
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56
-
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48049106718
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-
( Manchester, ; Shrimpton, thesis, pp. 49‐50; Jenkins, ‘The Demographic Decline of the Landed Gentry’, pp. 31‐49; S. Leighton, ‘Changes in Land Ownership in Shropshire’, Trans. Shropshire Arch. Soc., 8, 1896), pp. 13‐14; Thompson, English Landed Society, p.124
-
(1978)
The Lancashire Gentry and the Great Rebellion, 1640‐60
, pp. 161-162
-
-
Blackwood, B.G.1
-
57
-
-
84980251932
-
-
‘The Land Market’, p.,. This finding, if repeated widely, would appear to challenge the conventional view that the middle decades of the eighteenth century witnessed a reduction in land market activity. Habakkuk, ‘The English Land Market’, pp. 155‐7; ‘The Rise and Fall of English Landed Families’ (1981), p. 217; Mingay, English Landed Society, p. 47; Clay, ‘The Price of Freehold Land’, p. 183
-
-
-
Holderness1
-
58
-
-
84980266306
-
-
‘The English Land Market in the Eighteenth Century’, p.
-
-
-
Holderness1
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59
-
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84980304482
-
-
‘The Price of Freehold Land’, pp.
-
-
-
Clay1
-
60
-
-
84980229519
-
-
Habakkuk has suggested that the impact of goverment borrowing, especially in the years 1694‐7 and 1708‐11, coupled with a reduction in land owners' net income primarily as a result of high taxation, was responsible for forcing many owners to seek private estate acts, and for a large number of foreclosure actions: ‘The Rise and Fall of English Landed Families’ (1980), p. 210. He has also suggested that landowners suffered because merchants and monied men were not anxious to acquire estates in the period 1690‐1720 because it was more lucrative to lend to the government. (Ibid, pp. 213‐17) However, Rogers, ‘Money, Land and Lineage’, p. 448, has suggested that amongst London aldermen ‘the acquisition of estates large enough to sustain the leisured life of a country gentleman was more characteristic of the years 1690–1720 than it was of the mid‐century decades’.
-
-
-
-
61
-
-
84980266312
-
-
‘The Price of Freehold Land’, pp., ; Thompson, English Landed Society, p. 122
-
-
-
Clay1
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62
-
-
84980234911
-
-
In theory, magnates could also extend their acreage by acquiring corporate lands, and, more obviously, by taking in wastes. However, the extent to which aggrandizement may have been facilitated by these sources was limited. Christopher Clay has estimated that in the period 1660‐1760 the lands of the twenty‐six English and Welsh bishoprics, the cathedral chapters and collegiate churches, and other institutions which ran their estates on similar lines, accounted for about 6‐7 per cent of the landed property of the country by value, although slightly less by acreage: ‘“The Greed of Whig Bishops”?: Church Landlords and their Lessees, 1660‐1760’, P & P, 87 (1980), pp.128–9. In 1873 only 4.2 per cent of the total acreage was held by the Crown, the church, educational, philanthropic and commercial bodies: Brodrick, English Land and English Landlords, pp. 170, 187. How much land was reclaimed from wastes and blasted heaths is incalculable.
-
-
-
-
63
-
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84980266318
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-
“The English Land Market in the Eighteenth Century”, p., ; ‘The Land Market’, pp. 33–41
-
-
-
Holderness1
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64
-
-
84980266326
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-
Coal and Tobacco, ; Parker, Coke of Norfolk, pp. 89‐90, 93; Shaw Lefevre, Agrarian Tenures, pp. 11‐12
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-
-
Beckett1
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65
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84980268960
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Orsett Estate,. For an example of one of Essex's more established landed gentlemen extending his estate by piecemeal consolidation see J. D. Williams, ‘A Pattern of Land Accumulation: The Audley End Experience, 1762‐97’, Essex Archaeology and History, 11 (1979), pp. 90‐100
-
-
-
Collins1
-
66
-
-
84980211191
-
-
“Landownership and Economic Growth in England in the Eighteenth Century”, in E. L. Jones and S. J. Woolf, eds. Agrarian Change and Economic Development, (. Colquhoun's figure of 160,000 was based on the revised ‘Davenant Version’ of Gregory King's figures dating from 1698[9]. Although King's figures have recently been criticized, Colquhoun followed them on the grounds that he had ‘been acknowledged by all political arithmeticians to have been extremely accurate in his researches’: A Treatise on Indigence, 1806), p. 20
-
(1969)
, pp. 46-47
-
-
Thompson, F.M.L.1
-
67
-
-
84980211195
-
-
English Parliamentary Enclosure (Folkestone, ; Mingay, Enclosure and the Small Farmer, p. 15n. Although Mingay recognized the possibility that rates of decline varied, pp. 30, 32) he still argued that the figure of 11‐14 per cent drawn from Midlands evidence could be taken to apply to ‘the country as a whole’ (p. 31). For reservations about the use of Land Tax assessments in landownership studies see footnote 22 above
-
(1980)
, pp. 63-93
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Turner1
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68
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84980287958
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Victoria County History
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Wiltshire
, vol.4
, pp. 69
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-
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69
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84980309146
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-
thesis, pp., ; Gray, ‘Yeoman Farming in Oxfordshire’; Davies, ‘The Small Landowner 1780‐1832’; Turner, ‘Parliamentary Enclosure and Landownership Change’, p. 574
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-
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Shrimpton1
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70
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84980251939
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Disappearance of the Small Landowner
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-
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Johnson1
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71
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84980251957
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Land and People in Nineteenth‐Century Wales, (; J. V. Beckett, ‘The Decline of the Small Landowner in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century England: Some Regional Considerations’, Agric. Hist. Rev. 30, 1982), pp. 97‐111; Joan Thirsk, ‘The Disappearance of the English Peasantry’, unpublished paper delivered to the Centre of International and Area Studies, London 1974, and cited with permission
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(1978)
, pp. 26-27
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Howell1
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72
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84980261959
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-
Select Committee on Agriculture (P.P. 1833, v), pp., x, 309, 10: Select Committee of the House of Lords Appointed to Inquire into the State of Agriculture in England and Wales (P.P. 1837, v), pp. 315‐17. Olga Wilkinson, The Agricultural Revolution in the East Riding of Yorkshire (York, 1956),p. 17
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-
-
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73
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84980261956
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-
“The Social Distribution”, p.
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Thompson1
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74
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84980210708
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Lord and Peasant in Nineteenth‐Century Britain
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(1980)
, pp. 137
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Mills1
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76
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84980266350
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-
“The Ownership and Occupation of the Land in Devonshire, 1650‐1800”, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of London, ; Roebuck, Yorkshire Baronets, p. 328; Beckett, ‘English Landownership’, pp. 569‐70
-
(1938)
, pp. 79-98
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-
Hoskins, W.G.1
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77
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84980214229
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“The Landed Estate in Glamorgan, c. 1660‐1760” (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, 298; S. Farrant, ‘The Changing Structure of Land Ownership in the Lower Ouse Valley, 1780 to 1840’, Sussex Archaeological Collections, CXVI, 1978), pp. 261‐8; Collins, Orsett Estate, pp. 10‐11; Howell, Land and People, p.23. The aristocratic land ‘blocks’ reached their peak in the mid‐nineteenth century in north Nottinghamshire: Pickersgill, thesis, pp. 432ff. The evidence for post‐1750 consolidation reflects Thompson's finding that there was a tendency towards greater concentration of property from the later eighteenth century until a few years after 1873: English Landed Society, pp. 34‐5
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(1978)
, pp. 31-32
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Martin1
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78
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84980251628
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-
“The English Land Market in the Eighteenth Century”, p., ; Olney, Rural Society and County Government, p. 26; H. A. Fuller, ‘Landownership in Lindsey, c. 1800‐1860’ (unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Hull, 1974), pp. 76‐80; Thirsk, ‘Disappearance of the English Peasantry’
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-
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Holderness1
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79
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-
84980229590
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Free Land,. For a recent comment on great landowner debts in the nineteenth century see David Cannadine, ‘Aristocratic Indebtedness in the Nineteenth Century: The Case Re‐opened’,Econ. Hist. Rev. 2nd ser. XXX (1977), pp. 624–50
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-
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Arnold1
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80
-
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84980251607
-
-
“Marriage Settlements”, pp., argued that ‘on an average, about one‐half of the land in England was held under strict settlement in the mid‐eighteenth century… the proportion tended to increase during the century’. As his source, Habakkuk cited John Dalrymple, Considerations upon the Policy of Entails in Great Britain (Edinburgh, 1764). It is worth noting, however, that Dalrymple was writing from a Scottish point of view, and although he clearly states that the effect of strict settlements in England was ‘of withdrawing from sale near one half of the land‐property of England, from generation to generation’ (p. 57), there is nothing to indicate the origin of this figure. For the nineteenth century see Thompson, English Landed Society, p. 67
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Habakkuk1
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81
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84980214249
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For an eighteenth‐century example see Parker, Coke of Norfolk, ; Cooper, ‘Patterns of Inheritance and Settlement’, pp. 201, 228‐9
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-
-
-
82
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84910047851
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Post‐Restoration Landownership: The Impact of the Abolition of Wardship
-
Mingay, English Landed Society, pp. 67‐71; Parker, Coke of Norfolk, pp. 1‐11
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(1978)
Journal of British Studies
, vol.18
, pp. 67-85
-
-
Roebuck1
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84
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84980311411
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-
‘Marriage, Inheritance’; ‘Property Settlements, Financial Provision for the Family’, pp.,. Habakkuk, ‘The Rise and Fall of English Landed Families’ (1979), pp. 189‐95
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-
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Clay1
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85
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84980286822
-
-
“Demographic Decline of the Landed Gentry”, p.
-
-
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Jenkins1
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86
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84980229612
-
-
“Marriage Settlements, 1660‐1740”, p., ; E. Spring, ‘The Settlement of Land’, p.222
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-
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Bonfield1
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87
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84980266356
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-
“Landownership and Economic Growth”, p.,. One of the problems faced by those historians who continue to follow Marx's line of argument is that they have to assume that the pattern discovered by the ‘New Domesday’ was actually in existence up to a century earlier, even though the outcry against the expropriation of small owners was essentially a nineteenth‐century phenomenon: see for example, John Saville, ‘Primitive Accumulation and Early Industrialization in Britain’, The Socialist Register, 1969, p. 252
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Thompson1
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88
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84980286807
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English Landed Society
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Mingay1
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