Hydrodynamics and circulation of fjords

Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 327-344

  Stigebrandt, Anders ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84979971833     PISSN: 13884360     EISSN: 1871756X     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-4410-6_247     Document Type: Chapter

References (75)

1. Arneborg, L., 2002. Mixing efficiencies in patchy turbulence. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 32, 1496–1506.
2. Arneborg, L., 2004. Turnover times for the water above sill level in Gullmar Fjord. Continental Shelf Research, 24, 443–460.
3. Arneborg, L., and Liljebladh, B., 2001a. The internal seiches in Gullmar Fjord. Part I: dynamics. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 31, 2549–2566.
4. Arneborg, L., and Liljebladh, B., 2001b. The internal seiches in Gullmar Fjord. Part II: contribution to basin water mixing. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 31, 2567–2574.
5. Arneborg, L., Janzen, C., Liljebladh, B., Rippeth, T. P., Simpson, J. H., and Stigebrandt, A., 2004a. Spatial variability of diapycnal mixing and turbulent dissipation rates in a stagnant fjord basin. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 34, 1679–1691.
6. Arneborg, L., Erlandsson, C. P., Liljebladh, B., and Stigebrandt, A., 2004b. The rate of inflow and mixing during deepwater renewal in a sill fjord. Limnology and Oceanography, 49, 768–777.
7. Asplin, L., Salvanes, A. G. V., and Kristoffersen, J. B., 1999. Nonlocal wind-driven fjord-coast advection and its potential effect on plankton and fish recruitment. Fisheries Oceanography, 8(4), 255–263.
8. Aure, J., and Stigebrandt, A., 1990. Quantitative estimates of eutro-phication effects on fjords of fish farming. Aquaculture, 90, 135–156.
9. Aure, J., Molvaer, J., and Stigebrandt, A., 1996. Observations of inshore water exchange forced by a fluctuating offshore density field. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 33, 112–119.
10. Axell, L., 1998. On the variability of the Baltic Sea deepwater mixing. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 21667–21682.
11. Berntsen, J., Xing, J., and Davies, A. M., 2008. Numerical studies of internal waves at a sill: sensitivity to horizontal grid size and subgrid scale closure. Continental Shelf Research, 28, 1376–1393.
12. Bjerkeng, B., Göransson, C. G., and Magnusson, J., 1978. Investigations of different alternatives for waste water disposal from Sentralanlegg Vest. NIVA Rep. No. 013276 (in Norwegian)
13. Buckley, J. R., and Pond, S., 1976. Wind and the surface circulation of a fjord. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 33(10), 2265–2271.
14. Cottier, F. R., Nielsen, F., Skogseth, R., Tverberg, V., Skardhamar, J., and Svendsen, H., 2010. Arctic fjords: a review of the oceanographic environment and dominant physical processes. In Howe, J. A. A., Austin, W. E. N., Forwick, M., and Paetzel, M. (eds) Fjord Systems and Archives. London: Geological Society, Special Publications, 344, pp. 17–33.
15. Davies, A. M., Xing, J., and Jones, J. E., 2011. A model study of tidal distributions in the Celtic and Irish Sea regions determined with finite volume and finite element models. Ocean Dynamics, 61, 1645–1667.
16. DeYoung, B., and Pond, S., 1989. Partition of energy loss from the barotropic tide in fjords. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 19, 246–252.
17. 2 tidal energy dissipation from Topex/Poseidon altimeter data. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 22475–22502.
18. Engqvist, A., and Omstedt, A., 1992. Water exchange and density structure in a multi-basin estuary. Continental Shelf Research, 23, 1003–1026.
19. Farmer, D., and Armi, L., 1986. Maximal two-layer exchange over a sill and through the combination of a sill and contraction with barotropic flow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 164, 53–76.
20. Farmer, D., and Freeland, H., 1983. The physical oceanography of fjords. Progress in Oceanography, 12, 147–220.
21. Frøyland, T., 1966. En oseanografisk undersøkelse av Framvaren ved Farsund. Thesis, Geophysical Institute, Division A, University of Bergen, pp. 95 (In Norwegian).
22. Gade, H. G., 1970. Hydrographic investigations in the Oslofjord, a study of water circulation and exchange processes. Geophysical Institute, Division A, University of Bergen. Report 24, 193 pp + Appendix and Figures, pp. 92.
23. Gade, H. G. and Edwards, A., 1979. Deep water renewal in fjords. In Freeland, H. J., Farmer, D. M., and Levings, C. D. (eds.) Fjord Oceanography. NATO Conference Series. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 453–489.
24. Gargett, A. E., 1984. Vertical eddy diffusivity in the ocean interior. Journal of Marine Research, 42, 359–393.
25. Goudsmit, G.-H., Peeters, F., Gloor, M., and Wüest, A., 1997. Boundary versus internal diapycnal mixing in stratified natural waters. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 27903– 27914.
26. Green, J. A. M., Molvaer, J., and Stigebrandt, A., 2004. Hydrographic response of Holandsfjord to changed freshwater runoff. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, C07021, doi:10.1029/2004JC002295.
27. Gustafsson, B. G., and Stigebrandt, A., 1996. Dynamics of the freshwater influenced surface layers in the Skagerrak. Journal of Sea Research, 35, 39–53.
28. Holbrook, J. R., Cannon, C. A., and Kachel, D. G., 1983. Two-year observations of coastal-fjord interactions in the strait of Juan de Fuca. In Gade, H. G., Edwards, A., and Svendsen, H. (eds.), Coastal Oceanography. New York: Plenum, pp. 411–426.
29. Houghton, D., and Woods, J., 1969. The slippery seas of Acapulco. New Scientist, 134–136.
30. Inall, M. E., 2009. Internal wave induced dispersion and mixing on a sloping boundary. Geophysical Research Letters, 6, L05604, doi:10.1029/2008 GL 036849.
31. Inall, M., and Rippeth, T., 2002. Dissipation of tidal energy and associated mixing in a wide fjord. Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 2, 219–240, doi:10.1023/A:1019846829875.
32. Inall, M., Cottier, F., Griffiths, C., and Rippeth, T., 2004. Sill dynamics and energy transformation in a jet fjord. Ocean Dynamics, 54, 307–314.
33. Inall, M. E., and Gillibrand, P.A., 2010. The physics of mid-latitude fjords: a review. In Howe, J. A. A., Austin, W. E. N., Forwick, M. and Paetzel, M. (eds.) Fjord Systems and Archives. London: Geological Society, Special Publications, 344, pp. 17–33.
34. Johnsson, M., Green, J. A. M., and Stigebrandt, A., 2007. Baroclinic wave drag from two closely spaced sills in a narrow fjord as inferred from basin water mixing. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, C11002, doi:10.1029/2006JC003694.
35. Klinck, J. K., O’Brien, J. J., and Svendsen, H., 1981. A simple model of fjord and coastal circulation interaction. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 11, 1612–1626.
36. Lewis, E. L., and Perkin, R. G., 1982. Seasonal mixing processes in an Arctic fjord system. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 12, 74–83.
37. Lindahl, O., and Hernroth, L., 1988. Large-scale and long-term variations in the zooplankton community of the Gullmar fjord, Sweden, in relation to advective processes. Marine Ecology-progress Series, 43, 161–171.
38. Liungman, O., Rydberg, L. A., and Göransson, C. G., 2001. Modelling and observations of deep water renewal and entrainment in a Swedish sill fjord. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 31, 3401–3420.
39. Matthews, J. B. L., and Heimdal, B. R., 1980. Pelagic productivity and food chains in fjord systems. In Freeland, H. J., Farmer, D. M., and Lewings, C. D. (eds.) Fjord Ocenography, NATO Conference Series. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 377–398.
40. Parsmar, R., and Stigebrandt, A., 1997. Observed damping of barotropic seiches through baroclinic wave drag in the Gullmar Fjord. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 27, 849–857.
41. Pettersson, H., 1920. Internal movements in coastal waters and meteorological phenomena. Geogrfiska Annaler of Stockholm, 1, 32–66.
42. Sjöberg, B., and Stigebrandt, A., 1992. Computations of the geographical distribution of the energy flux to mixing processes via internal tides: its horizontal distribution and the associated vertical circulation in the ocean. Deep Sea Research, 39, 269–291.
43. Smethie, W. M., Jr., 1980. Estimation of vertical mixing rates in fjords using naturally occurring Radon-222 and salinity as tracers. In Freeland, H. J., Farmer, D. M., and Levings, C. D. (eds.), Fjord Oceanography. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 241–249.
44. Stacey, M. W., 1984. The interaction of tides with the sill of a tidally energetic inlet. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 14, 1105–1117.
45. Stacey, M. W., 1999. Simulation of the wind-forced near-surface circulation in Knight Inlet: a parameterization of the roughness length. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 39, 1363–1367.
46. Stigebrandt, A., 1976. Vertical diffusion driven by internal waves in a sill fjord. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 6, 486–495.
47. Stigebrandt, A., 1977. On the effect of barotropic current fluctuations on the two-layer transport capacity of a constriction. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 7, 118–122.
48. Stigebrandt, A., 1979. Observational evidence for vertical diffusion driven by internal waves of tidal origin in the Oslo fjord. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 9, 435–441.
49. Stigebrandt, A., 1980. Barotropic and baroclinic response of a semi-enclosed basin to barotropic forcing from the sea. In Freeland, H. J., Farmer, D. M., and Levings, C. D. (eds.) Fjord Oceanography. NATO Conference Series. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 141–164.
50. Stigebrandt, A., 1980b. Some aspects of tidal interaction with fjord constrictions. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science, 11, 151–166.
51. Stigebrandt, A., 1981a. A mechanism governing the estuarine circulation in deep, strongly stratified fjords. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 13, 197–211.
52. Stigebrandt, A., 1981b. A model for the thickness and salinity of the upper layer in the Arctic Ocean and the relationship between the ice thickness and some external parameters. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 11, 1407–1422.
53. Stigebrandt, A., 1985. A model for the seasonal pycnocline in rotating systems with application to the Baltic proper. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 15, 1392–1404.
54. Stigebrandt, A., 1987. A model for the vertical circulation of the Baltic deep water. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 17, 1772–1785.
55. Stigebrandt, A., 1990. On the response of the horizontal mean vertical density distribution in a fjord to low-frequency density fluctuations in the coastal water. Tellus, 42, 605–614.
56. Stigebrandt, A., 1999. Resistance to barotropic tidal flow in straits by baroclinic wave drag. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 29, 191–197.
57. Stigebrandt, A., 2001. FjordEnv – a water quality model for fjords and other inshore waters. University of Gothenburg, Earth Sciences Centre, Report C40, pp. 41.
58. Stigebrandt, A., 2011. Carrying capacity – general principles of model construction. Aquaculture Research, 42, 41–50.
59. Stigebrandt, A., and Aure, J., 1989. Vertical mixing in the basin water of fjords. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 19, 917–926.
60. Stigebrandt, A., and Aure, J., 1990. The importance of external driving forces for the water exchange in the fjords from Skagerrak to Finnmark. Report No. FO9003. Bergen: Institutes of Marine Research, pp. 29 (In Norwegian).
61. Stigebrandt, A., and Erlandsson, C.P., 2006. Dynamics of water exchange in fjord basins. In Erlandsson, C.P., (ed.) Influence of Physical Oceanographic Processes on Water Quality in Coastal and Inshore Waters. PhD thesis in oceanography, University of Gothenburg. Department of Earth sciences, publication A110.
62. Stigebrandt, A., and Gustafsson, B., 2003. The response of the Baltic Sea to climate change – theory and observations. Journal of Sea Research, 49, 243–256.
63. Stigebrandt, A. A., and Molvaer, J., 1996. Evidence for hydraulically controlled outflow of brackish water from Holandsfjord, Norway. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 26, 257–266.
64. Straneo, F., Hamilton, G. S., Sutherland, D. A., Stearns, L. A., Davidson, F., Hammil, M. O., Stenson, G. B., Rosing-Asvid, A., 2010. Rapid circulation of warm subtropical waters in a major, East Greenland glacial fjord. Nature Geoscience, 3, 182–186.
65. Stommel, H., and Farmer, H. G., 1953. Control of salinity in an estuary by a transition. Journal of Marine Research, 12, 13–20.
66. Svendsen, H., 1980. Exchange processes above sill level between fjords and coastal water, In Freeland, H. J., Farmer, D. M., and Levings, C. D. (eds.) Fjord Oceanography. NATO Conference Series. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 355–362.
67. Svensson, T., 1980. Tracer measurement of mixing in the deep water of a small, stratified sill fjord. In Freeland, H. J., Farmer, D. M., and Levings, C. D. (eds.), Fjord Oceanography. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 233–240.
68. Tett, P., Portilla, E., Gillibrand, P. A., and Inall, M., 2011. Carrying and assimilative capacities: the ACExR-LESV model for sealoch aquaculture. Aquaculture Research, 42, 51–67.
69. Tinis, S.W., 1995. The circulation and energetics of the Schelt Inlet System, British Columbia. PhD thesis, Dept. of Oceanography, the University of British Columbia, 173 pp, [Available from Dept. Of Earth and Ocean Sciences, the University of British Columbia, 6339 Stores Road, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4].
70. Tinis, S.W., and Pond, S., 2001. Tidal energy dissipation at the still of Sechelt Inlet, British Columbia. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 31, 3365–3373.
71. Tverberg, V., Cushman-Roisin, B., and Svendsen, H., 1991. Modeling internal tides in fjords. Journal of Marine Research, 49, 635–658.
72. Umlauf, L., and Arneborg, L., 2009a. Dynamics of rotating shallow gravity currents passing through a channel. Part I: observations of transverse structures. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 39, 22385–22401.
73. Umlauf, L., and Arneborg, L., 2009b. Dynamics of rotating shallow gravity currents passing through a channel. Part II: analysis. Journal of Physical. Oceanography, 39, 2402–2416.
74. Wickbom, L., and Rydberg, L., 1996. Tidal choking and bed friction in Negombo Lagoon, Sri Lanka. Estuaries and Coasts, 19(3), 540–547, doi:10.2307/1352516.
75. Wüest, A., Piepke, G., and Van Senden, D. C., 2000. Turbulent kinetic energy balance as a tool for estimating vertical diffusivity in wind-forced stratified waters. Limnology and Oceanography, 45, 1388–1400.