Geology and world politics: Mineral resource appraisals as tools of geopolitical calculation, 1919-1939

Historical Social Research

Volumn 40, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 151-173

  Westermann, Andrea ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Globalization; History of the earth sciences; International relations; Technocracy

Indexed keywords

EID: 84979797995     PISSN: 01726404     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.12759/hsr.40.2015.2.151-173     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. Bain, Harry Foster. 1930. Mineral Resources and their Effect on International Relations. Journal of the Royal Institute of International Affairs 9(5):664-79.
2. Bayerl, Günter. 1994. Prolegomenon der "Großen Industrie". der technisch-ökonomische Blick auf die Natur im 18. Jahrhundert. In Umweltgeschichte. Umweltverträgliches Wirtschaften in historischer Perspektive, ed. Werner Abelshauser, 29-56. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
3. Beck, Richard. 1901. Lehre von den Erzlagerstätten. Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger.
4. Blondel, Fernand, and Samuel Lasky. 1956. Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources. Economic Geology 51:686-97.
5. Bowden, Gary. 1985. The Social Construction of Validity in Estimates of US Crude Oil Reserves. Social Studies of Science 15(2):207-40.
6. Brianta, Donata. 2000. Education and Training in the Mining Industry, 1760-1869: European Models and the Italian Case. Annals of Science 57(3):267-300.
7. Brown, Jonathan C. 1993. Oil and Revolution in Mexico. Berkeley, Los Angeles and Oxford: University of California Press.
8. Burt, Roger. 2000. Innovation or Imitation? Technological Dependency in the American Nonferrous Mining Industry. Technology and Culture 41:321-47.
9. De Launay, Louis. 1912. Les réserves mondiales en minerais de fer. Compte rendu de la 11e session du congrès géologique international, Stockholm 1910. Congres géologique international, 307-14. Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt & Söner.
10. De Launay, Louis. 1918. France-Allemagne. Problemes Miniers, Munitions, Blocus, Apres-guerre. Paris: Librairie Armand Colin.
11. Doel, Ronald. 1989. Interview with Marion King Hubbert, Bethesda, MD, session IV, 17/01/1989 (Accessed January 14, 2014).
12. Dörries, Matthias. 2005. Krakatau 1883: Die Welt als Labor und Erfahrungsraum. In Welt-Räume. Geschichte, Geographie und Globalisierung seit 1900, ed. Sabine Höhler and Iris Schröder, 51-73. Frankfurt a. M. and New York: Campus.
13. Eckes, Alfred E. 1979. The United States and the Global Struggle for Minerals. Austin and London: University of Texas Press.
14. Fabricant, Solomon. 1984. Toward a Firmer Basis of Economic Policy: The Founding of the National Bureau of Economic Research (Accessed February 8, 2014).
15. Frängsmyr, Tore, J. L. Heilbron, and Robin Rider, eds. 1990. The Quantifying Spirit in the Eighteenth Century. Berkeley, CA: California University Press.
16. Friedensburg, Ferdinand. 1934. Kohle und Eisen im Weltkriege und in den Friedensschlüssen. München and Berlin: Oldenbourg.
17. Friedensburg, Ferdinand. 1936. Die mineralischen Bodenschätze als weltpolitische und militärische Machtfaktoren. Stuttgart: Enke Verlag.
18. Gautier, Donald L. 2000. Oil and Gas Resource Appraisal: Diminishing Reserves, Increasing Supply. In Prediction. Science, Decision Making, and the Future of Nature, ed. Daniel Sarewitz, Radford J. Byerly and Roger A. Pielke Jr., 231-50. Washington, DC: Island Press.
19. Geistbeck, Michael. 1895. der Weltverkehr. Freiburg i. Br.: Herder.
20. Graf, Rüdiger. 2014. Expert Estimates of Oil-Reserves and the Transformation of "Petroknowledge" in the Western World from the 1950s to the 1970s. In Managing the Unknown. Essays on Environmental Ignorance, ed. Uwe Lübken and Frank Uekötter, 140-67. New York and Oxford: Berghahn.
21. Greenblatt, Stephen. 1991. Marvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
22. Guilhot, Nicolas. 2011. The Realist Gambit. Postwar American Political Science and the Birth of IR Theory. The Invention of International Relations Theory: Realism, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the 1954 Conference on Theory, 128-61. New York: Columbia University Press.
23. Haller, Lea, Sabine Höhler, and Andrea Westermann. 2014. Rechnen mit der Natur: Ökonomische Kalküle um Ressourcen. Einleitung. Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte 37(1):8-19.
24. Harvey, Charles. 1981. The Rio Tinto Company, 1873-1954: An Economic History of a Leading International Mining Concern. Penzance: Alison Hodge.
25. Hays, Samuel P. 1959. Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: The Progressive Conservation Movement, 1890-1920. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
26. Heringman, Noah. 2004. Romantic Rocks, Aesthetic Geology. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
27. Hewett, Donnel Foster. 1929. Cycles in Metal Production. New York: The American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers (Technical Publication 183).
28. Hirschman, Albert O. 1945. National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade. Berkeley: University of California Press (Publications of the Bureau of Business and Economic Research 5).
29. Holland, Thomas. 1935. The Mineral Sanction as an Aid to International Security. Edinburgh and London: Oliver and Boyd.
30. Hotelling, Harold. 1931. The Economics of Exhaustible Resources. Journal of Political Economy 39(2):137-75.
31. Hovis, Logan W., and Jeremy Mouat. 1996. Miners, Engineers, and the Transformation of Work in the Western Mining Industry, 1880-1930. Technology and Culture 37:429-56.
32. Hubbert, Marion King. 1934. Future Ore Supply and Geophysical Prospecting. Engineering and Mining Journal 135(1):18-21.
33. Hubbert, Marion King. 1943. Questioning of M. King Hubbert Before the Board of Economic Warfare (O. E. W. A), Washington, DC, 14 April 1943, 11-77 (Accessed January 14, 2014).
34. Hubbert, Marion King. 1975. Survey of World Energy Resources. In Symposium on Energy Sources for the Future: Oak Ridge, Tenn., July 7-25, 1975, ed. Jerome L. Duggan and Roger J. Cloutier, 1-30. Washington, DC: ERDA.
35. Innis, Harold A. 1933. Problems of Staple Production in Canada. Toronto: The Ryerson Press.
36. Isenberg, Andrew C. 2005. The Industrial Alchemy of Hydraulic Mining: Law, Technology, and Resource-Intensive Industrialization. In City, Country, Empire: Landscapes in Environmental History, ed. Jeffry M. Diefendorf and Kurk Dorsey, 122-37. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
37. Kamen, Henry. 2002. Spain's Road to Empire: The Making of a World Power, 1492-1763. London: Allen Lane.
38. Kapp, Karl W. 1941. The League of Nations and Raw Materials, 1919-1939. Geneva Studies 12 (3). Geneva: Geneva Research Centre.
39. Krahmann, Max. 1903. Lagerstättenkunde und Bergwirtschaftslehre. Zeitschrift für praktische Geologie mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Lagerstättenkunde und der davon abhängigen Bergwirtschaftslehre 11:1-4.
40. Krahmann, Max. 1928. Bergwirtschaftliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft. Eine Programmschrift. Berlin: Kurt Vowinckel Verlag.
41. Krausmann, Fridolin, et al. 2009. Growth in Global Materials Use, GDP and Population during the 20th Century. Ecological Economics 68(10):2696-705.
42. Krige, John, and Kai-Henrik Barth. 2006. Global Power Knowledge. Science and Technology in International Affairs. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
43. Krünitz, Johann Georg. 1773-1858. Oekonomisch-technologische Encyklopädie, oder allgemeines System der Staats-Stadt-Haus- und Landwirthschaft und der Kunstgeschichte, 242 vols. Berlin: Pauli.
44. Laboulais, Isabelle. 2008. Serving Science and the State: Mining Science in France, 1794-1810. Minerva 46:17-36.
45. Leith, Charles K. 1921. International Control of Minerals. Mineral Resources of the United States 1917, Part I: Metals (US G. Survey), 7a-16a. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
46. Leith, Charles K. 1927. Exploitation and World Progress. Foreign Affairs 6(1):128-39.
47. Leith, Charles K. 1970 [1931]. World Minerals and World Politics. A Factual Study of Minerals in Their Political and International Relations. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press.
48. Leith, Charles K., et al. 1933. Elements of a National Mineral Policy. New York: American Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (AIME).
49. Leith, Charles K., et al. 1943. World Minerals and World Peace. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
50. Lindenfeld, David F. 1997. The Practical Imagination. The German Sciences of State in the 19th Century. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
51. Lingenfelter, Richard E., ed. 2003. The Mining West: A Bibliography and Guide to the History and Literature of Mining the American and Canadian West. Lanham, MD and London: Scarecrow Press.
52. Lowood, Henry E. 1990. The Calculating Forester: Quantification, Cameral Science, and the Emergence of Scientific Forestry Management in Germany. In The Quantifying Spirit in the 18th Century, ed. Tore Frängsmyr, J. L. Heilbron and Robin E. Rider, 315-42. Berkeley, CA: California University Press.
53. McKelvey, Vincent E. 1972. Mineral Resource Estimates and Public Policy. American Scientist 60:32-40.
54. Merton, Richard. 1931. Die Versorgung der deutschen Wirtschaft mit Nicht-Eisen-Metallen. Berlin: E. S. Mittler & Sohn.
55. Mining and Metallurgical Society of America, ed. 1925. International Control of Minerals. Studies made by the Committee of the Mining and Metallurgical Society of America on Foreign and Domestic Mining Policy and the Committee of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers on Industrial Preparedness. New York: Mining and Metallurgical Society of America & American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers.
56. Nasse, Rudolf. 1893. Die Kohlenvorräthe der europäischen Staaten, insbesondere Deutschlands, und deren Erschöpfung. Berlin: Puttkammer und Mühlbrecht.
57. Nest, Michael. 2011. Coltan. Cambridge: Polity Press.
58. Ochs, Kathleen H. 1992. The Rise of American Mining Engineers: A Case Study of the Colorado School of Mines. Technology and Culture 33:278-301.
59. Osterhammel, Jürgen. 1987. Forschungsreise und Kolonialprogramm: Ferdinand von Richthofen und die Erschließung Chinas im 19. Jahrhundert. Archiv för Kulturgeschichte 69(1):150-95.
60. Parrish, Wayne William. 1933. An Outline of Technocracy. New York: Farrar & Rinehart.
61. Pehrson, Elmer W. 1946. The Mineral Position of the United States and Outlook for the Future. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
62. Pellis, Eduard. 1876. Le Simplon et la route des Indes. Bulletin de la Société vaudoise des ingénieurs et des architectes 2(1):1-4.
63. Porter, Ted. 1994. Making Things Quantitative. Science in Context 7(3):389-407.
64. Prain, Ronald. 1975. Copper: The Anatomy of an Industry. London: Mining Journal Books.
65. Pratt, Waiden P., and Donald A. Brobst. 1974. Mineral Resources: Potentials and Problems. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office (Geological Survey Circular 698).
66. Priest, Tyler. 2000. Charles Kenneth Leith and the Quest for World Mineral Control, 1910-1930, unpublished Master thesis. Madison, WI: University of Madison Wisconsin.
67. Priest, Tyler. 2003. Global Gambits: Big Steel and the U. S. Quest for Manganese. Westport, CT: Praeger.
68. Priest, Tyler. 2014. Hubbert's Peak: The Great Debate over the End of Oil. Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 44(1):37-79.
69. Pumpelly, Raphael. 1885. Report on the Mining Industries of the United States (Exclusive of the Precious Metals) with Special Investigations into the Iron Resources of the Republic and into the Cretaceous Coals of the Northwest. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
70. Rathenau, Walther. 1925 [1916]. Deutsche Rohstoffversorgung. Vortrag, gehalten in der "Deutschen Gesellschaft 1914" am 20. Dezember 1915. Rathenau, Walther: Wirtschaft, Staat und Gesellschaft. Gesammelte Schriften 5, 23-58. Berlin: S. Fischer.
71. Rawles, William P. 1933. The Nationality of Commercial Control of World Minerals. New York: American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers.
72. Reuß, Christian Friedrich. 1777. Abhandlungen wie die Naturkunde der Grund zu einer wohleingerichteten Oekonomie, und wie groß der Einfluß derselben in diese Wissenschaft ist. Beschäftigung der Berlinischen Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde 3:3-28.
73. Roorbach, George B. 1912. Geography and Resources. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 39:130-53.
74. Rosenberg, Emily. 1999. Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of Dollar Diplomacy, 1900-1930. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
75. Scott, James C. 1998. Seeing Like a State. How Certain Schemes to Improve Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven, CT, London: Yale University Press.
76. Shulman, Peter A. 2005. Governing Nature, Nurturing Government: Resource Management and the Development of the American State, 1900-1912. Journal of Policy History 17(4):375-403.
77. Sjögren, Hjalmar J. 1910. Summary of the Reports. In The Iron Ore Resources of the World. An Inquiry Made upon the Initiative of the Executive Committee of the International Geological Congress. Stockholm: Generalstabens Litografiska Anstalt.
78. Sjögren, Hjalmar J. 1912. Results of the Inquiry on Iron Ore Resources. In Compte rendu de la 11e session du congrès géologique international, Stockholm 1910. Congres géologique international, 297-301. Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt & Söner.
79. Smith, George. O., ed. 1919. The Strategy of Minerals. A Study of the Mineral Factor in the World Position of America in War and Peace. Problems of War and of Reconstruction. New York and London: D. Appleton and Company.
80. Smith, George O. 1921. The Economic Limits to Domestic Independence in Minerals. In Mineral Resources of the United States 1917, Part I: Metals (US G. Survey), la-6a. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
81. Spurr, Josiah Edward. 1919. The Shipping Crisis. In The Strategy of Minerals. A Study of the Mineral Factor in the World Position of America in War and in Peace, ed. George Otis Smith, 30-50. New York and London: D. Appleton.
82. Spurr, Josiah Edward. 1920. Political and Commercial Geology and the World's Mineral Resources. A Series of Studies by Specialists. New York: McGraw-Hill.
83. The General Secretary of the Congress, ed. 1910. The Iron Ore Resources of the World. An Inquiry Made upon the Initiative of the Executive Committee of the XI International Geological Congress, Stockholm 1910 with the Assistance of Geological Surveys and Mining Geologists of Different Countries. Stockholm: Generalstabens Litografiska Anstalt.
84. Thomas, Albert. 1927. International migration and its control. In Proceedings of the World Population Conference, ed. Margaret Sanger, 257-65. London: Edward Arnold & Co.
85. Tooze, Adam. 2001. Statistics and the German State, 1900-1945. The Making of Modern Economic Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
86. Topik, Steven C, and Allan Wells. 2012. Warenketten in einer globalen Wirtschaft. In Geschichte der Welt, Bd. 5: Weltmärkte und Weltkriege, 1870-1945, ed. Emily S. Rosenberg, 589-814. München: C. H. Beck; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
87. Trepp, Ann-Charlott. 2009. Von der Glückseligkeit alles zu wissen. Die Erforschung der Natur als religiöse Praxis in der frühen Neuzeit. Frankfurt a. M. and New York: Campus.
88. Tryon, Frederick Gale, and Frederick E. Berquist. 1932. Mineral Economies - An Outline of the Field. In Mineral Economics. Lectures under the Auspices of the Brookings Institution (A. I. M. E. series), ed. Frederick Gale Tryon, Edwin Eckel and Harry Foster Bain, 1-36. New York and London: McGraw Hill.
89. United Nations, ed. 1950. Proceedings of the United Nations Scientific Conference on the Conservation and Utilization of Resources, 17 August-6 September, 1949, Lake Success, New York. Lake Success, NY: United Nations Department of Economic Affairs.
90. United States Geological Survey. 1921. World Atlas of Commercial Geology. Washington, DC: US Geological Survey.
91. United States Civil Service Commission. 1943. Letter to Marion King Hubbert, Washington, DC, 14 August 1943, 7. (Accessed January 14, 2014).
92. Vehlen, Thorstein. 1965 [1921]. The Engineers and the Price System. New York: Augustus M. Kelley.
93. von Carlowitz, Hans Carl. 1713. Sylvicultura Oeconomica, Oder Haußwirthliche Nachricht und Naturmäßige Anweisung Zur Wilden Baum-Zucht etc. Leipzig: Johann Friedrich Braun.
94. von Linné, Carl. 1749. Oeconomia Naturae. Uppsala: Issak J. Biberg.
95. Wellmer, Friedrich-Wilhelm, and Jens Dieter Becker-Platen. 1999. Mit der Erde leben. Beiträge Geologischer Dienste zur Daseinsvorsorge und nachhaltigen Entwicklung. Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer.
96. Wellmer, Friederich-Wilhelm, Manfred Dalheimer, and Markus Wagner. 2007. Economic Evaluations in Exploration. Berlin: Springer.
97. Werner, Abraham Gottlob. 1811. Relation über die aus sämtlichen bisherigen geognostischen Untersuchungen im sächsischen Lande sich ergebenden Ergebnisse in Hinsicht auf das Vorkommen nützlicher, besonders brennbarer Fossilien und deren zweckmäßigste Nutzung. Bergarchiv Freiberg, Bestand 40003: Oberbergamt Freiberg, Geognostische Landesuntersuchung 35 (Accessed January 3, 2015).
98. Westermann, Andrea. 2011. Disciplining the Earth: Earthquake Observation in Switzerland and Germany circa 1900. Environment and History 17(1):53-77.
99. Westermann, Andrea. 2014. Inventuren der Erde. Vorratsschätzungen für mineralische Rohstoffe und die Etablierung der Ressourcenökonomie. Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte 37(1):20-40.
100. Worster, Donald. 1977. Nature's Economy: The Roots of Ecology. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.
101. Yergin, Daniel. 1991. The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. New York: Simon & Schuster.
102. Zedier, Johann Heinrich. 1731-54. Grosses vollständiges Universallexicon aller Wissenschafften und Künste, 64+4 vols. Halle and Leipzig: Johann Heinrich Zedier.
103. Zimmermann, Erich Walter. 1911. Die Britische Kohlenausfuhr, ihre Geschichte, Organisation und Bedeutung. Essen: W. Girardet.
104. Zimmermann, Erich Walter. 1917. Foreign Trade and Shipping. Modern Business 15. New York: Alexander Hamilton Institute.
105. Zimmermann, Erich Walter. 1933. World Resources and Industries. A Functional Appraisal of the Availability of Agricultural and Industrial Resources. New York: Harper & Brothers.