A general scheme of circulation of ixodid tick-borne borrelioses pathogens in the natural foci of Eurasia

Entomological Review

Volumn 96, Issue 4, 2016, Pages 484-499

  Korenberg, E I ^a   Sirotkin, M B ^a   Kovalevskii, Yu V ^a  

^a N N BLOKHIN NATIONAL MEDICAL RESEARCH CENTER OF ONCOLOGY   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84979210037     PISSN: 00138738     EISSN: 15556689     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1134/S0013873816040126     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Alekseev, A.N., The Tick–Pathogen System and Its Emergent Properties (Zool. Inst., St. Petersburg, 1993) [in Russian].
2. Alekseev, A.N., Arumova, E.A., Burenkova, L.A., and Chunikhin, S.P., “Specific Traits of Distribution of the Lyme Disease Pathogen and Behavior of Ixodes Ticks,” Parazitologiya 27 6, 389–398 (1993).
3. Babenko, L.V. and Rubina, M.A., “Specific Traits of the Taiga Tick Development in the Region of the Kemchug Field Station,” in Problems of Epidemiology of Tick- Borne Encephalitis and Biological Regularities in Its Natural Foci (Meditsina, Moscow, 1968), pp. 138–168 [in Russian].
4. Balashov, Yu.S., “The Place of Ixodid Ticks (Ixodidae) in the Forest Ecosystems,” Parazitologiya 30 3, 193–203 (1996).
5. Balashov, Yu.S., Ixodid Ticks as Parasites and Disease Vectors (Nauka, St. Petersburg, 1998) [in Russian].
6. Balashov, Yu.S., Acari and Insect Parasitism on Terrestrial Animals (Nauka, St. Petersburg, 2009) [in Russian].
7. Balashov, Yu.S., “The Significance of the Ixodid Tick (Parasitiformes, Ixodidae) Population Structure for Maintenance of Natural Foci of Infection,” Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 89 1, 18–25 (2010).
8. Balashov, Yu.S., “Demography and Population Models of Ticks of the Genus Ixodes with Long-Term Life Cycles,” Parazitologiya 46 2, 81–90 (2012) [Entomological Review 92 9, 1006–1011 (2012)].
9. Balashov, Yu.S., Grigorieva, L.A., and Oliver, J., “Localization of Borreliae in the Tick Ixodes persulcatus at Different Stages of Development,” Parazitologiya 31 2, 97–103 (1997).
10. Balashov, Yu.S., Amosova, L.I., and Grigorieva, L.A., “Transphasic and Transovarial Passage of Borreliae by the Taiga Tick Ixodes persulcatus (Ixodidae),” Parazitologiya 32 (6), 489–494 (1998a).
11. Balashov, Yu.S., Grigorieva, L.A., and Oliver, J., “Reproductive Isolation and Interspecific Hybridization in Ixodid Ticks of the Ixodes ricinus × I. persulcatus Group (Acarina, Ixodidae),” Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 87 (3), 703–722 (1998b) [Entomological Review 78 4, 500–508 (1998)].
12. Bellet-Edimo, R., Gern, L., and Betschart, B., “Frequency and Efficiency of Transovarial Transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi in Ixodes ricinus,” VIII International Congress on Lyme Borreliosis (San Francisco, 1996), p. 39.
13. Belozerov, V.N., “Life Cycles and Seasonal Adaptations in Ixodid Ticks (Acarina, Ixodidae),” in N.A. Kholodkovsky Memorial Lectures, 1975 (Nauka, Leningrad, 1976), pp. 53–101 [in Russian].
14. Bobrovskikh, T.K., “On the Environmental Factors Affecting the Development of the Ticks Ixodes ricinus L. and Ixodes trianguliceps Bir.,” in The Biological Basis of Controlling Transmissive and Parasitic Diseases in the North (Kareliya, Petrozavodsk, 1972), pp. 150–153 [in Russian].
15. Bobrovskikh, T.K. and Kolesova, T.A., “Survival of the Tick Ixodes ricinus L. (Acarina, Ixodida) in the Natural Experiment,” in Abstracts of Papers of the IX Conference of the Ukrainian Parasitological Society, Part 1 (Kiev, 1980), pp. 74–75.
16. Bosler, E.M., Brian, G., Ormiston, J.L., Coleman, M.S., and Benach, J.L., “Prevalence of the Lyme Disease Spirochete in Populations of White-Tailed Deer and White-Footed Mice,” Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 57, 651–659 (1984).
17. Burenkova, L.A., “Results of the 20-Year Monitoring of the Population Dynamics of Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) and Its Infection with Tick-Borne Borreliosis Pathogens in the North of Kaluga Province,” Meditsinskaya Parazitologiya i Parazitarnye Bolezni, No. 4, 30–32 (2012).
18. Burgdorfer, W. and Schwan, T., “Lyme Borreliosis: a Relapsing Fever-Like Disease?” Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, Suppl. 77, 17–23 (1991).
19. Burgdorfer, W., Barbour, A.G., Hayes, S.F., Benach, J.L., Grunuwald, E., and Davis, J.P., “Lyme Disease— a Tick-Borne Spirochetosis,” Science 216 4552, 1317–1319 (1982).
20. Burgdorfer, W., Hayers, S.F., and Benach, J.L., “Development of Borrelia burgdorferi in Ixodes Tick Vectors,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 539, 172–179 (1988).
21. Cerny, V., “Vyznam keru pro prezivaini nasatych samic klistce obecneho (Ixodes ricinus),” Vet. Cas., No. 8, 455–460 (1959).
22. Danchinova, G.A., Doctoral Dissertation in Biology (Irkutsk, 2006).
23. Eisen, L. and Lane, R., “Vectors of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato,” in Lyme Borreliosis: Biology, Epidemiology and Control, Ed. by Gray, J.S., Kahl, O., Lane, R.S., and Stanek, G. (CAB International, Wallingford, 2002), pp. 91–115.
24. Filippova, N.A., Fauna of the USSR. Arachnoida, Vol. 4, Issue 4: Ticks of the Subfamily Ixodinae (Nauka, Leningrad, 1977) [in Russian].
25. Filippova, N.A. (Ed.), The Taiga Tick Ixodes persulcatus Schulze (Acarina, Ixodidae): Morphology, Systematics, Ecology, Medical Importance (Nauka, Leningrad, 1985) [in Russian].
26. Filippova, N.A., “Taxonomic Aspects of Transmission of the Lyme Disease Pathogen,” Parazitologiya 24 4, 257–267 (1990).
27. Filippova, N.A., “A Hypothesis for the Paleogenesis of the Distribution of the Main Vectors for Lyme Disease,” in Modern Acarology, Vol. 1 (Academia, Prague, 1991), pp. 109–118.
28. Gern, L., “Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the Agent of Lyme Borreliosis: Life in the Wilds,” Parasite 15, 244–247 (2008).
29. Gern, L. and Humair, P., “Ecology of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Europe,” in Lyme Borreliosis: Biology, Epidemiology and Control, Ed. by J.S. Gray, O. Kahl, R.S. Lane, and G. Stanek (CAB International, Wallingford, 2002), pp. 149–174.
30. Gern, L. and Rais, O., “Efficient Transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi between Cofeeding Ixodes ricinus Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae),” Journal of Medical Entomology 33 1, 190–192 (1996).
31. Gern, L., Siegenthaller, M., Hu, C.M., Leuba-Garcia, S., Humair, P.F., and Moret, J., “Borrelia burgdorferi in Rodents (Apodemus flavicollis and A. sylvaticus): Duration and Enhancement of Infectivity for Ixodes ricinus Ticks,” European Journal of Epidemiology 10, 75–80 (1994).
32. Gern, L., Rouvinez, E., Toutoungi, L.N., and Godfroid, E., “Transmission Cycles of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato Involving Ixodes ricinus and/or I. hexagonus Ticks and the European Hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus, in Suburban and Urban Areas in Switzerland,” Folia Parasitologica 44, 309–314 (1997).
33. Gern, L., Estrada-Peña, A., Frandsen, F., Gray, J.S., Jaenson, T.G.T., Jongejan, F., Kahl, O., Korenberg, E., Mehl, R., and Nuttall, P.A., “European Reservoir Hosts of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato,” Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie 287, 196–204 (1998).
34. Glazunov, Yu.V. and Glazunova, L.A., “The Role of Wild Mammals in the Feeding of Preimaginal Phases of Ixodid Ticks in Tyumen Province,” Fundamentalnye Issledovaniya, No. 4, 371–374 (2013).
35. Gorelova, N.B., Korenberg, E.I., Kovalevskii, Yu.V., Postic, D., Nefedova, V.V., and Fadeeva, I.A., “The Rates of Borrelia Infection of Different Phases of the Tick Ixodes persulcatus, Based on Observations in the Middle Ural Natural Foci,” in Proceedings of the VIII All-Russian Acarological Workshop (St. Petersburg, 2004), pp. 27–30.
36. Gray, J.S., Kahl, O., Janetzki-Mittman, C., Stein, J., and Guy, E., “Acquisition of Borrelia burgdorferi by Ixodes ricinus Ticks Fed on the European Hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus L.,” Experimental and Applied Acarology 18, 485–491 (1994).
37. Grigorieva, L.A., “Shrews as the Reservoir of Borreliae in Northwestern Russia,” Parazitologiya 30 5, 458–459 (1996).
38. Grigorieva, L.A., “Assessment of the Biological and Chronological Age in the Taiga Tick (Ixodes persulcatus Sch., Ixodidae),” in Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Studying Parasitic Arthropods in the XXI Century: Proceedings of the Conference (St. Petersburg, 2013), pp. 58–59.
39. Hubálek, Z. and Halouzka, J., “Prevalence Rates of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Host-Seeking Ixodes ricinus Ticks in Europe,” Parasitological Research 84, 167–172 (1998).
40. Hubálek, Z., Halouzka, J., and Juricová, Z., “A Comparison of the Occurrence of Borreliae in Nymphal and Adult Ixodes ricinus Ticks,” Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie 275, 133–137 (1991).
41. Hubálek, Z., Halouzka, J., and Juricová, Z., “Longitudinal Surveillance of the Tick Ixodes ricinus for Borreliae,” Medical and Veterinary Entomology 17, 46–51 (2003).
42. Humair, P.F. and Gern, L., “The Wild Hidden Face of Lyme Borreliosis in Europe,” Microbes and Infection, No. 2, 915–922 (2000).
43. Humair, P.F., Turrian, N., Aeschlimann, A., and Gern, L., “Ixodes ricinus Immatures on Birds in a Focus of Lyme Borreliosis,” Folia Parasitologica 40, 1–6 (1993).
44. Jaenson, T.G.T. and Talleklint, L., “Incompetence of Roe Deer as Reservoirs of the Lyme Disease Spirochete,” Journal of Medical Entomology 29, 813–817 (1992).
45. Johnson, R., Schmid, G., Hyde, F., Steigerwalt, A., and Brenner, D.J., “Borrelia burgdorferi sp. nov.: Etiologic Agent of Lyme Disease,” International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 52, 496–497 (1984).
46. Kislenko, G.S. and Korotkov, Yu.S., “The Tick Ixodes ricinus (Ixodidae) in the Foci of Ixodid Tick-Borne Borrelioses in the Northwestern Moscow Region,” Parazitologiya 36 6, 447–456 (2002).
47. Kjelland, V., Bjornar, Y., Vikoren, T., Stuen, S., Skarpaas, T., and Slettan, A., “Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato Detected in Skin of Norwegian Mountain Hares (Lepus timidus) without Signs of Dissemination,” Journal of Wildlife Diseases 47 2, 293–299 (2011).
48. Kolonin, G.V., Matyushina, O.A., Bolotin, E.I., and Petrova, N.K., “On Estimation of the Abundance of Ixodid Ticks Parasitizing Small Mammals,” Meditsinskaya Parazitologiya i Parazitarnye Bolezni, No. 5, 569–571 (1977).
49. Korenberg, E.I., “Some Problems of Population Ecology of Ixodid Ticks,” Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 53 2, 165–178 (1974).
50. Korenberg, E.I., “Small Mammals and the Problem of Natural Focality of Tick-Borne Encephalitis,” Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 58 (4), 542–552 (1979a).
51. Korenberg, E.I., The Biochorological Structure of a Species: an Example of the Taiga Tick (Nauka, Moscow, 1979b) [in Russian].
52. Korenberg, E.I., “Ecology and Epizootology,” Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii i Immunobiologii, No. 3, 99–103 (1985).
53. Korenberg, E.I., “Ixodid Tick-Borne Borrelioses (ITBBs)—Infections of the Lyme Borreliosis Group in Russia: Country Report,” in Reports of WHO Workshop on Lyme Borreliosis Diagnosis and Surveillance (Warsaw, 1995), pp. 128–136.
54. Korenberg, E.I., “Taxonomy, Phylogenetic Relationships, and Regions of Origin of Borrelia Spirochetes Transmitted by Ixodid Ticks,” Uspekhi Sovremennoi Biologii 116 4, 389–406 (1996).
55. Korenberg, E.I., “Seasonal Population Dynamics of Ixodes Tick and Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus,” Experimental and Applied Acarology 24, 665–681 (2000).
56. Korenberg, E.I., “Infections Transmitted by Ixodid Ticks in the Forest Zone and the Strategy of Their Prevention: A Change in Priorities,” Epidemiologiya i Vaktsinoprofilaktika, No. 5 72, 7–17 (2013).
57. Korenberg, E.I. and Kovalevskii, Y.V., “The General Scheme of Circulation of the Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus,” Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 56 10, 1467–1478 (1977).
58. Korenberg, E.I. and Kovalevskii, Yu.V., “A Model for Relationships among the Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus, Its Main Vectors, and Hosts,” in Advances in Disease Vector Research, Vol. 10 (Springer Verlag, New York, 1994), pp. 65–92.
59. Korenberg, E.I. and Kryuchechnikov, V.N., “Ixodid Tick-Borne Borrelioses, a New Group of Human Diseases,” Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii i Immunobiologii, No. 4, 104–108 (1996).
60. Korenberg, E.I. and Nasonova, V.A. (Eds.), Methodological Recommendations on Epidemiology, Diagnostics, Treatment, and Prevention of Lyme Disease (Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 1991) [in Russian].
61. Korenberg, E.I. and Nefedova, V.V., “Borreliae as Agents of Tick-Borne Borrelioses and Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever,” in A Manual of Medical Microbiology (BINOM, Moscow, 2010), pp. 844–866 [in Russian].
62. Korenberg, E.I., Dzyuba, M.I., and Zhukov, V.I., “The Range of the Tick Ixodes ricinus in the USSR,” Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 50 1, 41–50 (1971).
63. Korenberg, E.I., Shcherbakov, S.V., Kovalevskii, Yu.V., Kryuchechnikov, V.N., and Nikitina, O.V., “Transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi from Nymphs to Adults in the Tick Ixodes persulcatus Schulze,” Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 3 302, 759–760 (1988).
64. Korenberg, E.I., Kuznetsova, R.I., Kovalevskii, Yu.V., Vasilenko, Z.E., and Mebel, B.D., “Main Features of Lyme Disease Epidemiology in the Northwest of the USSR,” Meditsinskaya Parazitologiya i Parazitarnye Bolezni, No. 3, 14–17 (1991).
65. Korenberg, E.I., Kovalevskii, Yu.V., Levin, M.L., and Shchyogoleva, T.V., “The Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Ixodes persulcatus and I. ricinus Ticks in Zone of Their Sympatry,” Folia Parasitologica 48, 63–68 (2001).
66. Korenberg, E.I., Gorelova, N.B., and Kovalevskii, Yu.V., “Ecology of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Russia,” in Lyme Borreliosis: Biology, Epidemiology and Control, Ed. by Gray, J.S., Kahl, O., Lane, R.S., and Stanek, G. (CAB International, Wallingford, 2002a), pp. 175–200.
67. Korenberg, E.I., Gorelova, N.B., and Kovalevskii, Yu.V., “The Main Traits of Natural Focality of Ixodid Tick-Borne Borrelioses,” Parazitologiya 36 (3), 177–191 (2002b).
68. Korenberg, E.I., Kovalevskii, Yu.V., and Gorelova, N.B., “Tick-Host-Borrelia Population Interactions: Long-Term Records in East Europe,” Experimental and Applied Acarology 28, 225–229 (2002c).
69. Korenberg, E.I., Nefedova, V.V., Gorelova, N.B., Kovalevskii, Yu.V., Fadeeva, I.A., and Golubova, D.A., “The Etiological Structure of Combined Natural Foci of Ixodid Tick-Borne Borrelioses in the Southern Taiga,” Vestnik RAMN, No. 10, 10–14 (2011).
70. Korenberg, E.I., Pomelova, V.G., and Osin, N.S., Naturofocal Infections Transmitted by Ixodid Ticks (Kommentarii, Moscow, 2013) [in Russian].
71. Korenberg, E.I., Kovalevskii, Y.V., Gorelova, N.B., and Nefedova, V.V., “Comparative Analysis of the Roles of Ixodes persulcatus and I. trianguliceps Ticks in Natural Foci of Ixodid Tick-Borne Borreliosis in the Middle Urals, Russia,” Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases 6 4, 316–321 (2015).
72. Korotkov, Yu.S., “The Methods of Assessment of the Demographic Structure of the Taiga Tick (Ixodidae) Based on the Results of Standard Parasitological Observations,” Parazitologiya 38 6, 492–502 (2004).
73. Korotkov, Yu.S., “Variability of the Development Cycle Duration of the Taiga Tick (Ixodidae) in the Conifer- Broadleaved Forests of Udmurtia,” Parazitologiya 42 4, 264–270 (2008).
74. Korotkov, Yu.S., “The Life Cycle of the Taiga Tick Ixodes persulcatus in the Dark Taiga Forests of the Eastern Sayan Plateau,” Parazitologiya 48 1, 20–36 (2014) [Entomological Review 94 9, 1348–1353 (2014)].
75. Korotkov, Yu.S. and Kislenko, G.S., “The Demographic Structure of the Taiga Tick (Ixodidae) in the Dark Taiga of the Kemchug Upland in 1986–1991,” Parazitologiya 35 4, 265–274 (2001).
76. Korotkov, Yu.S. and Kislenko, G.S., “Factors of Variation of the Demographic Structure of the Taiga Tick (Ixodidae) in the Dark Taiga of the Kemchug Upland,” Parazitologiya 36 5, 345–355 (2002).
77. Korotkov, Yu.S., Kislenko, G.S., Burenkova, L.A., Rudnikova, N.A., and Karan, L.S., “Spatial and Temporal Variation in the Rates of Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus Infection with the Lyme Disease Pathogen in Moscow Province,” Parazitologiya 42 6, 441–451 (2008).
78. Kovalevskii, Yu.V., Kryuchechnikov, V.N., and Korenberg, E.I., “Comparative Evaluation of Two Methods of Borrelia Detection in the Tick Vectors of Lyme Disease,” Meditsinskaya Parazitologiya i Parazitarnye Bolezni, No. 5, 75–77 (1988).
79. Kovalevskii, Yu.V., Korenberg, E.I., and Dauiotas, S.V., “Evaluation of Different Methods of Making Vital Preparations for Detection of Borreliae in Ixodid Ticks,” Meditsinskaya Parazitologiya i Parazitarnye Bolezni, No. 1, 33–35 (1990).
80. Kovalevskii, Yu.V., Korenberg, E.I., and Nikitochkin, I.G., “Optimization of the Method of Assessment of the Overall Infection Rate and the Individual Level of Ixodid Tick Infection with Borreliae,” Meditsinskaya Parazitologiya i Parazitarnye Bolezni, No. 3, 18–21 (1991).
81. Kovalevskii, Yu.V., Korenberg, E.I., Kutlina, G.V., and Ustinova, O.A., “The Recommended Amounts of Material to be Examined by Dark Field Microscopy of Ixodid Tick Nymphs from the Foci of Borrelioses,” Meditsinskaya Parazitologiya i Parazitarnye Bolezni, No. 4, 18–21 (1996).
82. Kovalevskii, Yu.V., Korenberg, E.I., and Gorelova, N.B., “Long-Term Dynamics of the Epizootic Process in the Natural Foci of Ixodid Tick-Borne Borrelioses in the Middle Ural Mountain Taiga,” Parazitologiya 38 2, 105–121 (2004).
83. Kovalevskii, Yu.V., Korenberg, E.I., Gorelova, N.B., and Nefedova, V.V., “The Ecology of Ixodes trianguliceps Ticks and Their Role in the Natural Foci of Ixodid Tick-Borne Borrelioses in the Middle Urals,” Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 92 5, 505–516 (2013) [Entomological Review 93 8, 1073–1083 (2013)].
84. Lane, R.S. and Burgdorfer, W., “Transovarial and Transstadial Passage of Borrelia burgdorferi in the Western Black-Legged Tick, Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae),” American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 37 1, 188–192 (1987).
85. Lebet, N. and Gern, L., “Histological Examination of Borrelia burgdorferi Infections in Unfed Ixodes ricinus Nymphs,” Experimental and Applied Acarology 18, 177–183 (1994).
86. Levin, M.L., “Biology of the Unfed Larvae of the Taiga Tick (Ixodes persulcatus) under the Natural Conditions,” Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 66 3, 348–359 (1987).
87. Levin, M.L., Candidate’s Dissertation in Biology (Moscow, 1989).
88. Levin, M.L., Kovalevskii, Yu.V., Piskunova, A.Yu., and Shchegoleva, T.V., “Assessment of the Individual Level of Tick Infection with the Lyme Disease Pathogen by Microscopy of Fixed Preparations,” in Problems of Tick-Borne Borrelioses (Moscow, 1993), pp. 157–161 [in Russian].
89. Magnarelli, L.A., Anderson, J.F., and Fish, D., “Transovarial Transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi in Ixodes dammini (Acarina: Ixodidae),” Journal of Infectious Diseases 156 1, 234–236 (1987).
90. Masuzawa, T., “Terrestrial Distribution of the Lyme Borreliosis Agent Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in East Asia,” Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 57, 229–235 (2004).
91. Mihalca, A.D. and Sándor, A.D., “The Role of Rodents in the Ecology of Ixodes ricinus and Associated Pathogens in Central and Eastern Europe,” Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 3, 1–3 (2013).
92. Miyamoto, K. and Masuzawa, T., “Ecology of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Japan and East Asia,” in Lyme Borreliosis: Biology, Epidemiology and Control, Ed. by J.S. Gray, O. Kahl, R.S. Lane, and G. Stanek (CAB International, Wallingford, 2002), pp. 201–222.
93. Moskvitina, G.G., Korenberg, E.I., and Gorban, L.Ya., “The Presence of Borreliae in the Intestine and Salivary Glands of Spontaneously Infected Adult Ticks Ixodes persulcatus Schulze during Blood Sucking,” Meditsinskaya Parazitologiya i Parazitarnye Bolezni, No. 3, 16–20 (1995a).
94. Moskvitina, G.G., Korenberg, E.I., Spielman, E., and Shcheglova, T.V., “The Frequency of Generalized Infection in Fasting Adult Ticks of the Genus Ixodes in Borreliosis Foci in Russia and the USA,” Parazitologiya 29 (5), 353–359 (1995b).
95. Naumov, R.L., “Distribution of the Ticks Ixodes persulcatus P. Sch. on the North Slope of the Western Sayan and the Factors Determining It. Communication 3: Development of Larvae and Nymphs and the Composition of Ticks from Different Generations in the Adult Population,” Meditsinskaya Parazitologiya i Parazitarnye Bolezni, No. 1, 10–16 (1975).
96. Naumov, R.L., Vasilieva, V.S., Gutova, V.P., and Ershova, A.S., “Reproduction of Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme Disease Pathogen, in the Ticks Ixodes persulcatus,” Parazitologiya 32 5, 412–421 (1998).
97. Nefedova, V.V., Candidate’s Dissertation in Biology (Moscow, 2004).
98. Nefedova, V.V., Korenberg, E.I., Nesterenko, L.I., Gintsburg, A.L., Kovalevskii, Yu.V., and Gorelova, N.B., “Comparative Assessment of the Efficiency of Borrelia Detection in Ixodid Ticks (Ixodidae) by Dark Field Microscopy and Polymerase Chain Reaction,” Parazitologiya 35 2, 3–8 (2001).
99. Nefedova, V., Korenberg, E., Gorelova, N., and Kovalevskii, Y., “Studies on the Transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the Taiga Tick Ixodes persulcatus,” Folia Parasitologica 51, 67–71 (2004).
100. Obert, A.S., Drozdov, V.N., and Rudakova, S.A., Ixodid Tick-Borne Borrelioses (Nauka, Novosibirsk, 2001) [in Russian].
101. Ogden, N.H., Nuttall, P.A., and Randolph, S.P., “Natural Lyme Diseases Cycles Maintained via Sheep by Co-Feeding Tick,” Parasitology 115, 591–599 (1997).
102. Okulova, N.M., Biological Interrelations in the Forest Ecosystems (Nauka, Moscow, 1986) [in Russian].
103. Okulova, N.M., Borzenkova, S.A., and Malinen, N., “On the Biology of the Birch Mouse,” Fauna i Ekologiya Gryzunov, No. 14, 177–200 (1980).
104. Oschmann, P., Kraiczy, P., Halperin, J., and Brade, V. (Eds.), Lyme Borreliosis and Tick-Borne Encephalitis (UNI-MED, Bremen, 1999).
105. Ostfeld, R.S., Lyme Disease. The Ecology of a Complex System (Oxford University Press, 2012).
106. Pisanu, B., Chapuis, J-L., Doziéres, A., Basset, F., Poux, V., and Vourc’h, G., “High Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi s. l. in the European Red Squirrel Sciurus vulgaris in France,” Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases 5, 1–6 (2014).
107. Postic, D., Korenberg, E., Gorelova, N., Kovalevski, Yu.V., Bellengen, E., and Baranton, G., “Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Russia and Neighboring Countries: High Incidence of Mixed Isolates,” Research in Microbiology 148, 691–702 (1997).
108. Rego, R.O.M., Bector, A., Stefka, J., and Rosa, P.A., “Population Bottlenecks during the Infection Cycle of Lyme Disease Spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi,” PLoS ONE 9 (6), e1010009 (2014).
109. Rollend, L., Fish, D., and Childs, J.E., “Transovarial Transmission of Borrelia Spirochetes: a Summary of the Literature and Recent Observations,” Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases, No. 4, 46–51 (2013).
110. Skuballa, J., Jehme, R., Hartelt, K., Petney, T., Bücher, T., Kimmig, P., and Traschewski, H., “European Hedgehogs as Hosts for Borrelia spp., Germany,” Emerging Infectious Diseases 13, 952–953 (2007).
111. Stanek, G., Burger, I., and Hirschl, A., “Borrelia Transfer by Ticks during Their Life Cycle. Studies on Laboratory Animals,” Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie, und Hygiene A 263 (1–2), 29–33 (1986).
112. Suntsova, O.V., Candidate’s Dissertation in Biology (Irkutsk, 2004).
113. Suvorova, L.G., “Seasonal Activity of Larva and Nymphs of Ixodes persulcatus P. Sch. in the Eastern Part of Russian Plain,” Folia Parasitologica 32, 265–270 (1985).
114. Tupikova, N.V., Suvorova, L.G., and Korenberg, E.I., “On Assessment of the Significance of Different Small Mammal Species in the Feeding of Nymphs and Larvae of the Taiga Tick,” Fauna i Ekologiya Gryzunov, No. 14, 158–176 (1980).
115. Vasilieva, I.S. and Naumov, R.L., “The Parasitic System of Lyme Disease: Current Assessment. Communication I: Agents and Vectors,” Acarina 4 (1–2), 53–75 (1996).
116. Voordouw, M.J., Lachish, S., and Dolan, M.L., “The Lyme Disease Pathogen has No Effect on the Survival of Its Rodent Reservoir,” PLoS ONE 10 (2), e0118265 (2015).
117. Zhmaeva, Z.Zh., “On the Development of Ixodes persulcatus in European Taiga Forests,” in Tick-Borne Encephalitis in Udmurtia and Adjacent Regions (Udmurtiya, Izh evsk, 1969), pp. 118–141 [in Russian].